新版上海牛津版七年级上册语法知识分享

新版上海牛津版七年级上册语法知识分享
新版上海牛津版七年级上册语法知识分享

新版上海牛津版七年级上册语法

一、知识点

(一)特殊疑问词

特殊疑问句:以疑问代词what, who, whose, which或疑问副词when, where, why, how 等放在句首提问的句子,叫特殊疑问句。答句必须针对问句中的疑问词来回答,疑问词分为疑问代词和疑问副词。

一、特殊疑问词

(一) 疑问代词who/whom/whose/what/which

1. who, whom, whose 只能指人

who常作主语或宾语;whom作宾语,可用who替代;whose常作定语或表语。

eg: Who taught you math last year? (主语)

Whom did you see? (宾语)

Whose father works in Shenzhen? (定语)

2.what用来询问物或数量,用来询问人时涉及人的职业,身份或外貌。如:

What would you like to eat today? 你今天想吃什么?

What is your mother ? 你妈妈是干什么的?

3.which用来询问人或物,一般有特定的选择范围。如:

Which is your sister of the two girls? 那两个姑娘中哪个是你姐姐?

(二)疑问副词

常用的疑问副词有:where, when, why, how以及how引伸的一些疑问词组,如:how much (many), how long, how old, how far, how often, how soon等。他们在句中通常作状语,可表时间,方式,原因等。如:

When will you come back? 你什么时候回来?

Where did you put your mobile phone? 你把手机放哪

Why are you late? 你为什么迟到?

How long did you stay in Beijing? 你在北京呆了多久?

二、不定冠词

1. 不定冠词是a/an,一般放在名词之前。a 用于以辅音(不是辅音字母)开头的单词前,an用于以元音(不是元音字母)开头的单词前。如:

a boy 一个男孩 a European country 一个欧洲国家

an island 一座岛屿an hour 一小时

2.不定冠词的用法

(1) 用在可数名词的单数形式前面

*表示一类事物或人中的任何一个。如:

There is an island over there. 那儿有一座岛

Be sure to bring me a dictionary. 一定要给我带本字典来。

*表示一类事物或人,a/an 在此处不用翻译。如:

An ear is an organ for listening. 耳朵是听觉器官。

A tiger is a wild animal. 老虎是一种野生动物。

(2) 用在专有名词前面,表示“一个”、“一种”、“一类”或“一个类似.....的”。如:

That city is a Venice in China. 那座城市是中国的威尼斯。

1.容易弄错的单词总结

an hour一个小时an honest boy一个诚实的男孩a university一座大学

a uniform一件制服an unusual watch一块不寻常的手表a useful book一本有用的书

a umbrella一把雨伞an uncle一位叔叔

(二)一般现在时:

表示现在的状态、经常的或习惯性的动作、表示主语具备的性格和能力等。与一般现在时连用的时间状语:often,always,sometimes,usually,every day/ week/ year 等。

一般现在时的构成:(be动词型)

肯定句:主语+am/is/are+其它成分(名词、形容词、介词短语)

He is an engineer.

否定句:主语+am/is/are not+其它成分

They are not in the library.

一般疑问句:Am/ Is /Are+主语+其它成分?

Is it a tall tree? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.

一般现在时的构成:(实义动词型)

肯定句:主语(除第三人称单数)+动词原形+其它成分

I get up at six every day .

主语(第三人称单数)+动词s/es +其它成分

My father usually goes to work by bus.

否定句:主语(除第三人称单数) +don’t+动词原形+其它成分

I don’t like swimming.

主语(第三人称单数)+doesn’t+动词原形+其它成分

The old man doesn’t like playing cards .

一般疑问句:Do +主语(除第三人称单数) +动词原形+其它成分?

Do the boys often go swimming in summer?

Yes, they do. / No, they don’t.

主语为第三人称单数

Does+主语+动词原形+其它成分?

Does she brush her teeth every day?

Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.

主语是第三人称单数时,行为动词的变化规则如下:

1、一般动词在词尾加-s,如: helps,makes,gets,swims,knows,plays等

2、以s,x,ch,sh 或o结尾的动词在词尾加-es,如dresses,washes,catches,does等

3、以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加-es,如fly---flies,study--- studies等

play-plays enjoy-enjoys

(四)名词:

名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称。名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词表示可以用数字进行计算的名词,不可数名词表示不能用数字进行计算的。可数名词有单复数形式,若要表示一本书、一只鸟、一棵树等概念,需使用名词的单数形式。表示名词的单数时,要在名词前面加上冠词a或an.若要表示两个或两个以上的概念时,要用到名词的复数形式。

My younger sister has a job in a store.我妹妹在商店工作。

She has two jobs.她打两份工。

(一)、可数名词与不可数名词

注:集体名词做主语时,谓语动词可以用单数,也可以用复数,如果强调整体用单数,强调个体或成员,则用复数.

The police are searching for him.

The Chinese people are brave and hardworking.

(二)、名词复数形式变化:

(1)规则变化

1)一般变化,在名词后加-s,如:

book—books; bag—bags

2) 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名面,加-es,如:

bus—buses; box—boxes; watch—watches; wish—wishes; glass—glasses

3) 以辅音字母加-y结尾的单词,变y为i再加-es,如:

city—cities; country—countries; study—studies; family—families

4) 以f或fe结尾的单词,有些将f或fe变为v, 再加-es; 有些只加-s :

wife—wives; knife—knives; wolf—wolves; thief—thieves; shelf—shelves;

myself—myselves; life—lives; half—halves; leaf—leaves;

roof—roofs; chief—chiefs; belief—beliefs; proof—proofs;

handkerchief—handkerchiefs/handerchieves(手帕/头巾)

5) 以o结尾的名词,有些加-s ,有些加-es。如:

hero—heroes; Negro—Negroes; potato—potatoes; tomato—tomatoes (两人两菜)

photo—photos; radio—radios; piano—pianos; studio—studios;

bamboo—bamboos; zero—zeros/zeroes;

(2)不规则变化

child—children; foot—feet; tooth—teeth; goose—geese;

mouse—mice; man—men; woman—women

注意:由一个词加man或woman构成的合成词,其复数形式同上。

Englishman—Englishmen; Frenchman—frenchmen; 但German—Germans(不是合成词)(3)单复数同形

deer; sheep; fish; Chinese; Japanese

(4)有些名词只用复数形式:

clothes(衣服); pants(短裤;裤子); jeans(牛仔裤); shorts(短裤); glasses(眼镜); scissors(剪刀)这类词常与a pair of ; two pairs of 这样的短语连用

(5)某些词虽以s结尾,但仍为单数;

a. maths, politics, physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数;

b.news为不可数名词;

c. the United States(the US); the United Nations(the UN)应视为单数;

(三)、不可数名词只有单数形式。

物质名词通常属于不可数名词。如:

液体和气体:water; milk; air; 思想和感觉:beauty; love; hate

极小的物体:rice; salt; sand 学校科目:English; Maths; Art

四、一般现在时中,单数可数名词和不可数名词后要用动词的第三人称单数形式;可数名词复数后要用动词原形。如:

This orange comes from Germany.

This coffee comes from Germany.

These oranges come from Germany.

五、不可数名词的量词

物质名词的数量,一般用单位或容器的量表示,即“单位+of+物质名词”的形式。

I had a bowl of soup and two cups of tea just now.我刚刚喝了一碗汤和两杯茶。

如 a piece of; a bottle of ; a glass of ; two cups of

There be 句型:

There be 句型与have(has; had)的各种形式的区别

1、there be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人)

There is a vase on the table.

2、在there be 句型中,主语是单数,be 动词用is ; 主语是复数,be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品,be 动词根据最邻近be 动词的那个名词决定,即“就近一致”。

There is a duck in the pond.

There are some ducks in the pond.

There is a ball and some toys on the floor.

There are some balls and a toy on the floor.

3、there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词提到句首。在there be 句型的般疑问句中,如果可数名词的复数形式和不可数名词前没有别的修饰词,往往都要用any 来修饰。

There isn’t s a vase on the table.

Is there a vase on the table?

--Is there a post office near here? --Yes, there is .

--Are there any students in the classroom? --No, there aren’t.

Are there any teachers from America in your school?

Is there any rice in your bowl

4、there be句型与have(has) 的区别:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。

I have a lot of friends in the classroom.

There are a lot of students in the classroom.

5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用:some 用于肯定句,any 用于否定句或疑问句。

There is some water in the glass.

There isn’t any water in the glass.

6、and 和or 在there be句型中的运用:and 用于肯定句,or 用于否定句。

There isn’t a pen or two books on the desk.

7、针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:

How many + 名词复数+ are there + 介词短语?

How much + 不可数名词+ is there + 介词短语?

--How many students are there in your school?

--There are about two hundred (students in our school).

8、针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:What’s + 介词短语?

There is a bird in the tree. →What’s in the tree?

There are some bikes over there. →What’s over there?

There is a little girl in the room. →Who is in the room?

9、There be结构一般用在句子的开头,而have等词只能用于某一个主语后面。

(五)一般将来时

一、概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。

句中一般有以下时间状语:

tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, the day after tomorrow(后天)等。

二、基本结构:分为两种:

1、will+ do.

肯定句:主语+will+动词原形+其他

Peter will go to Nanning next week.

否定句:主语+won’t(will not的缩写)+动词原形+其他

Peter won’t go to Nanning next week.

一般疑问句:will+主语+动词原形+其他?

Will Peter go to Nanning next week?

肯定回答:Yes, he will. 否定回答:No, he won’t.

2、be going to + do

肯定句:主语+am/is/are going to+动词原形+其他

Peter is going to go to Nanning next week.

They are going to go to Nanning next week.

I am going to go to Nanning next week.

否定句:主语+am/is/are not going to+动词原形+其他

Peter isn’t going to go to Nanning next week.

They aren’t going to go to Nanning next week.

I am not going to go to Nanning next week.

一般疑问句:Am/Is/Are+主语+ going to+动词原形+其他?

Is Peter going to go to Nanning next week?

Are they going to go to Nanning next week?

Are you going to go to Nanning next week?

肯定回答:Yes, he is. 否定回答:No, he isn’t.

注意:

一般疑问句中,be或will提到句首,some改为any, and改为or,第一二人称互换。

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