大学英语考试作文的主要类型及写作技巧

大学英语考试作文的主要类型及写作技巧

第一节阐述对立观点型

一、常见命题形式

阐述对立观点型作文常见的命题形式是：

1．有（些）人认为……；

2．也有（些）人认为……；

3．我的看法或观点。

在过去的大学英语考试作文写作中阐述对立观点型作文的出现频率是比较高的，例如：1．Spring Festival Eve (CET-4 2006.12)

Direction: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Spring Festival Eve.You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below

（1）许多人喜欢在除夕夜观看春节晚会；

（2）但是有些人提出取消春节晚会；

（3）我的看法。

2．Reading Selectively or Extensively (CET-4, 1999.06)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading Selectively or Extensively?You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

（1）有人认为读书要有选择；

（2）有人认为应当博览群书；

（3）我的看法。

3．Can Money Buy Happiness? (CET-4, 1995.01)

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Can Money Buy Happiness? You should write no less than 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

（1）有人认为金钱是幸福之本（source of happiness）；

（2）也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（root of evil）；

（3）我的看法。

4．Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Luck? (CET-4, 1998.06)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Brin g Good Luck? You should write at least 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

（1）有些人认为某些数字会带来运气；

（2）也有些人认为数字与运气无关；

（3）试说明你的看法。

5．Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? (CET-4, 2000.06)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? The first sentence has already been written for you. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: （1）很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是……；

（2）也有人持不同的意见；

（3）我的看法和打算。

6．Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? (CET-4, 2005.12)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:

（1）名校校园正成为旅游新热点；

（2）校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同；

（3）我认为……。

7．Is Failure a Bad Thing? （CET-4, 1992.01）

Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition in no less than 100 words on the topic Is Failure a Bad Thing?You should base your composition on the following outline (give in Chinese):

（1）失败是常有的事；

（2）人们对失败有各种不同的态度；

（3）我对失败的态度。

如下表：

常用句型

1．开头部分常用句型

A number of factors could account for….

However/ On the other hand, there are still many people who won’t agree. They argue that…Besides/ In addition….

However, others hold/ don’t believe/ think that…, for….

It is one thing to insist that…, it is quite another to show that….

It would be reasonable to take the view that…, but it would be foolish to claim that….

People’s views/ ideas/ opinions/ arguments on/ about…vary from person to person. Some people think that….

So mebody believes/ argues/ holds/ insists/ thinks that….

The advantages of B are much greater than A.

The change in…largely results from the fact that….

There are several causes for this phenomenon/ problem/ typical subject:

There is in fact one reason for us t o believe that….. .

When it comes to/ When talking about/ When asked about…, different people will offer different views/ ideas/ opinions/ arguments/ answers.

Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages too.

2．发表自己的意见常用句型

A recent investi gation indicates that….

According to a latest study, it can be predicted….

According to the statistics provided….

All available evidence points to the fact that….

All the facts suggest that….

Although A has/ gains/ enjoys considerable/ enormous advantages/ strong points/ benefits of…, it cannot compete with B in….

Although I appreciate that…, I cannot agree with the title statement.

As a popular saying goes, "everything has two sides."

As far as I am concerned, I agree with the first/ second view/ idea/ opinion/ argument/ answer.

As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that….

As for me, I'm firmly convinced that…, for the following reasons:

As for me, I'm in favor of the opinion that… for the following reasons:

As it is described that….

As for me, I am in favor of the first/ second idea.

Besides, we should not neglect that….

Both A and B have several points in common.

But it is a pity that….

But the problem is not so simple. Therefore….

But things are changing from person/ time/ place/ to person/ time/ place.

Compared with A, B has/ gains/ enjoys much/ considerable/ enormous advantages/ strong points/ benefits of….

Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that….

Contrary to/ As opposed to generally/ commonly/ widely held/ accepted belief/ idea/ opinion/ view, I think/ believe/ argue that….

Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.

Examples given lead me/ us to conclude that….

For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.

For my part, I agree with the former/ latter opinion for the following reasons:

History provides us with the examples of….

However, the same is not applicable to….

I agree with the above statement because I believe that….

I am always amazed when I heard people saying that….

I believe that the title statement is valid because (of)….

In my opinion, this point of view doesn't hold water.

It can be easily denied that….

It has been illustrated that….

It is generally/ usually believed tha….t

It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on….

It i s not true that….

It is true that…but the chief faults/ obvious defects are….

It provides a good example of….

It reveals the unquestionable fact that….

Like anything else, it has its own disadvantages/ weaknesses/ drawbacks/ negative effects/ faults/ defects.

Many experts point out that….

My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows. To begin with, …. Secondly,…. Finally, ….

My view/ idea/ opinion/ argument/ reason may be expressed as follows.

Nobody can deny the fact that….

None of the solutions is quite satisfactory. The problem should be examined in a new way.

Now more and more/ large numbers of people/ people in growing numbers are beginning/ starting/ getting/ coming to see/ understand/ know/ realize/ accept/ believe/ be aware of that….

Oth ers may find this to be true, but I believer that….

People used to think.., but things are different now.

Perhaps I was questioned why….

Personally, I am on the side of the former/ latter view/ idea/ opinion/ argument/ answer. For one thing, …. For another, ….

The advantages/ strong points/ benefits of A are much greater than/ far outweigh those of B.

The advantages/ strong points/ benefits of A are much greater than/ far outweigh its disadvantages/ weaknesses/ side-effects.

The chief reason why…is that….

The following are the reasons of/ for my choice/ personal inclination. First, while it is true that…, it doesn’t mean/ follow that…. Second…. Furthermore….

The idea may be proved by facts….

The reasons are as follows. First, there is an element of truth th at…but it doesn’t follow/ mean that….

The same is true of….

There are several reasons for this problem. One of the main reasons is that….Another primary reason is that….

There are two/ three reasons for …. In the first place/ On the one hand, …. In the second place/ On the other hand,…. Furthermore, ….

T here is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to….

There is no immediate solution to the problem of…, but…might be helpful.

There is not sufficient evidence to show th at….

There is no truth that….

Therefore, the first/ second view/ idea/ opinion/ argument/ answer doesn’t hold water/ can not bear much analysis/ can not stand up to close examination.

We have no reason to believe that….

We may cite another instance of….

We may face the undeniable fact that….

What is more serious is that….

When it comes to…, the majority of people believe that….

Wonderful/ Superior/ Good as…is, it brings us its own problems/ has its own disadvantages/ weaknesses.

3. 转折部分常用句型

A close/ careful inspection/ examination/ scrutiny of this idea/ view/ opinion/ argument would reveal how flimsy/ groundless/ fallacious it is.

Although I appreciate that…, I cannot agree with the first/ former/ second/ latter statement.

Although it is commonly/ widely/ generally/ universally held/ felt/ accepted/ agreed/ acknowledged that…, it is unlikely to be true that….

Although many people believe that…, I doubt/ wonder whether the idea/ view/ opinion/ argument can bear much analysis/ close examination/ can hold water.

Among the most convincing/ important reasons/ factors/ aspects/ examples given/ cited/ offered/ identified by people for…, one should be stressed/ emphasized/ mentioned.

Different people have different attitudes towards…. Some are for/ in favor of/ favor…while others are against….

However, …gives/ may give rise to a number of problems.

However, just/ logical/ sound/ valid this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.

I agree with the above statement because I believe/ hold/ maintain/ think/ argue that….

I believe that the first/ former/ second/ latter statement is valid because (of)….

In all the discussion/ debate over/ about…, one essential/ important/ basic fact is generally overlooked/ neglected.

It is true that/ True,/ To be sure,/ Admittedly, …, but this is not to say/ it is unlikely/ it doesn’t follow/ it doesn’t mean/ it won’t be the case that….

It would be inevitable/ possible/ natural/ reasonable to think/ believe/ hold/ maintain/ argue that…, but it would be absurd/ wrong to claim/ argue that….

On the other hand/ As opposed to/ Contrary to/ widely/ commonly/ generally/ universally held/ accepted belief/ idea/ view/ opinion, I believe/ hold/ maintain/ think/ argue that….

On the surface/ At first sight/ At first glance/ At first thought, it/ this may seem a sound/ an attractive suggestion/ solution/ answer/ way/ idea, but after careful consideration, we find that….

People differ in their attitudes towards…. Faced with it, some of them…. Others, however, ….

The advantages of…outweigh any benefit we gained from/ carry more weight than those of/ are much greater/ better than….

The latest surveys show that….

The main/ obvious/ great problem/ fact/ point/ flaw/ drawback/ disadvantage/ weakness/ negative effect/ harm/ danger with/ in this idea/ view/ opinion/ argument/ remark is that it is ignorant of/ blind to the basic/ bare fact that….

The problem/ fact/ truth/ point/ flaw/ drawback/ advantage/ disadvantage/ strongpoint/ weakness/ positive effect/ negative effect/ harm/ danger is that….

There is every reason for us to believe/ hold/ maintain/ think/ argue/ accept/ resist/ reject that….

There is an element of truth in this idea/ view/ opinion/ argument/ remark/ statement, but it ignores a deeper and more important/ essential/ vital/ basic fact/ reason/ cause/ factor/ aspect that….

This issue has caused wide public concern.

This phenomenon/ idea/ view/ opinion/ argument/ remark/ statement has caused wide public concern in many places of the world.

This phenomenon/ idea/ view/ opinion/ argument/ remark/ statement is now being questioned by more and more people.

Too much emphasis placed on/ attention paid to/ importance attached to…may obscure/ overlook/ neglect other facts….

We don’t have to look very far to see/ find out/ make out the truth of this phenomenon/ idea/ view/ opinion/ argument/ remark/ statement.

4．结尾部分最常用句型

A much better and brighter future waits for….

Although…has/ have been dramatically changed over the past few years, it must be admitted that we hav e to face….

Although…has/ have proved that…is/ are absurd, there is still something in….

Although many…consistently maintain that….

Although many people tend to…, an increasing amount of evidence shows that….

An advantage of…is that….

Anyone who/ which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

As far as I’m concerned, I’m for/ in favor of/ favor/ support the former/ latter/ first/ second view/ idea/ opinion/ argument. Therefore, my conclusion is that….

Based on what we have discussed above, we may draw/ come to/ reach/ arrive at the conclusion that….

Consequently/ Personally, I’m in favor of the former/ latter/ first/ second view/ idea/ opinion/ argument. Therefore, my conclusion is that….

For those people who …, it is important to…. Just as an old say ing goes….

From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that….

From what has been discussed/ described/ mentioned/ said above/ Judging from/ By all the evidence offered/ Taking into account all these factors/ Consequently, we may come to/ arrive at/ reach/ draw the conclusion that/ we may conclude that….

From what I have mentioned above, we can see clearly that….

I believe/ predict/ suggest that….

In accordance with/ According to Based on/ On the basis of what we have just discussed/ described/ mentioned/ said above, we may come to/ arrive at/ reach/ draw the conclusion that/ we may conclude that..

In conclusion, I support the former/ latter/ first/ second view/ idea/ opinion/ argument. Therefore, my conclusion is that….

In conclusion, it is imp erative that….

In conclusion, we must lay emphasis on this problem/ phenomenon and exert every effort to

solve it thoroughly.

In conclusion, we must lay emphasis on this problem/ phenomenon and make our maximum contribution to help solve it.

In conclusion, we must take into account this problem/ phenomenon rationally and place more emphasis on it.

In conclusion/ In a word/ In short/ On the whole/ To conclude/ To sum up/ Therefore/ From the foregoing, it is clear/ obvious/ evident that….

In my opinion, I’m i n favor of the former/ latter/ first/ second view/ idea/ opinion/ argument. Therefore, my conclusion is that….

In summary/ brief/ short, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned problem/ phenomenon, more problems will crop up.

In view of such a serious situation/ Against this background, strong measures should be taken to….

It is high/ the right time that strict measures were taken to….

I t is important to take actions to….

It is necessary/ imperative/ essential/ important/ crucial/ vital for us to take effective measures to….

It is necessary/ imperative/ essential/ important/ crucial/ vital that steps should be taken to….

It is not what you say, but what you do that really counts.

It is only through these measures that….

It is the right time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the problem.

It is suggested that…ought to make efforts to….

It must be noted that….

Let us work hand in hand to….

Many people seem to overlook the basic fact that….

Moreover, many people, including…, are beginning to believe that….

No one can doubt the essential fact that….

On account of the reasons above, we may come to/ reach/ draw the conclusion/ conclude that….

On no account can we ignore the value of….

On the whole/ In general/ Generally/ Generally speaking/ All in all/ By and large/ As a result/ In a word/ In short/ As a whole, ….

People/ Experts/ Students in increasing numbers are beginning to believe that….

Proper measures must be taken to….

Since…is/ are around the corner, …is/ am/ are compelled to take strong measures to….

Since it is unnecessary to…, we should not….

So precious is…that we can't afford to waste it.

Taking all these into account, we….

The conclusion that can be drawn/ reached from all that has been discussed/ described/ mentioned/ said above is that….

The idea/ view/ opinion/ argument/ remark/ statement has a great impact/ influence/ effect on….

The information I've collected over last few years leads me to believe that….

The vast majority of…believe that….

There is no denying that….

The re is no doubt that the increase in demand caused the rise in….

This is a matter of life and death－a matter nobody can afford to ignore.

This issue is becoming a matter of concern for more and more people, especially for….

This view has been shared now by more and more people/ experts/ students….

Those who are in favor of…will….

To conclude, it seems clear that….

To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must….

We cannot emphasize the importance of…too much.

We must do more than identify the cause; it is imp ortant to take actions to….

We should bring home to people….

We should do our best to achieve our goal in….

We should get into the habit of doing….

We should not let the golden opportunity slip by. On the contrary, we should take hold of/ grasp/ seize/ hold/ grip fast any opportunity and face the challenge with determination/ confidence/ courage/ wisdom.

We should spare no effort to….

Whether it is good or not/ positive or negative, one thing is certain/ clear:

With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.

第二节说明利弊型

一、常见命题形式

说明利弊型作文常见的命题形式主要有两种：第一种是对某一事物的利或弊单方面发表看法；第二种是对某一事物的正反两方面发表看法。

（一）对某一事物的利或弊单方面发表看法

对某一事物的利或弊单方面发表看法就是：说明某一事物的利或弊（如：Advantages/ Disadvantages,Positive/ Negative Aspects, Harmfulness of Something.）。其常见的表达方式为：1．某一事物的现状；

2．产生这一现状的原因；

3．这一事物的好处或弊端。

例如：

1．Advantages of a Job Interview (CET-4, 1995.06)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Advantages of a Job Interview. You should write at least 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

（1）现在找工作一般都要进行面试，通过面试面试者（interviewer）和应试者（interviewee）可以相互了解情况。

（2）面试者可以向应试者介绍情况，如工作性质、条件、待遇等。

（3）应试者也有机会给对方留下一个好的印象，如可以表现出自信心，可以介绍教育背景、工作能力等。

2．Harmfulness of Fake Commodities(CET-4, 1998.01)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Harmfulness of Fake Commodities. You should write at least 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

（1）目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品（fake commodities）。为什么会有这种现象？

（2）举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。

3．It Pays to Be Honest (CET-4, 2003. 01)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.

（1）当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象;

（2）诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实。

（二）对某一事物的正反两方面发表看法

就某一事物的正反两方面发表看法即：说明某一事物的利和弊（如：Advantages and Disadvantages of Something或Positive and Negative Aspects of Something）。其常见的表达方式为：

1．某一事物（带来）的好处；

2．这一事物可能（给……）带来的问题或弊端；

3．我对这一事物的体会或我怎样对待这一事物。

例如：

1．Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports (CET-4, 1993.01)

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Positive and Negative Aspects of Sport. You should write no less than 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

（1）运动的积极因素；

（2）运动的消极因素；

（3）你的体会。

2．The Two-Day Weekend (CET-4, 1996.01)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic The Two-day Weekend. You should write at least 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

（1）双休日给大学生带来的好处；

（2）双休日可能给大学生带来的问题；

（3）我应当怎样过好双休日。

段落布局

（一）对某一事物的利或弊单方面发表看法的段落布局

大学英语应试作文中对某一事物的利或弊单方面发表看法的段落布局结构是：

第一段：引言说明某一事物的现状，指出它能带来的利或弊；

第二段：说明这一事物带来的好处或可能带来的问题或弊端；

第三段：阐述自己对这一事物的看法或怎样对待这一事物

（二）对某一事物的正反两方面发表看法的段落布局

第一段：引言说明某一事物的现状，指出其具有两面性；

第二段：说明这一事物带来的好处

第三段：说明这一事物可能带来的问题或弊端

第四段：阐述自己对这一事物的看法或怎样对待这一事物。

常用句型

1．开头部分常用句型

At present/ Nowadays, …is/ are popular/ common around us./ …play(s) an important part/ role in…. Like everything else,…has/ have both advantages and disadvantages/ positive and negative aspects/ favorable and unfavorable sides.

At present/ Nowadays/ Today, …has/ have brought a lot of troubles to our daily life. First, …. Second, …. What makes things worse is that….

At present/ Nowadays, …is/ are popular/ common around us./ …play(s) an important part/ role in…. which has/ have brought great benefits/ harm/ troubles to….

…has/ have been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought us a lot of benefits, but has created some serious problems as well.

Currently there is a widespread concern that….

Everything has two sides and…is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.

It does us a lot of good/ harm.

It has the following advantages/ strong points/ benefits/ positive effects/ disadvantages/ weaknesses/ drawbacks/ negative effects/ faults/ defects.

It is beneficial to….

It is good/ harmful.

It is quite clear that…because….

More and more people have come to realize….

Now it is commonly held that…but I doubt whether….

Now people in growing numbers are coming to realize that….

The advantages/ strong points/ benefits/ positive effects are much greater than/ far outweigh its disadvantages/ weaknesses/ drawbacks/ negative effects/ faults/ defects.

There is a general discussion today about the issue of….

There is no doubt that….

These days we are often told that…, but is this really the case?

Recently the issue of…has been brought to public attention.

Too much emphasis placed on/ importance attached to/ attention paid to…may overlook/ neglect/ ignore other facts….

Wonderful/ Superior/ Good as…is, it brings us its own problems/ has its own disadvantages/ weaknesses/ drawbacks/ negative effects/ faults/ defects.

2．中心部分常用句型

A case in point is….

A may be preferable to…, but it suffers from the disadvantages that….

A number of factors could account for the development in….

A number of further facts may be added….

A recent investigation indicates that….

A’s advantage sounds ridiculous when B’s advantages are taken into consideration.

According to a latest study, it can be predicted….

According to the statistics provided….

According to/ Based on my personal experience, ….

All the facts su ggest that….

Although A has/ gains/ enjoys considerable/ enormous advantages/ strong points/ benefits of…, it cannot compete with B in….

Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned….

Another case in point is….

Another special consider ation in this case is that….

As an old saying/ proverb goes/ runs/ says, ….

As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that….

As far as I know, the following advantage (advantages)/ disadvantage (disadvantages)/ positive effect (effects)/ negative effect (effects)/ strong point (points)/ weakness (weaknesses) is/ are of great help to us.

As for me, I'm firmly convinced that…, for the following reasons:

As for me, I'm in favor of the opinion that…. for the following reasons:

As for me, with the developmen t of our…, all these disadvantages/ negative effects/ weaknesses will certainly be overcome step by step.

As for me, with the development of…, all these problems will certainly be solved step by step.

But things are changing from person/ time/ place/ to person/ time/ place.

Compared with A, B has/ gains/ enjoys much/ considerable/ enormous advantages/ strong points/ benefits of….

Contrary to/ As opposed to generally/ commonly/ widely held/ accepted belief/ idea/ opinion/ view, I think/ believe/ argue that….

Different people observe it in different ways.

Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.

Examples given lead us/ me to conclude that….

For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.

Generally/ Generally speaking/ In general/ On the whole, the advantages/ positive aspects/ favorable sides of something can be listed as follows. First/ Firstly/ In the first place, …. Second/ Secondly/ In the second place, …. Furthermore/ Besides,….

However, as a very popular saying goes “everything has two sides”. Something has two/ three/ several disadvantages/ negative aspects/ unfavorable sides./ The disadvantages/ negative aspects/ unfavorable sides can not be ignored./ Great attention should be paid to its disadvantages/ negative aspects/ unfavorable sides for the following reasons. For one thing, …. For another,…. Furthermore/ Besides, ….

However, it is a pity that they neglect the following important advantage (advantages)/ positive effect (effects)/ negative effect (effects)/ strong point (points)/ weakness (weaknesses).

However, the same is not applicable to….

I am always amazed when I heard people saying that….

In my opinion, there are at least two/ three major/ important/ essential/ critical/ key reasons/ factors that should be first taken into consideration.

In my opinion, this point of view doesn't hold water.

In the last few decades, advances in science and technology/ society/ industry/ agriculture have made it possible for people to understand/ see clearly that the advantages/ positive effects/

strong points of this phenomenon/ situation/ problem/ statement are much greater than/ far outweigh its disadvantages/ negative effects/ weaknesses. First, …. Second, …. Third, ….

In view of the seriousness of this phenomenon/ situation/ problem, effective measures should be taken to…. First, …. Second, …. Third,….

It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than….

It has been illustrated that….

It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on….

It is not simple to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon.

It is one thing to insist that…, it is quite another to show that….

It is true that…but the chief faults/ obvious defects are….

It reveals the unquestionable fact that….

It would be reasonable to take the view that…, but it would be foolish to claim that….

Like anything else, it has its own disadvantages/ weaknesses/ drawbacks/ negative effects/ faults/ defects.

No one can deny the fact that….

Nonetheless, I believe that…is more advantageous.

Now more and more/ large numbers of people/ people in growing numbers are beginning/ starting/ getting/ coming to see/ understand/ know/ realize/ accept/ believe/ be aware of that….

On the contrary，there are some people in favor of/ favor…. T hey say that….

One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is….

People used to think..., but things are different now.

Perhaps the primary reason is….

Personally, I am on the side of the former/ latter view/ idea/ opinion/ argument/ answer. For one thing, …. For another, ….

So long as we regard this as reasonable, we may….

Some people say…, but it does not hold water/ can’t bear a closer examination/ analysis.

Somebody believes/ argues/ holds/ insists/ thinks that….

Take…for example/ instance.

The advantages/ strong points/ benefits of A are much greater than/ far outweigh those of B.

The advantages/ strong points/ benefits of A are much greater than/ far outweigh its disadvantages/ weaknesses/ side-effects.

The change in…largely results from the fact that….

The effect/ influence/ impact/ advantage/ positive side/ strong point/ disadvantage/ negative side/ weakness/ phenomenon/ problem occurs from/ results from/ follows from/ is a result of/ is due to….

The following are the reasons of/ for my choice/ personal inclination. First, while it is true that…, it doesn’t mean/ follow that…. Second…. Furthermore….

The importance of…cannot be overemphasized.

The reasons are as follows. First, there is an element of truth that…but it doesn’t follow/ mean that….

The reasons for…are complicated, and probably they are found in the fact….

There are several reasons for this problem. One of the main reasons is that…. Another primary reason is that….

There are two/ three reasons for…. In the first place/ On the one hand, …. In the second place/

On the other hand, …. Furthermore, ….

There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to….

There is in fact no reason for us to believe that….

There is no sufficient evidence to show that….

This can be expressed as follows:

To understand/ see/ make clear/ explain/ the advantage (advantages)/ positive effect (effects)/ negative effect (effects)/ strong point (points)/ weakness (weaknesses), there are at least three things we can do. First/ Firstly/ In the first place, …. Seco nd/ Secondly/ In the second place, …. Furthermore/ Besides, ….

We may face the undeniable fact that….

We must understand/ see/ make clear/ explain/ make use of the advantage (advantages)/ positive effect (effects)/ negative effect(effects)/ strong point(points)/ weakness(weaknesses) in the following ways. First/ Firstly/ In the first place, …. Second/ Secondly/ In the second place,…. Furthermore/ Besides, ….

We must understand/ see/ make clear/ explain/ the advantage (advantages)/ positive effect (effects)/ negative effect (effects)/ strong point (points)/ weakness (weaknesses) for three major reasons. First/ Firstly/ In the first place, …. Second/ Secondly/ In the second place,…. Furthermore/ Besides, ….

What is more serious is that many people still do not understand the importance of these advantages.

What seems to be the trouble is….

What these people fail to consider is that….

When it comes to/ When talking about/ When asked about something the majority of people believe that its advantages are much greater than its disadavantages. But is this really the case?

3. 转折部分常用句型

Although I appreciate that…, I cannot agree with the first/ former/ second/ latter statement.

Although it is commonly/ widely/ generally/ universally held/ felt/ accepted/ agreed/ ackn owledged that…, it is unlikely to be true that….

Although many people believe that…, I doubt/ wonder whether the idea/ view/ opinion/ argument can bear much analysis/ close examination/ hold water.

Among the most convincing/ important reasons/ factors/ aspects/ examples given/ cited/ offered/ identified by people for…, one should be stressed/ emphasized/ mentioned.

However, it gives rise to a number of problems.

However, just/ logical/ sound/ valid this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.

I agree with the above statement because I believe/ hold/ maintain/ think/ argue that….

I believe that the first/ former/ second/ latter statement is valid because (of)….

In all the discussion/ debate over/ about…, one essential/ important/ basic fact is generally overlooked/ neglected.

It is true that/ True,/ To be sure,/ Admittedly,…, but this is not to say/ it is unlikely/ it doesn’t follow/ it doesn’t mean/ it won’t be the case that….

It would be inevitable/ possible/ natural/ reasonable to think/ believe/ hold/ maintain/ argue

that…, but it would be absurd/ wrong to claim/ argue that….

Nonetheless, I believe that…is more advantageous.

On the other hand,/ As opposed to/ Contrary to widely/ commonly/ generally/ universally held/ accepted belief/ idea/ view/ opinion, I believe/ hold/ maintain/ think/ argue that….

The advantages of…outweigh any benefit we gained from/ carry more weight than those of/ are much greater/ better than….

The main/ obvious flaw/ drawback/ disadvantage/ weakness/ negative effect/ harm/ danger in this idea/ opinion/ argument/ view/ remark is that it is ignorant of/ blind to the basic/ bare fact that….

There is absolutely/ in fact no/ every reason for us to believe/ hold/ maintain/ think/ argue/ accept/ resist/ reject that….

There is an element of truth in this idea/ opinion/ argument/ view/ remark/ statement, but it ignores a deeper and more important/ essential/ vital/ basic fact/ reason/ cause/ factor/ aspect that….

These advantages/ disadvantages are now being questioned by more and more people.

These advantages/ disadvantages have caused wide public concern in many parts of the world.

Too much emphasis placed on/ attention paid to/ importance attached to these advantages/ disadvantages may obscure/ overlook/ neglect other facts.

4．结尾部分常用句型：

From what has been discussed/ described/ mentioned/ said above/ Judging from/ By all the evidence offered/ Taking into account all these factors/ Finally/ Lastly/ Consequently, we may come to/ arrive at/ reach/ draw the conclusion that/ we may conclude that......

From the dialectical point of view, the disadvantages/ negative aspects/ unfavorable sides of something can be converted to the advantages/ positive aspects/ favorable sides of something.

From/ Based on/ On the basis of/ In accordance with/ According to what we have just analyzed/ discussed above/ Through above analysis, we may draw reach/ come to/ arrive at the conclusion that…. In my opinion, the advantages/ positive aspects/ favorable sides of something outweigh/ are far better than the disadvantages/ negative aspects/ unfavorable sides of something.

I fully agree with the statement that…because….

In conclusion/ In a word/ In short/ On the whole/ To conclude/ To sum up/ Therefore/ From the foregoing, it is clear/ obvious/ evident that….

In this light, if we can make good use of these advantages, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere in the future.

On account of this we can find that….

Taking into account all these factors, we may we may draw reach/ come to/ arrive at the conclus ion that….

The conclusion that can be drawn/ reached from all the above discussed/ described/ mentioned/ said is that….

Therefore, these findings reveal the following information:

Therefore/ So/ Thus/ Hence, we should maximize the advantages/ positive aspects/ favorable sides of something, minimize the disadvantages of something, make best use of its advantages/ positive aspects/ favorable sides, and try our best to avoid the disadvantages/ negative aspects/ unfavorable sides of something to achieve our desired goal.

第三节解决问题型

一、常见命题形式

大学英语考试写作中，解决问题型作文的出现频率也是比较高的。解决问题型作文要求我们就如何解决某一（些）问题或困难发表自己的看法。解决问题型作文题主要有三种出题形式：

（一）提出解决问题途径型

提出解决问题途径型作文的命题形式是：首先提出某一（些）需解决的问题，然后直接或间接地要求我们提出相应的解决途径。

例如：

1．How I Overcame My Difficulties in English Learning (CET-4, 1992.06)

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Overcame my Difficulties in Learning English. You should write at least 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

（1）你在英语学习中有哪些困难？

（2）你是如何克服这些困难的？

2．Getting to Know the World outside the Campus (CET-4, 1997.06)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus. You should write at least 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

（1）大学生了解社会的必要性；

（2）了解社会的途径（大众媒介、社会服务等）；

（3）我打算怎么做。

（二）说明解决问题途径理由型

说明解决问题途径理由型作文的出题形式是：先要求我们提出某一（些）问题或困难的解决途径，然后说明哪种途径最适合于自己。例如：

1．How I Finance My College Education (CET-4, 2000.01)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Finance My College Education. You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

（1）上大学的费用(tuition and fees)可以通过各种途径解决；

（2）哪种途径适合于我（说明理由）。

2．How to Succeed in a Job Interview? (CET-6, 2001.01)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Succeed in a Job Interview?You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:

（1）现在找工作一般都要面试；

（2）面试成功的主要途径有哪些？

（3）说明选择的理由。

（三）解释解决问题途径原因型

解释解决问题途径原因型作文的出题形式是：首先提出某一（些）需解决的问题或困难，然后要求我们解释出现这一（些）问题或困难的原因，最后要求我们提出解决问题或困难的途径。

例如：

1．Make Our City Greener (CET-4, 1990.06)

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Make Our City Greener. You should write no less than 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

（1）城市绿化的状况；

（2）绿化的好处（如：清洁空气，美化城市，改善气候......）；

（3）怎样才能实现绿化?

2．The Career I Pursue (CET-6, 1994.06)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic The Career I Pursue. You should write no less than 120 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

（1）我理想的职业是什么？

（2）为什么我选择这个职业？

（3）我怎样为我理想的职业做准备？

3．Global Shortage of Fresh Water (CET-4, 1996.06)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Global Shortage of Fresh Water. You should write at least 100 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

（1）人们认为淡水是取之不尽的（提示：雨水、河水、井水……）；

（2）实际上淡水是非常紧缺的（提示：人口增长、工业用水增加、污染……）；

（3）我们应该怎么办？

二、段落布局

解决问题型作文一般有以下三种段落布局：

1．提出解决问题途径型作文的段落布局：

第一段：引言——提出需要解决的问题或遇到的困难；

第二段：正文——说明问题或困难的不同方面及如何一一解决；

第三段：结论——展望问题或困难解决的前景。

2．说明解决问题途径理由型作文的段落布局：

第一段：引言——指出需要解决的问题或遇到的困难；

第二段：提出解决问题或困难的各种途径；

第三段：说明哪种途径适合于我及其理由；

第四段：结论，重申自己选择的途径的合理性。

3．解释解决问题的原因及途径型作文的段落布局：

第一段：引言——指出出现的问题或提出一种错误的观念；

第二段：说明出现这一问题的原因或指出这一观念错误的原因；

第三段：提出解决问题的各种途径；

第四段：结论，表达我对问题能被妥善解决的信心或预测采取这些措施后的结果。

常用句型

1．开头部分常用句型

A t Present/ Now/ Nowadays, people in growing numbers are coming to realize that the problem of…, which has aroused close social attention/ great concern.

Among them, my favorite/ ideal/ opinion/ view/ argument is….

It is widely assumed that…, they think…because….Actually/ In fact/ As a matter of fact, ….

Recently the issue of…has been brought to public attention.

Something is very popular among/ common around us.

Something plays an important role/ part in….

T he problem of/ that…has become a hot topic among people, especially among the….

The problem of…is very popular among/ common around us.

There is a general discussion today about the issue of….

Why should more and more people pay so great attention to this problem?

With the development/ advance of…, more and more/ an increasing number of people are facing/ have to face the problem of….

With the development/ advancement of science and technology/ economy/ society, more and more/ an increasing number of people pay attention to/ realize the characteristics/ advantages of….

2．中心部分常用句型

A number of factors are accountable for this phenomenon/ problem/ difficulty/ situation.

A number of factors might contribute to/ lead to/ account for the phenomenon/ problem/ difficulty/ situation.

Among the most important/ significant/ convincing reasons given/ offered/ cited/ listed by people for this phenomenon/ change/ increase/ decrease/ growth/ fall/ decline…, one should be emphasized/ stressed/ mentioned.

Another contributing factor/ cause is….

As far as…is concerned, the matter/ problem/ phenomenon can be solved/ handled/ tackled/ dealt with/ coped with in another way.

But the fundamental cause is that….

Confronted/ Faced with the matter/ problem/ phenomenon, we should take a series of effective measures/ countermeasures/ methods to solve/ handle/ tackle/ deal with/ cope with it. F irst/ Firstly/ In the first place, …. S econd/ Secondly/ In the second place, ….

F urthermore/ Besides, …

Following these countermeasures/ measures/ efforts/ advices/ suggestions/ proposals/ methods/ steps may not solve/ handle/ tackle/ deal with/ cope with/ end/ put an end to/ prevent/ guarantee the solution to the problem/ phenomenon completely, but I think the

payoff will be worth our effort.

It is conceivable that…plays an important role in our life.

It is high time that we/ the authorities concerned should end/ put an end to the phenomenon/ situation/ trend as soon as possible/ at once/ right away/ now.

It is high time that we/ the authorities concerned should place/ put/ lay great/ considerable/ special/ particular/ proper emphasis on this/ these problem/ problems.

It is important/ essential/ necessary/ fundamental that strong/ effective/ proper measures/ steps/ actions/ remedies be taken to end/ put an end to/ prevent the phenomenon/ situation as soon as possible/ at once/ right away/ now.

It is proposed/ advised/ suggested/ recommended/ hoped that great/ cooperative/ persistent efforts should be made to prevent/ stop/ control/ promote the development/ growth/ increase/ decrease/ decline/ fall of….

It may give rise to a host/ number of problems.

It will exercise a profound effect/ impact/ influence upon…

It will exert still greater pressure on….

Its consequence can be so great that….

One of the most common factors/ causes is that….

Part of the explanation for it is that….

Perhaps the primary factor is that….

That's the reason why I ….

The answer to this problem involves many factors.

The change in…largely results from the fact that….

The factors that contribute to this situation include….

The immediate result it produces is….

The leading/ major/ main/ root/ underlying reason/ cause/ for this phenomenon/ change/ increase/ decrease/ growth/ fall/ decline is….

The phenomenon/ problem/ difficulty/ situation mainly stems/ results from the fact that….

The reasons for this phenomenon/ problem/ difficulty/ situation are as follows.

The reasons for this phenomenon/ problem/ difficulty/ situation are obvious.

There are many factors/ causes/ reasons that may account for/ contribute to/ be responsible for the phenomenon/ probl em/ trend, …, but in general, they come down to two/ three/ four major ones.

There are three/ several/ various/ a number of/ a variety of/ many reasons/ causes for this phenomenon/ change/ increase/ decrease/ growth/ fall/ decline…. First/ Firstly/ First of all/ In the first place/ On the one hand, …. Second/ Secondly/ In the second place/ Next/ On the other hand, …. Third/ Besides/ Last but not least/ Finally, ….

They gave many reasons for…, but none of them was convincing.

To solve/ handle/ tackle/ deal with/ cope with this problem, there are at least three things we can do. F irst/ Firstly/ In the first place, …. S econd/ Secondly/ In the second place, ….

F urthermore/ Besides, …

We can resort to various ways/ There are different ways to tackle/ solve/ handle/ deal with/ cope with the phenomenon/ problem/ difficulty/ situation. Firstly, ….Secondly, ….Finally/ Lastly, ….

We may blame…, but the real causes are….

We must solve/ handle/ tackle/ deal with/ cope with/ pay attention to this problem in the following ways/ for the following reasons. F irst/ Firstly/ In the first place, …. Second/ Secondly/ In the second place, …. F urthermore/ Besides, …

We/ The authorities concerned should spare no effort/ make every effort to solve/ handle/ tackle/ deal with/ cope with/ end/ put an end to/ prevent/ guarantee the solution to the phenomenon/ problem/ difficulty/ situation.

Why should we do/ are we doing/ did we...? For one thing, …. For another….

3．过渡部分最常用句型

A close/ careful inspection/ examination/ scrutiny of this idea/ view/ opinion/ argument would reveal how flimsy/ groundless/ fallacious it is.

Although I appreciate that…, I cannot agree with the first/ former/ second/ latter statement.

Although it is commonly/ widely/ generally/ universally held/ felt/ accepted/ agreed/ acknowledged that…, it is unlikely to be true that….

Although many people believe that…, I doubt/ wonder whether the idea/ view/ opinion/ argument can bear much analysis/ close examination/ hold water.

Among the most convincing/ important reasons/ factors/ aspects/ examples given/ cited/ offered/ identified by people for the phenomenon/ problem/ difficulty/ situation, one should be stressed/ emphasized/ mentioned.

Different people have different attitudes towards the phenomenon/ problem/ difficulty/ situation. Some are for/ in favor of/ favor…while others are against….

However, just/ logical/ sound/ valid this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.

I agree with the above mentioned solutions/ measures/ ways because I believe/ hold/ maintain/ think that the problem will be solved step by step with these solutions/ measures/ ways.

I believe that the first/ former/ second/ latter solution/ measure/ way is valid because (of)….

In all the discussion/ debate over/ about the phenomenon/ problem/ difficulty/ situation, one essential/ important/ basic fact is generally overlooked/ neglected.

It is true that/ True,/ To be sure,/ Admittedly, …, but this is not to say/ it is unlikely/ it doesn’t follow/ it doesn’t mean/ it won’t be the case that….

It would be inevitable/ possible/ natural/ reasonable to think/ believe/ hold/ maintain/ argue that…, but it would be absurd/ wrong to claim/ argue that….

On the other hand,/ As opposed to/ Contrary to/ widely/ commonly/ generally/ universally held/ acc epted belief/ ideas/ views/ opinions, I believe/ hold/ maintain/ think/ argue that….

People differ in their attitudes towards…. Faced with it, some of them…. Others, however, ….

The advantages of…outweigh any benefit we gained from/ carry more weight than those of/ are much greater/ better than….

The latest surveys show that….

The main/ obvious/ great problem/ fact/ point/ flaw/ drawback/ disadvantage/ weakness/ negative effect/ harm/ danger with/ in this idea/ view/ opinion/ argument/ view/ remark is that it is ignorant of/ blind to the basic/ bare fact that….

The problem/ fact/ truth/ point/ flaw/ drawback/ advantage/ disadvantage/ strongpoint/ weakness/ positive effect/ negative effect/ harm/ danger is that….