有机化学英文文献翻译
对称八溴代酞菁的合成及其特征
K.R. Venugopala Reddy a,*, J. Keshavayya b
a Department of Studies in Industrial Chemistry, Kuvempu University,
Jnanasahyadri, Shankaraghatta - 577 451Shimoga District,Karnataka, India
b Department of Studies in Chemistry, Kuvempu University,
Jnanasahyadri, Shankaraghatta - 577 451Shimoga District,Karnataka, India
Received 5 November 2001; received in revised form 14 December 2001;
accepted 18 January 2002
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-08282-56225; fax: +91-08282-37255.
E-mail address: universitysancharnet.in (K.R. Venugopala Reddy).
摘要
现在已经提出一条既方便又简单合成对称1,3,8,10,15,17,22,24-溴代金属—Cu，Co，Ni，Zn酞菁颜料的路线。金属酞菁是由相应的八氨基取代酞菁合成的。合成的化合物经过元素分析、电子光谱、红外光谱、磁性测试、粉末X射线衍射实验和热重研究来评估其热稳性、结晶度、结构完整性和纯度。经过讨论和分析发现取代基对于电子光谱的影响及轨道对磁矩的贡献远远超过了电子场强的影响。
关键词：酞菁八取代合成热度电子的颜料和染料
1.引言
酞菁在近几年引起广泛的关注不仅是因为酞菁的结构同一些能够维持生命的重要分
子如叶绿素、血红素相似，而且它具有显著的上色功能。这些颜料是被稳定在一些通过在酞菁环外围引入一些合适的取代基的多晶转变体上。卤素取代的金属酞菁颜料在商业上用于颜料及滤色片[1]等的制造。由于酞菁普遍具有共轭芳香基团的发色基，所以在蓝绿色上有着非常高的吸收系数。总之，所有的酞菁都有四苯并四氮杂卟啉结构作为发色基。
由于金属酞菁的着色能力和其华丽的色彩使其在颜料及染料[2]制造业中占有重要的地位。他们对光、热、酸及碱有着显著地稳定性。以上一系列化合物不溶于水和大部分有机溶剂，并被广泛用于制造印刷用油墨、颜料、涂料和塑料。酞菁被用来做彩色打印机和激光打印机[3]的碳粉。酞菁颜料也被用作液晶显示器的滤光镜。一篇文献研究表明合成氯代十六烷、溴代十六烷、碘代十六烷和混合卤代金属酞菁的方法和那些颜料主要用于商业目的[4]。大多数的合成流程都是有文献专利的因为不能通用。关于对称四取代2,9,16,23和1，8,15,22,-溴代金属酞菁的合成和结构的研究报道是可用的[5,6]。但是，关于对称八取代1,3,8,10,15,17,22,24-溴代金属酞菁的合成和结构的研究报道是没有可通用的。基于以上事实，我们开始从事对标题化合物的合成及结构的研究。
在过去的一些文献中我们讨论了关于对称取代1,3,8,10,15,17,22,24-八溴代金属酞菁的合成和结构的研究。文中所提到的工艺经过了适当的改良并应用到合成标题化合物中[5]。1,3,8,10,15,17,22,24位置上的酞菁的主要部分的π电子体系的溴代取代效应和随之引起的电子光谱、热性能、红外光谱和结晶度的数据都在讨论中。
2.实验
在其他地方报道过制备1,3,8,10,15,17,22,24-八氨基取代酞菁的工艺流程[7]。氨基化合物通过改良后的桑德麦尔反应转化为相应的溴代衍生物[8]。合成
1,3,8,10,15,17,22,24-八溴代酞菁的路线如图一所示。所有化学试剂皆为分析纯。
2.1 1,3,8,10,15,17,22,24-八溴代酞菁铜（Ⅱ）颜料的制备
1,3,8,10,15,17,22,24-八氨基酞菁铜（Ⅱ）（5g）与HCl中偶合得到酞菁铜的重氮盐CuPON2+Cl-。并将混合物保存在碎冰中使温度在5℃以下。
将五水硫酸铜（19.6g）和二水溴化钠（11.3g）溶解于50ml的水中，将亚硫酸氢钠（5.12g 溶于30ml水中）缓慢加入上述溶液中并不断搅拌，直至室温。用少量亚硫酸洗涤三次所得沉淀物。将溴化亚铜溶解于20ml48%的HBr中。再将1,3,8,10,15,17,22,24-八溴代酞菁铜（Ⅱ）的冷藏溶液缓慢倒入溴化钠中，并搅拌。由于副产物重氮盐和溴化亚铜的分离，混合物开始变浑浊(CuPON2+Cl_，CuBr)。加成物要不断振荡直至室温。然后水浴加热到60℃使其完成重盐的裂解并且一直加热到没有氮气生成。
倾析得到澄清溶液，并用水冲洗残留物。将绿色产物离心分离并分别用1M NaOH和1M
HCl洗涤四次，最后用蒸馏水清洗。固体1,3,8,10,15,17,22,24-八溴代酞菁铜（Ⅱ）在50℃下干燥一1h。颜料粉末是通过酸附着过程得到的，即一份粉末溶于6-10份的浓硫酸中。将混合物静止1-2h，然后放进冰块中并搅拌彻底。得到颜料并用热水冲洗。最后重复用纯酒精洗涤并放在真空干燥器中干燥2天[9]。这种方法是用于Cu（Ⅱ），Co（Ⅱ）和Ni（Ⅱ），但是Zn（Ⅱ）要经历金属移除反应。
Ni（Ⅱ）、Co（Ⅱ）和Zn（Ⅱ）的八溴代酞菁衍生物是分别通过各自的金属氨基酞菁衍生物用上述方法制备的。
在印度昌迪加尔的旁遮普大学的精细仪器中心对C、H、N做了元素分析。对磁性的研究是在室温下通过Gouy磁天平法即包括NP-53型电磁体和半微量天平进行研究的。Pacal 常数是用来计算抗磁修正的。Hg [Co (SCN)4] 化合物作为岛津紫外可见分光光度计的校准物[10]，UV-160A使用来研究电子吸收光谱。红外光谱是通过Nicolet MX-FT红外分光仪测量的。PW1710X-ray 衍射仪是用来研究化合物衍射部分的。光谱是在40Kv，20mA，7mm宽的孔道且图表速度为10mm/min进行记录的。TGA/SDTA热分析仪是用来研究热分解的。3.结果与讨论
由于金属原子半径非常接近于1.35A所以形成的金属酞菁化合物具有热稳定性和抗酸腐蚀性。八溴代酞菁Cu（Ⅱ）、Zn（Ⅱ）和Co（Ⅱ）衍生物制备完毕，且都为深绿色，但是只有Zn带有些许棕色。它们浓硫酸中为澄清溶液也完全溶于DMSO、DMF和吡啶中，但是不溶于水及大部分有机溶液如乙醇、乙醚、四氯化碳和苯中。对C、H、N及金属的分析结果如表一所示。
4.红外光谱
红外光谱红外数据记录总结在表2中，光谱为图2。所有化合物在3394-3410cm-1上有宽峰吸收，即显示出酞菁高分子中的氮氢键[11]。在1533-1613cm-1处有尖锐的峰行，即表示出有碳碳双键存在。在1341-1352cm-1处有吸收峰是因为碳氮键的存在。在752-757cm-1处
有吸收峰是因为碳溴键的伸缩频率。剩下的吸收峰是由于酞菁骨架振动引起的[12]。
5.磁性
磁性和磁矩都是在化合物为固态情况下测量的，数据显示CuPOBr和CoPOBr为顺磁性的，ZnPOBr为逆磁性的。CuPOBr和CoPOBr的磁矩比未成对电子的要高。高出来的大概是由于简并轨道的贡献。这种轨道作用会随电子磁场的增强而增加。只有在高电子磁场下化合物的磁矩与自旋对应。CuPOBr和CoPOBr在u eff上的较高的数据可能是因为在π电子云下分子间的磁性各向异性[12.13]。
人们可能注意从Xm和u eff的变化趋势注意到CoPOBr中相邻金属原子的自旋偶合和在CuPOBr的酞菁分子中氮原子的超交换[13.14]。
由于酞菁环上[15.16]的金属轨道和π轨道的相互作用，在高电子场中发现了预期中的CuPOBr和CoPOBr的数值比未取代的酞菁要高。但是得到的数据并不与原来的未取代的金属酞菁相符合[17]。这个可能是占主导地位的阻碍叠加超过预期中的功能团的霍尔迁移。
6.电子光谱
溴代酞菁是在18M的硫酸中进行电子光谱测量，且浓度围为5.1-5.2×10-4M。数据记录总结在表2中。所有化合物的峰值都在611-647nm的围，此围为酞菁特征峰值。在224-231nm 上的波峰显示有碳键。所有的化合物在471-482nm上的波峰为a2u-e g的贡献。
7.X射线衍射分析
Cu（Ⅱ）、Co（Ⅱ）、Ni（Ⅱ）、Zn（Ⅱ）的酞菁粉末衍射是在2θ，6-70°下显示出与弱结晶性相符的显著的特点。人们能在图3明显的观察到在未取代的金属酞菁的峰值面积会扩大。这显示出标题化合物比未取代的金属酞菁的结晶度要小。这可能是因为体积较为庞大的溴原子在堆积金属酞菁的衍生物中占了主导地位。粉末X射线衍射结果只能定性的解释结晶度。溴取代的效果可能在第一个d数据中显示出来。
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丹宁改性絮凝剂处理城市污水 J.Beltrán-heredia，J.ánche z-Martin 埃斯特雷马杜拉大学化学工程系和物理化学系,德埃娃儿，S / N 06071，巴达霍斯，西班牙 摘要 一种新的以丹宁为主要成分的混凝剂和絮凝剂已经过测试用以处理城市污水。TANFLOC 证实了其在浊度的去除上的高效性（接近100%，取决于剂量），并且近50%的BOD5和COD 被去除，表明TANFLOC是合适的凝集剂，效力可与明矾相媲美。混凝絮凝剂过程不依赖于温度，发现最佳搅拌速度和时间为40转/每分钟和30分钟。多酚含量不显著增加，30%的阴离子表面活性剂被去除。沉淀过程似乎是一种絮凝分离，所以污泥体积指数和它随絮凝剂剂量的改变可以确定。证明TANFLOC是相当有效的可用于污水处理的混凝絮凝剂。 关键词: 基于丹宁的絮凝剂城市污水絮凝天然混凝剂 1．简介 人类活动是废物的来源。特别是在城市定居点，来自家庭和工业的废水可能是危险有害的产品[ 1 ]，需要适当的处理，以避免对环境[ 2 ]和健康的影响[ 3,4 ]。2006年12月4日联合国大会通过决议宣布2008为国际卫生年。无效的卫生基础设施促使每年220万人死于腹泻，主要在3岁以下儿童，600万人因沙眼失明，两亿人感染血吸虫病，只是为了给出一些数据[ 5 ]。显然，他们中的大多数都是在发展中国家，所以谈及城市污水，必须研究适当的技术来拓宽可能的处理技术种类。 在这个意义上，许多类型的水处理被使用。他们之间的分歧在于经济和技术特点上。了摆脱危险的污染[ 6 ]，一些令人关注的论文已经发表的关于城市污水处理的几种天然的替代方法，包括绿色过滤器、化学初步分离、紫外消毒[ 7 ]和多级程序[ 8 ]。 几个以前的文件指出了城市污水管理[9,10]的重要性。这种类型的废物已成为社会研究的目标，因为它涉及到几个方面，都与社会结构和社会组织[11 ]相关。根据这一维度，必须认识到废水管理作为发展中国家的一种社会变化的因素，事关污水处理和生产之间的平衡，是非常重要的，一方面，人类要发展，另一方面，显而易见。 对水处理其它程序的研究一直是这和其他文件的范围。几年来，研究者关注的是发展中国家间的合作，他们正在致力于水处理的替代过程，主要考虑可持续发展，社会承受能力和可行性等理念。在这个意义上，自然混凝絮凝剂这一广为传播，易于操作的资源即使是非专业人员也不难操作。有一些例子，如辣木[ 14 ]和仙人掌榕[ 15 ]。丹宁可能是一个新的混凝剂和絮凝剂。 一些开拓者已经研究了丹宁水处理能力。 ?zacar和sengil [ 16 ]：从瓦罗NIA获得的丹宁，从土耳其的autoctonous树的果壳中获得丹宁，并用于他们的–污水混凝絮凝过程。他们表明，丹宁有很好的效果，结合Al2（SO4）3可进一步提高污泥去除率。 詹和赵[ 17 ]试着用丹宁为主要成分的凝胶作为吸收剂除去水中的铝，丹宁凝胶改进了金属去除过程，一定意义上也可参照Nakano等人的[ 18 ]，Kim 和Nakano[ 19 ]。 ?zacar和sengil [ 20 ]加强以前的文章给出了关于三卤甲烷的形成和其他不良化合物特殊的数据，以及处理后的水质安全。他们始终使用丹宁与Al2（SO4）3的组合。 帕尔马等人将丹宁从辐射松的树皮为原位提取，用于重金属去除中聚合固体。树皮本
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology(机械类英文文献+翻译)
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining Serope kalpakjian；Steven R.Schmid 机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in
中英文文献以及翻译(化工类)
Foreign material： Chemical Industry 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). Since 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate, although this has slowed significantly in recent years. The lion’s share of this growth has been in the organic chemicals sector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals area since 1950s. The explosives growth in petrochemicals in the 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase in demand for synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyesters and epoxy resins. The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry, within which it plays a central role. It makes thousands of different chemicals which
各专业的英文翻译剖析
哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence 民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law ) 诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws
机械专业中英文对照翻译大全.
机械专业英语词汇中英文对照翻译一览表 陶瓷ceramics 合成纤维synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis 悬架suspension 转向器redirector 变速器speed changer 板料冲压sheet metal parts 孔加工spot facing machining 车间workshop 工程技术人员engineer 气动夹紧pneuma lock 数学模型mathematical model 画法几何descriptive geometry 机械制图Mechanical drawing 投影projection 视图view 剖视图profile chart 标准件standard component 零件图part drawing 装配图assembly drawing
尺寸标注size marking 技术要求technical requirements 刚度rigidity 内力internal force 位移displacement 截面section 疲劳极限fatigue limit 断裂fracture 塑性变形plastic distortion 脆性材料brittleness material 刚度准则rigidity criterion 垫圈washer 垫片spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear 运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear 虚约束passive constraint 曲柄crank 摇杆racker
机械专业相关词汇中英文翻译大全
机械专业相关词汇中英文翻译大全 单价unit price 工日合计Man-day total/work-day total 人工费cost of labor 材料费materials expenses 机械的mechanical 检查接线connection test 发电机generator 调相机phase regulator 周波cycle 减负荷装置 load-shedding equipment 断路器柜circuit breaker cabinet 单母线single busbar 互感器transformer 每相电流Current by Phase 封闭式插接close type socket joint 发电机控制面板generator control panel 分级卸载sorted unloading 同步控制synchronization control 调速器 speed governor 信号屏signal screen 继电器relay 高压柜high pressure cabinet 油浸电力变压器oil-immersed power transformer 空气断路器air circuit breaker 控制屏control panel 直流馈电屏direct current feed control panel 电容器electric condenser 计量盘metering panel 成套配电箱whole set of distribution box 落地式floor model 控制开关Control switches 铜芯电力电缆Copper core power cable 控制电缆actuating cable 热缩式电力电缆终端头pyrocondensation power cable terminal 钢结构支架配管steel structure bracket tubing 万用槽钢versatile U-steel 电缆托架 cable bracket 钢制托盘式桥架steel Tray-type cable support system waterproof socket 防水插座 防爆插座Explosion-proof socket 接地绞线earthing twisted pair 接地母线 earthing bus
化学实验方法外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
实验方法 辐射黑色体理论（Chao et al., 1961）和切削表面理论（Friedman and Lenz, 1970）。随着敏感的红外感光胶片的发展，在一个可被记录切削侧面温度场的工具（Boothroyd, 1961）和电视型红外线敏感的视频设备已被哈里斯等人使用（1980年），以热传感和半导体量子吸收的原则为基础的红外线传感器的不断发展，使得这些传感器的第二敏感性大于第一次，其时间常数很小太- 在微秒到毫秒的范围之内。图5.21显示了最新使用的第二类的例子。有两个传感器以及开始投入使用，一个是在1毫米至5毫米的波长范围的敏感型锑化铟，另外一个是从6毫米至13毫米的敏感型碲镉汞类型，通过与两个不同的探测器信号比较可以使用温度测量更敏感的方法。大部分金属切削温度已进行了调查和了解使得更好地了解这个过程。原则上，温度测量可能用于条件监测，例如，警告说如果是天气太热导致切割刀具后刀面磨损，然而，尤其是辐射能尺寸，在生产条件，校准问题以及确保辐射能量途径从伤口区到探测器不被打断的困难，使得以温度测量为目的方法不够可靠切削的另一种方式是监测声发射，这虽然是一个间接的方法，但研究过程的状态是一个值得考虑未来。 5.4 声发射 材料的活跃形变—例如裂缝的增长，变形夹杂物，快速塑性剪切，甚至晶界，位错运动都是伴随着弹性应力波的排放而产生。这就是声发射（AE）。排放的发
生在一个很宽的频率范围内，但通常是从10万赫到1兆赫。虽然波幅度很小，但是他们可以被检测到，通过强烈的压电材料如钛酸钡或压电陶瓷传感器制造从，（Pb（Zr x Ti1–x）O3; x = 0.5 to 0.6）。图5.22显示了传感器的结构。声波传送到压力传感器造成直接的压力E（△L/L），其中E是传感器的杨氏模量，L 是它的长度，△L是它的长度变化。应力产生电场 T = g33E(△L/L)（5.7a） g33是传感器材料的压电应力系数。传感器两端的电压是TL，然后 V= g33E△L（5.7b） g33和E的典型值分别是24.4 × 10-3Vm/ N和58.5GPa，以检测电压高达0.01毫伏，这是可能的。将这些值代入方程（5.7b）导致了检测△L的长度变化的可以小到7 × 10-15米：对于一个L = 10毫米的传感器来说，即相当于拥有7 ×10-13 图5.22显示的是声发射传感器的结构 实验理论方法
机械类英文文献+翻译)
机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels. Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing