《蔡元培先生》高考阅读练习及答案

《蔡元培先生》高考阅读练习及答案
《蔡元培先生》高考阅读练习及答案

11.阅读下面的文字,完成(1)-(4)题。(25分)

蔡元培先生

如果你丢一块石子在一池止水的湖中央,一圈又一圈的微波就会从中荡漾开来,而且愈漾愈远,愈漾愈大。在静水中投下知识之石的是蔡孑民先生。他是中国文化所孕育出来的著名学者,但是充满了西洋学人的精神,尤其是古希腊文化的自由研究精神。他的“为学问而学问”的信仰,植根于对古希腊文化的透彻了解,这种信仰与中国“学以致用”的思想,适成强烈的对照。蔡先生对学问的看法,基本上是与中山先生的看法一致的,不过孙先生的见解来自自然科学,蔡先生的见解则导源于希腊哲学。

蔡先生认为美的欣赏比宗教信仰更重要。他的思想中融合着中国学者对自然的传统爱好和希腊人对美的敏感,结果产生对西洋雕塑和中国雕刻的爱好;他喜爱中国的山水画,也喜爱西洋油画;对中西建筑和中西音乐,都一样喜欢。他对宗教的看法,基本上是中国人的传统见解:认为宗教不过是道德的一部分。他希望以爱美的习惯来提高青年的道德观念。这也就是古语所谓“移风易俗莫大于乐”的传统信念。高尚的道德基于七情调和,要做到七情调和,则必须透过艺术和音乐或与音乐有密切关系的诗歌。

蔡先生崇信自然科学。他不但相信科学可以产生发明、机器,以及其他实益,他并且相信科学可以培养有系统的思想和研究的心理习惯,有了系统的思想和研究,才有定理定则的发现,定理定则则是一切真知灼见的基础。

蔡先生年青时锋芒很露。他在绍兴中西学堂当校长时,有一天晚上参加一个宴会,酒过三巡之后,他推杯而起,高声批评康有为梁启超维新运动的不彻底,因为他们主张保存满清皇室来领导维新。说到激烈时,他高举右臂大喊道:“我蔡元培可不这样。除非你推翻满清,任何改革都不可能!”

蔡先生早年写过许多才华横溢、见解精辟的文章,与当时四平八稳、言之无物的科举八股,适成强烈的对照。有一位浙江省老举人曾经告诉我,蔡元培写过一篇怪文,一开头就引用礼记里的“饮食男女,人之大欲存焉”一句。缴卷时间到时,他就把这篇文章呈缴给考官。蔡先生就在这场乡试里中了举人。后来他又考取进士,当时他不过三十岁左右。以后就成为翰林。

蔡先生晚年表现了中国文人的一切优点,同时虚怀若谷,乐于接受西洋观念。他那从眼镜上面望出来的两只眼睛,机警而沉着;他的语调虽然平板,但是从容、清晰、流利而恳挚。他从来不疾言厉色对人,但是在气愤时,他的话也会变得非常快捷、严厉、扼要———像法官宣判一样的简单明了,也像绒布下面冒出来的匕首那样的尖锐。

他的身材矮小,但是行动沉稳。他读书时,伸出纤细的手指迅速地翻看书页,似乎是一目十行地读,而且有过目不忘之称。他对自然和艺术的爱好使他的心境平静,思想崇高,趣味雅洁,态度恳切而平和,生活朴素而谦抑。他虚怀若谷,对于任何意见、批评,或建议都欣然接纳。

当时的总统黎元洪选派了这位杰出的学者出任北大校长。北大在蔡校长主持之下,开始一连串重大的改革。自古以来,中国的知识领域一直是由文学独霸的,现在,北京大学却使科学与文学分庭抗礼了。历史、哲学和四书五经也要根据现代的科学方法来研究。为学问而学问的精神,蓬勃一时。保守派、维新派和激进派,都同样有机会争一日之短长。背后拖着长辫,心里眷恋帝制的老先生与思想激进的新人物并坐讨论,同席笑谑。教室里,座谈会上,社交场合里,到处讨论着知识、文化、家庭、社会关系和政治制度等等问题。

这情形很像中国先秦时代,或者古希腊苏格拉底和亚里斯多德时代的重演。蔡先生就是中国的老哲人苏格拉底,同时,如果不是全国到处有同情他的人,蔡先生也很可能遭遇苏格拉底同样的命运。在南方建有坚强根据地的国民党党员中,同情蔡先生的人尤其多。但是中国的和外国的保守人士却一致指摘北京大学鼓吹“三无主义”——无宗教、无政府、无家庭

——与苏格拉底被古希腊人指摘戕害青年心灵的情形如出一辙。争辩不足以消除这些毫无根据的猜疑,只有历史才能证明它们的虚妄。历史不是已经证明了苏格拉底的清白无罪吗?

(节选自蒋梦麟《北京大学与五四运动》)

(1)下列对文章有关内容的分析和概括,最恰当的两项是:(5分)

A.文章开始,作者就把蔡元培比拟成投入水中的石子,形象而又准确地评价了他在推翻一潭死水的满清王朝中比肩孙中山的历史功绩。

B.蔡元培既是中国文化孕育出来的著名学者,又对古希腊文化有透彻了解,他将“为学问而学问”的信仰和“学以致用”的思想完美融合。

C.蔡元培对中国艺术和西方艺术一样喜欢,因为他的思想中融合着中国学者对自然的传统爱好和希腊人对美的敏感。

D.蔡元培认为没有对自然科学的研究,就不能培养有系统的思想和研究的心理习惯,也就没有了定理定则这样一切真知灼见的基础。

E.有人说,蔡元培在参加乡试时,写了一篇开头就引用礼记里“饮食男女,人之大欲存焉”的怪文,而他在这场乡试里中了举人。

(2)文章从哪几个方面介绍和评价了蔡元培先生?请概括并简要分析。(6分)

(3)文章最后一段内容对介绍和评价蔡元培先生有什么作用?(6分)

(4)本文对蔡元培先生的介绍给了你哪些启示?请谈谈你的看法。(8分)

答案:

11.(1)选C,3分;选E,2分;选B,1分。

【说明】

A.“把蔡元培比拟成投入水中的石子”错误,蔡元培是投石子的人。“评价了他在推翻一潭死水的满清王朝中比肩孙中山的历史功绩”完全错误。

B.“完美融合”不够准确,原文意思更强调对比鲜明。

D.对原文的反面陈述完全违背文意。

选一个正确给分,两个适正确情况给分,选三个不给分

(2)(共6分,每点2分)答案:

①是著名学者。它对中西方文化艺术、自然科学、社会政治均有卓越建树。

②有完美人格。他既有中国文人的一切优点,又虚怀若谷,乐于接受西洋观念。心境平静,思想崇高,趣味雅洁,态度恳切而平和。

③是大教育家。改革北大,使北大成为全国的学术中心。

(3)(共6分,每点2分)答案:

①将蔡元培比作苏格拉底(类比),给予蔡元培极为崇高的历史地位。

②蔡元培遇到了像苏格拉底一样的猜疑、指摘,他处境困难。

③有很多人同情和支持蔡元培,历史将证明他的清白和功绩。

(4)①学习他善于学习和吸收中外文化精髓的精神。

②学习他欣赏美并注重爱美习惯养成的理念。

③学习他崇信科学的正确态度。

④学习他敢于表达和坚持自己观点的勇气。

⑤学习他虚怀若谷,朴素谦抑,真诚沉稳,而又机警、严厉、快捷的文人优点。

⑥学习他敢于改革、敢学创新的革新精神。

答出以上四点意思对,并稍有解释即可。

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