增译法Amplification

第三讲增译法(Amplification)

例1.You got a prejudice all right----against a race that’s black.That’s why I called you white racist that night.But when you deal with a black person,I don’t feel any bad vices.

你这个人确有偏见。你(结构性增补)对整个(语义性增补)黑人种族抱有偏见(结构性)。那天晚上，我说你是个白人种族主义者，道理就在这里。但是当你跟一个具体的(语义性)黑人打交道时，我倒不(修辞性增补)觉得你有什么恶意。

例2.其实地上本来没有路，走的人多了，也便成了路。

Actually the earth had no roads to begin with,but when many men pass one way,a road is made.

增译法定义：

为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯，必须增加一些在修辞上，语法结构上，语义上或语气上必不可少的词语。

一.翻译省略成分引起的增译

(一)翻译为避免重复而出现的省略成分的增译

例1.Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep.

读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀

数学使人周密，科学使人深刻。

例2.She makes a good teacher，as she has a good student.

她原先是个好学生，现在是个好教师。

(二)翻译由于英语语法规则而出现的省略成分时的增译

We suggest that the test(should)be done by12o’clock.

我们建议这项实验应在12点之前完成。

二.语义修辞上需要的增译

1.增加动词

例1.He seized the chance for peace between them.

他抓住了实现他们和解的机会。

例2.Testing is a complicated problem,so be careful.

进行测试是一个复杂的问题，因此，得格外仔细。

2.增加名词

例1.他的科学著作在英语国家中得到广泛阅读。

His scientific works were widely read in English-speaking countries.

例2.领导人对两国关系非常关心。

Our leaders have taken interest in the development of our bilateral relations.

英语中有许多抽象名词，这词若直译，不能给人予具体明确的含义。因此，汉译时要加上“性”，“作用”，“反应”，“方法”，“现象”，“心理”等措词。

tension紧张局势

readability可读性

complexity复杂局面

lightheartedness轻松愉快的心境

敌对情绪(行为)hostility

转化过程transformation

嫉妒心理jealousy

傲慢态度arrogance

例3.Much of our morality is customary.

我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。

例4.The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of other ordinary patients.

医生从我身上得到的实践经验，会比从其他普通病人身上得到的多。

3.增加形容词

例Deflation has now reached unprecedented level.

通货紧缩已经发展到了空前严重的地步。

4.增加状语或副词

例1.Theory is something but practice is everything.

理论固然重要，实践尤其重要。

例2.Time drops in decay,like a candle burnt out.

时间一点一滴地逝去，犹如蜡烛慢慢燃尽。

5.复数名词汉译引起的增译

(1)增加迭词(overlapping words)

flowers朵朵鲜花

ripples层层涟漪

cheers阵阵欢呼声

(2)增加数词(numerals)或其他词

例1.Lovers wander hand in hand,paying no attention to the packs of children.

情侣携手漫步，绝不理睬那三五成群的小孩子。

例2.Likewise,we can not use one prescription for all ills.

同样，我们不能用同一处方来医治百病。

例3.You must know the properties of the instrument before you use it.

在使用这种仪器前，必须弄清它的各种性能。

6.增加量词

例1.There stands a high building by the river.

河边上屹立着一幢高大建筑物。(名量词)

例2.I was extremely worried about her,but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.

我真替她万分担忧，但此时此地，既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。(动量词)

7.增加代词

英语中广泛使用代词，来避免词语的重复出现；而重复原词，不用代词则是汉语所特有的一种语法手段。

例1.各人有各人的长处。

Each man has his merits.

例2.没有调查就没有发言权。

He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.

8.增加连词

(1)汉译英时

在英语中，由于采用形合法，短语与短语、句与句之间多用关联词。而汉语中相当的语句采用意合法过渡，表示逻辑关系的过渡词汇用得少。因此，汉译英时要加上关联词。

例1.你不去我也不去。

I won’t go if you are not going.

例2.虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。

Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.

(2)英译汉时

英语(尤其科技英语)中，有些句式中的因果、转折及顺理连接等关系并不都是通过逻辑性语法词来表示，而是通过语法习惯或用词习惯来体现。因此，汉译此类句子时应增译某些关联词。

例1.Being a good conductor,copper is generally used to conduct electricity.

由于铜是一种导体，因此，一般用来导电。

例2.The life of this controller could be significantly improved with the proper using.

如果用得好，这台控制器的寿命还能大大延长。

9.增加概括性或分述性词语

例1.Listening,speaking,reading and writing are closely related.

听说读写这四个方面紧密相关。

例2.There are three basic ways of producing or storing electricity:by generator,by battery,or by accumulator.

电的生产和储存基本方法有三种：一种是用发电机；一种是用电池；一种是用蓄电池。10.中英文化差异引起的增译

例1.While it may seem to be painting the lily.I should like to add somewhat to Mr.Alistair Cooke’s excellent article.

我想给阿利斯太库克先生的杰作加几笔，尽管这也许是为百合上色，费力不讨好。

例2.Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard.

俗话说，衣柜里藏有骷髅，见不得人的事家家有。

知识复习P54

1.弄不好，就会前功尽弃。(增加连词、名词和代词）

If things are not properly handled,our labor will be totally lost.

2.Keep your eye on this new development.(增加名词)

请你注意这个新的发展情况。

4.We recognize----and share----China’s resolve to resist the attempts of any nation which seeks to

establish global or regional hegemony.(增加省略部分)

我们认识到中国有决心反对任何国家谋求建立全球霸权或地区霸权的企图，我们也有这样的决心。

6.作为一个世界贸易组织，缺乏中国，它也很难发挥作为一个世界贸易组织的应有作用。(增加

名词)

As a world trade organization,WTO without the participation of China will find it hard to play its due role.

9)Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.

(=It is better to be wise by the defeat of others than to be wise by the defeat of your own.)从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。

10)The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature.

即使是最强有力的人也不能改变自然法则。

11)The quarrels of friends are the opportunities of foes.

朋友间的不和，就是敌人进攻的机会。

14)The election which has led to your being chosen to preside over this Assembly---a very wise choice indeed---is a tribute to your great country,which has contributed to the development of the history of free nations a tradition of peace that serves as an example for the legal community that we constitute,a country which has always commanded respect and admiration from all corners of the world.

这次选举你为本届大会主席，实是极为明智的选择，是对你的伟大国家的敬意。贵国对自由国家的历史发展奉献了一种和平传统，这一传统是我们法治社会的榜样。全世界一贯对贵国表示尊重和敬佩。