虚拟语气的特殊用法

虚拟语气的特殊用法

江苏省郑集高级中学李博雅

一．在动词suggest(提议,提出,建议), advise(劝告,忠告), order(命令,下令,吩咐), demand(要求), propose(提议), require(要求), insist(坚持, 坚决主张), command(命令), request(请求, 恳求), desire(请求), prefer(提出)等动词后的宾语从句的谓语，这些词的过去分词作表语时主语从句的谓语，以及这些词的名词同位语从句、作主语时的表语从句的谓语常用“should + 动词原形”构成的虚拟语气, should可以省略。如：

1. The man demanded that Tom (should) apologize.

2. He insisted that we (should) take up the matter at the meeting.

3. I requested that he (should) use his influence on my behalf.

4. The general ordered the soldiers (should) cross the river at once.（宾语从句）

= The general’s order was that the soldiers (should) cross the river at once.（表语从句）

= It was ordered that the soldiers (should) cross the river at once.（主语从句）

= The general gave the order that the soldiers (should) cross the river at once.（同位语从句）

5. I suggest that he (should) be careful.（宾语从句）

= My suggestion is that he (should) be careful.（表语从句）

= It is suggested that he (should) be careful.（主语从句）

= I gave him the suggestion that he (should) be careful.（同位语从句）

二．在动词wish后的宾语从句的谓语应用虚拟语气，现在或将来的动作用过去式(常含有情态动词could或would)；过去的动作用过去完成式。wish用过去式，从句中与wished同时发生的动作或在将来发生的动作仍用过去式(也常含有情态动词could或would)；在wished 之前发生的动作用过去完成式。如：

1. How I wish I could fly to the moon.

2. He wishes I had come yesterday.

3. I wished he could come to give me a hand.

4. We wished he had received the news two days earlier.

三．在以in order that, so that 引导的状语从句中，谓语常用“may, might, can, could, will, would, should + 动词原形”构成的虚拟语气。有时也可用“should + 动词原形”，特别是从句为否定结构。如：

1. The teacher spoke slowly so that the students could / might hear clearly.

2. What is needed in order that electrical charges may move?

3. She stood away so that I should enter first.

4. I got up early so that I should not miss the train.

四．在had better表示建议或劝告时，其后的从句谓语用过去式构成的虚拟语气。如：

I had better you came yesterday.

五．在“It is (high / about) time that-clause.”句型中，从句的谓语常用过去式或should加动词原形构成的虚拟语气。如：

1. It is time we had / should have lunch.

2. It’s (high) time I went and picked up / should go and pick up my little girl from school.

六．在“would/had rather that-clause，would sooner that-clause”结构中,从句的谓语用虚拟语气。

现在或将来的动作用过去式，过去的动作用过去完成式。如：

1. I would much rather it was forgotten.

2. Would you rather I did it?

3. I had rather you did it.

4. I’d rather you knew that now, than afterwards.

5. I would rather they had gone there too.

6. I could go myself but would sooner you went.

七．在“would rather do sth. than that-clause”结构中的从句谓语，应用“should + 动词原形”

构成的虚拟语气。如：

I would rather lose a dozen of cherry trees than that you should tell a lie.

八．在“would rather that-clause than that-clause”结构中，两从句的谓语用虚拟语气。现在或将来的动作用过去式，过去的动作用过去完成式。如：

1. I would rather you showed me with your hearts than you promised me with your words.

2. I would rather you had done it than Tom had.

九．在as if, as though, even if, even though引导的状语从句中，谓语常用虚拟语气(现在的动作用过去式，过去的动作用过去完成式)。如：

1. The old machine operates as if it were / was a new one.(现在的动作)

2. Even though she had been very busy, she would have helped us.(过去的动作)

十．含有介词without, but for, except for短语的句子，谓语常用虚拟语气，现在的动作用“should 或would + 动词原形”，过去的动作用“should或would have + 过去词”。如：

1. But for Chairman Mao, we should at least be wandering about in the darkness.

2. Without your advice, I would have failed.

十一．在含有“if it were not for + 宾语”或“were it not for + 宾语”及“But that + 从句”表示的假设条件从句时，主句谓语应用虚拟语气，现在的情况用“情态动词的过去式+ 动词原形”，过去的情况用“情态动词的过去式+ 动词的完成式”。如：

1. Were it not for the leadership of our Party, we could not live a happy life.

2. Had it not been for the leadership of our Party, we should have failed. (属were it not for的过

去完成式)

3. But that he saw it, he could not believe it.

4. If it were not for the leadership of the Party, we should fail.

5. If it had not been for the help of our teacher, we should not have made so much progress.

6.★If it were not for the collective strength, it wouldn’t have been possible for us to live so well.

7.★If it had not been for me, you would not be free.

十二．在“It is / was + adj. + that-clause”句型中，从句的谓语用“should + 动词原形”构成的虚拟语气，should常省略。其中形容词常为: necessary, important, strange, right, fair, just, better, natural, impossible, reasonable等。如：

1. It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once.

2. It will be better that we meet some other time.

3. It is right that one should speak well of the absence.

十三．在It is desired, It is suggested, It is requested, It was proposed, It was ordered, It had been decided, It is surprising/amazing/shocking, It is disappointed 等结构后的主语从句的谓语常用“should + 动词原形”构成的虚拟语气，should可以省略。如：

1. It is not surprising that he should have failed.

2. It isn’t surprising that Tom (should) marry Mary.

3. It has been decided that the meeting (should) be postponed till next Saturday.

十四．名词suggestion, plan, idea, motion, proposal, order, advice, insistence, desire等的同位语从句以及它们作主语时的表语从句中的谓语动词常用“should + 动词原形”构成的虚拟语气，should也可省略。如：

1. My idea is that we (should) send him to the hospital.

2. What do you think of his proposal that we (should) put on a play at the English evening?

3. He was dumbfounded at her insistence that he (should) explain where every cent of his

allowance had gone.

4. He spoke about his country's desire that friendly relations should be established.

十五．在以wh-ever, no matter wh-clause引导的让步状语从句中的谓语常用“may + 动词原形”

构成的虚拟语气。如果指的是过去的动作，用“may have + 过去分词”。如：

1. Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man.

2. I won’t let you in whoever you may be/no matter what you may say.

3. You mustn’t be proud, however much you may have achieved.

十六．在连词lest引导的状语从句中，谓语常用“should + 动词原形”构成的虚拟语气，should 可以省略。如：

1. He took an umbrella with him lest he (should) be caught in a shower.

2. I feared/was afraid lest the kid (should) fall down the staircase.

十七．在“for fear (that), in case (that)”引导的状语录从句中，谓语常用“should + 动词原形”构成的虚拟语气。如：

1. He studied very hard for fear (that) he should fail in the entrance examination.

2. Please remind me of it in case (that) I should forget.

十八．动词hope, think, want, expect, plan, intend, suppose, mean等表示过去未实现的愿望时，用过去完成时或由这些词后跟不定式的完成式构成的虚拟语气。如：

1. He failed the exam again though we all had expected him to pass it.

2. I had wanted to write (= I wanted to have written) to you earlier but you were too busy then.

3. We had thought of sending her a touring guide by mail before she managed to come.

十九．表示本来打算而实际未做可用were (was) to have done构成的虚拟语气。如：We were to have told you, but you were not in.

二十．should / would like to have done sth.或should / would have liked to do sth.表示“本来想”但实际未做。如：

I should like to have been told the result earlier.

I’d like to have taken you round the garden, but I must see Crawley.

He would like to have taken off his cap and made her feel it. There are a lot of things I should have liked to ask you.

He would have liked to go to the movies.

I should have liked to see it. = I should have liked to have seen it.