卓顶精文2019医学文献翻译(中英对照)
Currentusageofthree-dimensionalcomputedtomographyan giographyforthediagnosisandtreatmentofrupturedcereb ralaneurysms
KenichiAmagasakiMD,NobuyasuTakeuchiMD,TakashiSatoMD,Toshiyu kiKakizawaMD,TsuneoShimizuMDKantoNeurosurgicalHospital,Kuma gaya,Saitama,Japan
SummaryOurpreviousstudysuggestedthat3D-CTangiographycou ldreplacedigitalsubtraction(DS)angiographyinmostcasesofrupt uredcerebralaneurysms,especiallyintheanteriorcirculation.Th isstudyreviewedourfurtherexperience.Onehundredandfiftypatie ntswithrupturedcerebralaneurysmsweretreatedbetweenNovember1 998andMarch20XX.Only3D-CTangiographywasusedforthepreoperati vework-upstudyinpatientswithanteriorcirculationaneurysms,un lesstheattendingneurosurgeonsagreedthatDSangiographywasrequ ired.
Both3D-CTangiographyandDSangiographywereperformedinpati entswithposteriorcirculationaneurysms,exceptforrecentcasest hatwerepossiblytreatedwith3D-CTangiographyalone.Onehundreds ixteen(84%)of138patientswithrupturedanteriorcirculationaneu rysmsunderwentsurgicaltreatment,butadditionalDSangiographyw asrequiredin22cases(16%).Onlytworecentpatientsweretreatedsu rgicallywith3D-CTangiographyalonein12patientswithposteriorc irculationaneurysms.Mostpatientswithrupturedanteriorcircula tionaneurysmscouldbetreatedsuccessfullyafter3D-CTangiograph yalone.However,additionalDSangiographyisstillnecessaryinaty picalcases.3D-CTangiographymaybelimitedtocomplementaryusein patientswithrupturedposteriorcirculationaneurysms.
a20XXElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
Keywords:3D-CTangiography,cerebralaneurysm,subarachnoidhaem orrhage,surgery
INTRODUCTION
Recently,three-dimensionalcomputedtomography(3D-CT)angiogra phyhasbecomeoneofthemajortoolsfortheidentificationofcerebra laneurysmsbecauseitisfaster,lessinvasive,andmoreconvenientt hancerebralangiography.1–
7Patientswithrupturedaneurysmscouldbetreatedunderdiagnosesb asedononly3D-CTangiography.5;63D-CTangiographyhassomelimita tionsforthepreoperativework-upforrupturedcerebralaneurysms,
soadditionaldigitalsubtraction(DS)angiographyisstillnecessa ry,especiallyforaneurysmsintheposteriorcirculation.8Ourprev iousstudysuggestedthat3D-CTangiographycouldreplaceDSangiogr aphyinmostpatientswithrupturedcerebralaneurysmsintheanterio rcirculation.1Thisstudyreviewedourexperienceoftreatingruptu redcerebralaneurysmsintheanteriorandposteriorcirculationsba sedon3D-CTangiographyin150consecutivepatientstoassessthecur rentusageof3D-CTangiography.
METHODSANDMATERIAL
Patientpopulation
Wetreated150patients,60menand90womenagedfrom23to80years(mea n57.5years),withrupturedcerebralaneurysmidentifiedby3D-CTan giographybetweenNovember1998andMarch20XX. Managementofcases Thepresenceofnontraumaticsubarachnoidhaemorrhage(SAH)wascon firmedbyCTorlumbarpuncturefindingsofxanthochromiccerebrospi nalfluid.3D-CTangiographywasperformedroutinelyinallpatients .DSangiographywasperformedinpatientswithanteriorcirculation aneurysmsonlyifadditionalinformationwasconsiderednecessaryf ollowingaconsensusinterpretationoftheinitialCTand3D-CTangio graphybyfourneurosurgeons.Patientswithrupturedaneurysmsinth eposteriorcirculationunderwentboth3D-CTangiographyandDSangi ographyexceptfortworecentpatientswithtypicalvertebralartery posteriorinferiorcerebellarartery(VA-PICA)aneurysm. Typicalsaccularaneurysmsweretreatedbyclippingsurgery. Fusiformanddissectinganeurysmsweretreatedbyproximalocclusio nbyeithersurgeryorendovasculartreatmentwithorwithoutbypasss urgery.Regrowthofbleedinganeurysmswastreatedbyeithersurgery orendovasculartreatment.Postoperatively,allpatientsweremana gedwithaggressivepreventionandtreatmentofvasospasmincluding intra-arterialinfusionofpapaverineortransluminalangioplasty .
3D-CTangiographyacquisitionandpostprocessingCTangiographywa sperformedwithaspiralCTscanner(CT-W3000AD;Hitachi,Ibaraki,J apan).Acquisitionusedastandardtechniquestartingattheforamen magnum,withinjectionof130mlofnonioniccontrastmaterial(Omnip aque;DaiichiPharmaceutical,Tokyo,Japan).Thesourceimagesofea chscanweretransferredtoanoff-linecomputerworkstation(VIPsta
tion;TeijinSystemTechnology,Japan).Bothvolume-renderedimage sandmaximumintensityprojectionimagesofthecerebralarterieswe reconstructed.Theanteriorcirculationandposteriorcirculation wereevaluatedseparatelyonthevolume-renderedimages,afteragen eralsuperiorviewwasobtained.Theanteriorcirculationwasevalua tedbyfirstobservingtheanteriorcommunicatingartery(ACoA)byro tatingtheview,andtheneachsideofthecarotidsystembyrotatingth eimagewitheditingoutofthecontralateralcarotidartery.Thepost eriorcirculationwasalsoevaluatedbyrotatingtheimagebutwithou teditingoutofanyvessel.Onceapossiblerupturesitewasfound,the viewwaszoomedandcloselyrotatedwiththeothervesselseditedout. Theaneurysmsizewasmeasuredon3D-CTangiographyasthelargerofth elengthofthedomeorthewidthoftheneck.Manipulationwasperforme dbythescannertechnician,withaneurosurgeontoprovideeditingas sistance.
DSangiographyacquisition
Standardselectivethree-orfour-vesselDSangiogramswithfrontal ,lateral,andobliqueprojectionswereobtained.The3D-CTangiogra mwasalwaysavailableasaguideforpossibleadditionalDSangiograp hyprojections.AneurysmsizewasmeasuredwithDSangiographywhent hequalityof3D-CTangiographywasinadequate.Allpatientsexcepte lderlypatientsorpatientsinsevereconditionunderwentDSangiogr aphypostoperatively.
Gradingofpatients Theclinicalconditionsofthepatientsatadmissionwereclassified accordingtotheHuntandKosnikgrade.9Clinicaloutcomewasdetermi nedat3monthsaccordingtotheGlasgowOutcome
Scale.10
RESULTS
TheaneurysmlocationsandsizesareshowninTable1.Onehundredsixt een(84%)of138casesofaneurysmsintheanteriorcirculationweretr eatedafteronly3D-CTangiography,and22cases(16%)requiredaddit ionalDSangiography.Tenof12casesofaneurysmsintheposteriorcir culationrequiredboth3D-CTangiographyandDSangiography,buttwo recentcasesoftypicalVA-PICAaneurysmwereclippedafteronly3D-C Tangiography(Fig.1).Thefirst10ofthe22casesintheanteriorcirc ulation,whichrequiredadditionalDSangiographyweredescribedpr eviously,1sothemostrecent12patientsarelistedinTable2.Theser
ecentcasesincludedsomeatypicalaneurysms.Cases6and8hadafusif ormaneurysmoftheinternalcarotidartery(ICA).AdditionalDSangi ographywasperformedtoobtainhaemodynamicinformation.ICAtrapp ingwithsuperficialtemporalartery-middlecerebralarteryanasto mosiswasperformedinCase6becausetheatheroscleroticarteriesfa iledtodemonstratetheballoonocclusiontest(Fig.2).ICAocclusio nbyendovasculartreatmentwasperformedinCase8becausethepatien tcouldtoleratetheballoonocclusiontest.Cases4,9,and10suffere dregrowthofbleedinganeurysmsafterclippingsurgery.Clipartifa ctspreventedevaluationoftherupturedsiteaswellasidentificati onofdenovoaneurysmsinthesecases(Fig.3).Surgicalclippingwasp erformedinCases4and10andendovasculartreatmentinCase9.Case11 hadanACoAaneurysmassociatedwithanarteriovenousmalformation( AVM)(Fig.4).DSangiographywasperformedtoevaluatetheAVM.Case1 2hadalargeICA-posteriorcommunicatingartery(PCoA)aneurysm,an dadditionalDSangiographywasperformedbecausethePCoAcouldnotb edetectedby3D-CTangiography(Fig.5).Cases1,2,3,5,and7present edwithsmallaneurysms,andDSangiographywasperformedtoexcludeo therlesionsaswellastoobtaininformationabouttheproximalICAfo rpatientswithsupraclinoidtypeaneurysms.
Table1Distributionandsizeofcerebralaneurysmsin150consecutiv epatients
SiteNo.ofpatients
Anteriorcirculation 138
ICA(supraclinoid) 3
ICAbifurcation 1
ICA-OphA 3
ICA-PCoA 39(1)
ICAfusiform 2
ACoA 50
DistalACA 4
MCA 36(1) Posteriorcirculation 12
PCA 1
BAtip 3
BA-SCA 1
BAtrunk 1(1)
VA-PICA 3
VAdissecting 3(1)
Size(mm)
<5 42
P5to<12 99
P12 9 Numberinparenthesesindicatespatientswhounderwentendovascula rtreatment.
OphA,ophthalmicartery;ACA,anteriorcerebralartery;MCA,middle cerebralartery;PCA,posteriorcerebralartery;BA,basilarartery ;SCA,superiorcerebellarartery.
Table2Twelvepatientswithrupturedanteriorcirculationaneurysm swho
underwentadditionalDSangiography
CaseNo. Location Size(mm)
1 lt.ICA-PCoA 3.1
2 ACoA 2.2
3 lt.ICAsupraclinoid 1.6
4 lt.ICA-PCoA 7.8
5 lt.ICAsupraclinoid 2.4
6 lt.ICA(fusiform) 11.8
7 lt.ICA-PCoA 3.2
8 rt.ICA(fusiform) 18.8
9 lt.MCA 9.6
10 lt.ICA-PCoA 10.5
11 ACoA 10.1
12 lt.ICA-PCoA 18.2 Thesurgicalfindingscorrelatedwellwiththe3D-CTangiographyorD Sangiography.Table3showstheconditiononadmissionandoutcomeat 3monthsaftersurgery.Somepatientswithgoodgradesonadmissiondi edofseverespasm,acutebrainswelling,orpoorgeneralcondition,b uttheseoutcomeswerenotrelatedtothepreoperativeradiologicali nformation.
DISCUSSION Thepresentstudyofrupturedaneurysmsinbothanteriorandposterio rcirculationsfoundthattheindicationsforadditionalDSangiogra phyintheanteriorcirculationaresimilartothatfoundpreviously, butweexperiencedsomenewatypicalcases.Treatmentoffusiformane urysmsdependsonthehaemodynamicinformation,whichcouldonlybeo
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Commercial Buildings Abstract: A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It covers load characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers; services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and coordination; lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although directed to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for commercial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmental bodies. Keywords: Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load characteristics 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope This recommended practice will probably be of greatest value to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. However, it is not intended as a replacement for the many excellent engineering texts and handbooks commonly in use, nor is it detailed enough to be a design manual. It should be considered a guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings. 1.2 Commercial Buildings The term “commercial, residential, and institutional buildings”as used in this chapter, encompasses all buildings other than industrial buildings and private dwellings. It includes office and apartment buildings, hotels, schools, and churches, marine, air, railway, and bus terminals, department stores, retail shops, governmental buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, mental and correctional institutions, theaters, sports arenas, and other buildings serving the public directly. Buildings, or parts of buildings, within industrial complexes, which are used as offices or medical facilities or for similar nonindustrial purposes, fall within the scope of this recommended practice. Today’s commercial buildings, because of their increasing size and complexity, have become more and more dependent upon adequate and reliable electric systems. One can better understand the complex nature of modern commercial buildings by examining the systems, equipment, and facilities listed in 1.2.1. 1.2.2 Electrical Design Elements In spite of the wide variety of commercial, residential, and institutional buildings, some electrical design elements are common to all. These elements, listed below, will be discussed generally in this section and in detail in the remaining sections of this recommended practice. The principal design elements considered in the design of the power, lighting, and auxiliary systems include: 1) Magnitudes, quality, characteristics, demand, and coincidence or diversity of loads and load factors 2) Service, distribution, and utilization voltages and voltage regulation 3) Flexibility and provisions for expansion
常见职位职务英文翻译
常见职位职务英文翻译 Accounting Assistant会计助理 Accounting Clerk记帐员 Accounting Manager会计部经理 Accounting Stall会计部职员 Accounting Supervisor会计主管 Administration Manager行政经理 Administration Staff行政人员 Administrative Assistant行政助理 Administrative Clerk行政办事员 Advertising Staff广告工作人员 Airlines Sales Representative航空公司定座员 Airlines Staff航空公司职员 Application Engineer应用工程师 Assistant Manager副经理 Bond Analyst证券分析员 Bond Trader证券交易员 Business Controller业务主任 Business Manager业务经理 Buyer采购员 Cashier出纳员 Chemical Engineer化学工程师 Civil Engineer土木工程师 Clerk/Receptionist职员／接待员 Clerk Typist&Secretary文书打字兼秘书 Computer Data Input Operator计算机资料输入员Computer Engineer计算机工程师 Computer Processing Operator计算机处理操作员Computer System Manager计算机系统部经理 Copywriter广告文字撰稿人 Deputy General Manager副总经理 Economic Research Assistant经济研究助理 Electrical Engineer电气工程师 Engineering Technician工程技术员 English Instructor/Teacher英语教师 Export Sales Manager外销部经理 Export Sales Staff外销部职员 Financial Controller财务主任 Financial Reporter财务报告人 F.X.(Foreign Exchange)Clerk外汇部职员 F.X.Settlement Clerk外汇部核算员 Fund Manager财务经理 General Auditor审计长 General Manager/President总经理
土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译
PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,
2019年高考全国卷真题分类汇编语文 专题4 文言文阅读
2019高考全国卷分类汇编专题四文言文阅读 考纲解读
真题链接 【2019·新课标I卷】 阅读下面的文言文，完成10-13题。 贾生名谊洛阳人也年十八以能诵诗属书闻于郡中吴廷尉为河南守闻其秀才召置门下甚幸爱孝文皇帝初立，闻河南守吴公治平为天下第一，故与李斯同邑而常学事焉，乃征为廷尉。廷尉乃言贾生年少，颇通 诸子百家 ．．议下，诸老先生不能言，贾生尽为．．．．之书。文帝召以为博士。是时贾生年二十余，最为少。每诏令 之对，人人各如其意所欲出。诸生于是乃以为能不及也。孝文帝说之，超迁，一岁中至太中大夫。贾生以 为汉兴至孝文二十余年，天下和洽，而固当改正朔，易服色，法制度，定官名，兴礼乐 ．．，乃悉草具其事仪 法，色尚黄，数用五，为官名，悉更秦之法。孝文帝初即位，谦让未遑也。诸律令所更定，及列侯悉就国 ．．，其说皆自贾生发之。于是天子议以为贾生任公卿之位。绛、灌、东阳侯、冯敬之属尽害之，乃短贾生曰:"洛阳之人，年少初学，专欲擅权，纷乱诸事。"于是天子后亦疏之，不用其议，乃以贾生为长沙王太傅。贾生既辞往行，及渡湘水，为赋以吊屈原。为长沙王太傅三年。后岁余，贾生征见。孝文帝方受釐，坐宣室。上因感鬼神事，而问鬼神之本。贾生因具道所以然之状。至夜半，文帝前席。既罢，曰:"吾久不见贾生，自以为过之，今不及也。"居顷之，拜贾生为梁怀王太傅。梁怀王，文帝之少子，爱，而好书，故令贾生傅之。文帝复封淮南厉王子四人皆为列侯。贾生谏，以为患之兴自此起矣。贾生数上疏，言诸侯或连数郡，非古之制，可稍削之。文帝不听。居数年，怀王骑，堕马而死，无后。贾生自伤为傅无状，哭泣岁余，亦死。 (节选自《史记·屈原贾生列传》) 10.下列对文中画波浪线部分的断句,正确的一项是（）(3分) A.贾生名谊/洛阳人也/年十八/以能诵诗属书闻于郡中吴廷尉/为河南守/闻其秀才/召置门下/甚幸爱/ B.贾生名谊/洛阳人也/年十八/以能诵诗属书闻于郡中/吴廷尉为河南守/闻其秀才/召置/门下甚幸爱/ C.贾生名谊/洛阳人也/年十八/以能诵诗属书闻于郡中/吴廷尉为河南守/闻其秀才/召置门下/甚幸爱/
建筑外文文献及翻译论文资料
外文原文 Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the affecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority . 1.INTRODUCTION More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have