2017年江苏省专转本英语语法讲解及练习(含答案)
时态
时态是为谓语动词的一种形式，表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态。英语时态通过动词形式的变化来实现。在时间上，英语的时态分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来。动作分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行。将这些时间和动作组合在一起，共构成了16种时态。以动词do为例，英语16种不同时态列表如下：
第一节一般现在时
一、定义：一般现在时表示现在经常反复发生的动作、存在的状态或习惯性的动作。常用的时间状语有：usually, often, sometimes, every morning, always, regularly, now and then, occasionally, seldom, on Sundays, at present等。
二、基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词
否定形式：①am ／is ／are ＋not；②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn‘t，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
三、基本用法
1、经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2、客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
3、表示格言或警句。例如：Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4、现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：
I don?t want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
四、特殊用法
1. 表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that light travels faster than sound when
I was in primary school.
2. 在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided.
If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.
3. make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter ＋宾语从句，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
So long as he works hard, I don‘t mind when he finishes the experiment.
只要他努力工作，我不介意他什么时候做完试验。
4. 在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。
The harder you study, the better results you will get.
小节自测题
1.If Bill ________ to Nanjing, I will go to the station to pick him up.
A return
B returns
C will return
D is returning
2.The plane _______ at 9 o‘ clock, but there is a frost now, so I‘m afraid that we have to wait until a good weather.
A takes off
B will take off
C is taking off
D take off
3.Unless it ____ fine tomorrow, we‘ll put off our sports meeting.
A will be
B is
C is being
D be
4.The flowers ______ very good, and do you know its name?
A taste
B is tasting
C are tasting
D tastes
5.When I studied in a primary school, my teacher told us that light ______ far more quickly than sound.
A was travelling
B travels
C travelled
D is travelling
6. If she doesn‘t tell him the truth now, he will simply keep on asking her until she ________.
A does
B has done
C will do
D would do
Key: BABABA
第二节现在进行时
一、定义：现在时行时表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。常用时间状语有：now, at the moment, these days, nowadays, at present 等。
二、基本用法：
1、表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
2、习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel.
他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）
3、表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
It?s getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
4、与always, constantly, forever
等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don?t find
B. is missing, don?t find
C. has lost, haven?t found
D. is missing, haven?t found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
三、动词在以下情况下不用于现在进行时的情况
1、表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue 等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。
2、表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。
He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。
3、瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：
I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。
4、系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如：
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。
第三节一般过去时
一、定义：一般过去时表示过去某一时刻要段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态（包括习惯性动作）。常用的时间状语
有：yesterday, last week, …ago, …later, in 1980, during 1980s 等。
二、基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词
否定形式：①was／were ＋not；②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①was或were放在句首；②用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词。
三、基本用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth 到……时间了该……了。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. 时间已迟了早该……了，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would （had）rather sb. did sth. 表示?宁愿某人做某事?。例如：I?d rather you
came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4）wish, wonder, think, hope
等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）
四、特殊用法
用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1、动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2、情态动词could, would。例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？
used to + do：过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如：
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing：对……已感到习惯，或习惯于，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如：
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It?s 69568442.
A. didn?t
B. couldn?t
C. don?t
D. can?t
答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。
第四节一般将来时
一、定义：一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某段时间内经常的动作与状态。常用的时间状语有：tomorrow, next week, from now on, in the future, in+时间段等。
二、基本结构：①am／is／are／going to ＋do；②will／shall＋do
否定形式：①am／is／are ＋not＋going to ＋do；②will／shall＋not＋do
一般疑问句：①be放于句首；②will／shall提到句首
三、基本用法：
1、shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first？我先读哪一段呢？
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？
2、be going to +不定式，表示将来。
①主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？
②计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
③有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。
3、be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4、be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意：①be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
If you are going to make a journ ey, you?d better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
②be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）
I?m going to play football tomorrow afternoon.
明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）
四、特殊用法
1、下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。
2、以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3、在时间或条件句中。例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me.
比尔来后，让他等我。
I?ll write to you a s soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。
4、在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the
room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin,
return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：
I?m leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？
第五节现在完成时
一、定义：现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。常用的时间状语有：already, yet, before, just, ever, lately, recently, never, twice, for+时间段，since等。
二、基本结构：have／has ＋done
否定形式：have／has ＋not＋done
一般疑问句：have／has放于句首
三、基本用法
1、一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去
的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2、一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
3、现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性①的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）
Who hasn?t handed i n his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）
He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）
He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
四、特殊用法
1、It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time （that）I?ve heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2、This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：
This is the best film that I?ve (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
①---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was
B. have been
C. came
D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。
②---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it?s the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come
B. even, have come
C. ever, come
D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。
注意：①非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven‘t received his letter for almost a month.
②Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
③并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。）
I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）
④用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
（对）Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. （错）Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为Harry got married six years ago. 或Harry has been married for six years.
四、特殊用法
Since 的用法：
1、since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如：
I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。
2、since +一段时间+ ago。例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。
3、since +从句。例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。
4）It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
我考上研究生有两年了。
注释：延续性动词和瞬间性动词：延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。（表结果）I?ve known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）
小节自测题
1. While people may refer to television for up-to-date news, it is unlikely that television_______ the newspaper completely.
A replaced
B have replaced
C replace
D will replace
2. --When is the concert supposed to start?
--It ______.
A is about start
B has been about to start
C is about to start
D has about to start
3. Please hurry up. You _____ be late.
A are to
B are about to
C are going to
D are being to
4. A new power station ______ there.
A will be going to build
B is going to be built
C will be gone to build
D is gone to be built
5. The train _____at eight tonight.
A will be started
B will be started
C shall be started
D starts
6. She _____ in the feet on her way home from work.
A got hurt
B is hurt
C hurts
D hurting
7. My wife would rather they _______about the matter any more.
A don‘t talk
B won‘t talk
C didn‘t talk
D are not talking
8. This is one of the most diligent students that I ________.
A ever have known
B have ever known
C know
D knew
9. I‘m glad that Peter decided to come to the party because we ______him for several years.
A haven‘t seen
B have don‘t see
C didn‘t seen
D hadn‘t seen
10. This is the fifth time he _______ you in a week.
A rang
B has rung
C rings
D had rung
11. It ______ a long time since w met last.
A has been
B will be
C was
D had been.
12. Don‘t disturb him. He _______ to the weather forecast.
A listen
B is being listened
C is listening
D has listened
13. My teacher ______________.
A has forever criticized me
B forever criticizes me
C was forever criticizing me
D is forever criticizing me
14. The food that Cathy is cooking in the kitchen ______ delicious.
A is smelling
B smells
C has smelled
D will smell
Key: DCCBD ACBAB ACDB
第六节过去进行时
一、定义：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
二、基本结构：did/was/were
否定形式：did/was/were＋not＋do
一般疑问句：did/was/were放于句首
三、基本用法
1、表示过去某一时刻，或某一阶段正在进行的动作。通常和表示过去的时间状语连用。
What were you doing yesterday at 7:00 p.m.?(过去某一时刻)
From 1983 to 1988, he was teaching English at Yale(耶鲁大学)。（过去某一阶段）
2、表示过去的习惯性，经常性动作。但是这种习惯性动作具有过去某一阶段的暂时性。如：
In those days, Tom used to get up at 9:00, but that week, he was getting up at 5:00 every day.
3、过去进行时经常和always, constantly, forever, continually等频度副词连用，表示说话人对某种行为的厌烦等不满
情绪。
He was always playing tricks on me.
他老是捉弄我！
四、特殊用法
1、表示过去将来时间里按计划安排即将发生的动作。即表示过去将来。
如：They were leaving a few days later.
2、用在时间，条件等从句中，用过去进行时表示过去将来正在进行的动作。
如：He told me to wake him up if he was sleeping.
I will let you know when Mary is arriving.
3、表示委婉语气。这种用法和过去进行时基本一样。表示委婉，礼貌的程度最深。
I hope/hoped/am hoping/was hoping that you could lend me some money.
其中, i was hoping 的委婉程度第一。
4、过去进行时用于虚拟语气，表示对现在或将来的主观臆想，与事实相反的情况。
如：She wishes that she were coming with us tomorrow.（对将来的虚拟）
她希望明天和我们一起来。
I wish that they were not talking so loudly.(对现在的虚拟)
注意：当一般过去时和过去进行时同时出现在句中，通常是表示短暂动作的动词用一般过去时，而表示较长时间的动作用过去进行时。
如：I broke a glass while I was cooking in the kitchen.
The students were still laughing when the teacher came in the classroom.
第七节过去完成时
一、定义：表示过去某个时刻之前已经发生的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去
二、基本构成：had +过去分词，常用的时间状语有：before, after, once, until, by the end of +过去时间。
三、基本用法
1、在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
2、状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。
3、表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本…，未能…。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn?t.
那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。
过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：
He said that he had learned some English before.
他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D.
把书忘在办公室发生在去取书这一过去的动作之前，因此忘了书这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when 表示的是时间的一点，表示在同学们正忙于……这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意：had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。
四、不用过去完成时的情况
1、两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：
When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。
2、两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3、叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
第八节将来完成时
一、定义：表示到将来某时将已经发生的动作。常用的时间状语有：by+将来时间。
二、基本构成：will have done
三、基本用法
1、状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
2、动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
明天此时，你已经到达上海了。
小节自测题
1. ____ my breakfast when a robber broke into my home.
A had
B had been having
C have been coming
D was having
2. My boss _______ trouble, so I was fed up with him.
A was constantly making
B were constantly making
C were making constantly
D was constantly made
3. I regret that I divorced him. I ______ stupid.
A am just
B had just been
C was just being
D would just be
4. He discovered that his luggage ________ stolen.
A had been
B has been
C was
D would be
5. She ______ clean out the room last week, but she was too busy at that time.
A intended to
B was intended to
C had intended to
D has intended to
6. No sooner _______than it began to rain.
A did he return
B had he returned
C he did return
D he had returned.
7. When noon arrives, _______ at least ten birds.
A we may shoot
B we might have shot
C it is our expectation to shoot
D it is estimated that we‘ll have shot
8. By the time you get to New York, I _______ for London.
A would be leaving
B am leaving
C have already left
D shall have left
Key：DBCAC BDD
第九节现在完成进行时
一、定义：现在完成进行时表示一个动作始于过去，持续到现在，并强调现在还在进行。
例如：I have been looking for my lost book for three da ys, but I still haven’t found it.
我一直在找我丢的那本书，找了三天任然没找到。
He has been learning English for 6 years.（强调从过去某一时间开始学英语，强调到现在还在学）
二、基本构成：“have/has+been+ 动词的现在分词”构成
三、基本用法：
1、表示动作发生在过去一直持续到现在，还要继续下去。
例如：I ' ve been reading this book for two hours, but I haven ' t finished it.
这本书我已读了两个小时了，但我还没读完。
比较：I ' ve read this book. 我已读完这本书了。
2、强调动作延续时间的长久或带感情色彩。
例如：She has always been working like that. 她一贯是这样工作的。
It has raining for 3 days. (强调说话者抱怨的感情色彩)
3、现在完成进行时也可表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情。
We ' ve been seeing quite a lot of each other recently. 最近我们经常见面。
四、现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别
1、现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性，它是现在完成时的强调形式。试比较：
We‘ ve been living here for ten years. 十年来我们一直住在这儿。
We ‘ ve lived here for ten years. 我们在这儿已经住了十年了。
2、在不用时间状语的情况下，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行。而现在完成时则表示动作在过去已结束。如：
The students have been preparing for the exam.（还在进行）学生们一直在准备考试。
The students have prepared for the exam. （已经结束）学生们为考试作了准备。
3、有些表示状态，感情，感觉的动词如：have, exist, like, hate, hear, know, sound 等动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。如：
They 've known each other since 1970. 自从1970 年起他们就相互认识了。
小节自测题
1. —I‘m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.
— I think so. He ________ for it for months.
A. is preparing
B. was preparing
C. had been preparing
D. has been preparing
2. By the time he realizes he _________ into a trap, it‘ll be too late for him to do anything about it.
A. walks
B. walked
C. has walked
D. had walked
3. So far this year we _______ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.
A. saw
B. see
C. had seen
D. have seen
4. Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she ______ English for a year.
A. studies
B. studied
C. is studying
D. has been studying
5. Danny _________ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.
A. works
B. is working
C. has worked
D. had worked
6. —I have got a headache.
—No wonder. You_________ in front of that computer too long.
A. work
B. are working
C. have been working
D. worked
7. The unemployment rate in this district_______ from 6% to 5% in the past two years.
A. has fallen
B. had fallen
C. is falling
D. was falling
8. Now that she is out of job, Lucy ___ going back to school，but she hasn‘t decided yet.
A. had considered
B. has been considering
C. considered
D. is going to consider
9. —______ you ______ him around the museum yet?
—Yes. We had a great time there.
A. Have ; shown
B. Do ; show
C. Had; shown
D. Did; show
10. —Hi, Tracy，you look pale.
—I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.
A. painted
B. had painted
C. have been painting
D. have painted
Key：C. 1-5 DCDDC 6-10 CABA C
第十节易混时态的区别
一、现在进行时与一般现在时的区别
1、现在进行时强调目前正在进行的动作，而一般现在时强调经常性或习惯性的动作。如：
I‘m reading a story now. 我在看一个故事。(目前正在干的事情)
I read stories in my spare time. 我有空时看故事。(经常性的行为)
2、现在进行时强调现阶段一直在进行的动作，而一般现在时只表示动作的重复，而不表示动作的持续。如：
What are you doing these days? 这几天你在干什么？
They are learning English in the summer holiday. 他们暑假在学英语。
They read English every day. 他们每天读英语。
They play volleyball every Sunday. 他们每周星期天都打排球。
3、表示短促动作的动词(如jump, knock, beat, pick, skip等)的进行时，表示动作的重复。如：
The girls are jumping over there. 女孩子们在那边跳。
His heart is beating fast. 他的心脏跳得很快。
4、某些表示希望或想法的动词(如hope, wonder, want等)的进行时可以表示委婉客气。如：
I‘m wondering whether you can help us now. 我不知道你现在能否帮我们一下。
I‘m hoping that you will succeed.希望你能成功。
二、过去进行时与一般过去时的区别
1、过去进行时强调动作在过去某时刻正在进行或持续，而一般过去时表示动作的完成。如：
He was writing his composition last night. 他昨晚在写作文。(不一定写完)
He wrote his composition last night. 他昨晚写了一篇作文。(已经写完)
2、表示过去的状态、感觉及心理活动的静态动词(如be, like, love, hate, fear, own, hear, see, know, want, notice)可用于一般过去时，但通常不用于进行时。如：
I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我讨厌人们说话时口里含着食物。
3、一般过去时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用，表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作；而过去进行时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用，表示动作的重复，常带有感情色彩。如：
He always got up at six. 他过去总是6点起床。
He was always thinking of his work. 他总是一心想着工作。
4、有时过去进行时可以用来替换一般过去时，但一般过去时表示主语的行为是经过认真考虑的；而过去进行时表示一种较随便或没有进行仔细考虑的行为。如：
I thought that he would agree with us. 我认为他会同意我们的观点。
I was thinking of persuading him to follow my advice. 我想要说服他接受我们的建议
三、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时强调动作的结果对现在的影响，属于现在时的范畴；一般过去时强调动作所发生的时间，属于过去时的范畴。因此，过去时需跟过去时间连用或有表过去时间的上下文连用，而现在完成时不能与过去时间连用。如：
I read the book two weeks ago. 我两周前读了这本书。
I have read the book for two weeks. 这本书我读了两周了。
四、现在完成时与现在进行时
现在完成时强调动作持续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去，或动作刚结束；而现在进行时只强调目前的状态。如：
They have talked for about two hours. 他们谈了大约两个小时。(强调动作的持续)
They are talking. 他们在谈话。(强调目前的状态)
五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
1、过去完成时表示以过去某时间为起点以前所发生的动作或存在的状态，即：过去完成时强调―过去的过去‖，而一般过去时只表示以现在时间为起点以前所发生的事情或存在状态。如：
He studied there two years ago. 他在那儿学习了两年。(离现在两年)
He said he had studied there two years ago. 他说他在那儿学习了两年。(离他说话时两年)
2、表示过去某个时间以前所连续发生的两个或两个以上的动作时，一般用and, then, but按照动作的先后顺序连接，此时通常用一般过去时而不用过去完成时。如：
He said he went the shop and bought some food. 他说他去商店买了一些食品。
时态综合练习（一）
1.That tree looked as if it _______ for a long time.
A hasn‘t watered
B didn‘t water
C hadn‘t been watered
D wasn‘t watered
2. Ever since Picassso‘s painting went on exhibition, there ______ large crowds at the museum every day.
A is
B has been
C have been
D are being
3. By the end of this month, we surely _______a satisfactory solution to the problem.
A have found
B will be finding
C will have found
D are finding
4. By the end of the year, all but two people __________ .
A have left
B will leave
C will be leaving
D will have left
5. The Browns ______ here, but not any more.
A were used to living
B had lived
C used to live
D had been living
6. I t‘s reported that by the end of this month the output of the machines in the factory ____ by about 10%.
A will have risen
B has risen
C will be rising
D has been rising
7. Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it _____ necessary for all planes to land for refueling.
A would be
B has been
C had been
D would have been
8. Those who have applied for this job ______in the office.
A were being interviewed
B are interviewed
C are interviewed
D to be interviewed
9. John _____ now, for the light in his room is still on.
A studies
B is studying
C has studied
D had studied
10. Until then, his family ______ from him for six months.
A didn‘t hear
B hasn‘t been hearing
C hasn‘t heard
D hadn‘t heard
11. I would gladly lend you the money, but I really _____have it.
A couldn‘t
B didn‘t
C have n‘t
D don‘t
12.I‘ll phone you as soon as I _______ the news.
A. am getting B get C will get D shall get
13.Send for a doctor quickly. The old man _______.
A will die
B is dying
C dies
D died
14.I ______ there for five years when the new leader came.
A had worked
B worked
C was working
D have been working
15.They _______ more enthusiastic about their work since their teacher‘s return.
A are
B were
C had been
D have been
16.If the horse wins tomorrow, he ______ thirty races in the past five years.
A will win
B would win
C will have won
D has won
17.The work ______ by the time you get there.
A will have been done
B is done
C had been done
D would have done
18.I t‘s high time ______ him a severe lesson for being late.
A you give
B you gave
C you‘ll give
D you should give
Key: CCCDC ACABD DBBAD CAB
时态综合练习（二）
1. --- Oh, dear. I forgot the air tickets.
--- You ______ something.
A. have left
B. are always leaving
C. are leaving
D. always left
2. --- I ______ so busily recently that I ______ no time to help you with your math.
--- That‘s OK. I can manage it by myself.
A. have been working; have
B. have worked; had
C. am working; will have
D. had been working; had had
3. Remember to send me a photo of us next time you ______ to me.
A. are writing
B. will write
C. has written
D. write
4. He ______ at the meeting, but his heart attack prevented him.
A. will speak
B. is going to speak
C. had to speak
D. was going to speak
5. --- I beg your pardon, but I didn‘t quite catch you.
--- Oh, I ______ myself.
A. am talking to
B. talked about
C. have talked to
D. was talking to
6. I ______ ping-pong quite well, but I haven‘t had time to play since the New Year.
A. will play
B. have played
C. played
D. play
7. I first met Tom 10 years ago. He ______ in a radio factory at that time.
A. had worked
B. has worked
C. was working
D. has been working
8. --- What ______ when I phoned you?
--- I ______ my work, and I wanted to go out.
A. have you done; finished
B. were you doing; have finished
C. did you do; had just finished
D. were you doing; had just finished
9. --- Have you finished the report?
--- No. I ______ it all this week.
A. will do
B. had done
C. have done
D. have been doing
10. I can guess you were in a hurry. You ______ your sweater inside out.
A. had worn
B. wore
C. were wearing
D. are wearing
11. --- We ______ that you would fix the TV set this week.
--- I‘m sorry. I ______ to fix it this week, but I‘ve been too busy.
A. had expected; had intended
B. are expecting; had intended
C. expect; intend
D. expected; intend
12. --- Why? Tom, your shirt is so dirty!
--- Mum, I ______ my storeroom downstairs.
A. cleaned
B. have cleaned
C. was cleaning
D. have been cleaning
13. They won‘t buy new clothes because they ______ money to buy a new house.
A. save
B. are saving
C. have saved
D. were saving
14. The traffic in our city is already good and it ______ even better.
A. gets
B. got
C. has got
D. is getting
15. --- I will come to attend your lecture at 10:00 tomorrow.
--- I‘m sorry, by then my lecture will have ended an d I ______ my guests in my office.
A. is being met
B. will meet
C. will be meeting
D. will have met
16. --- Alice came back home the day before yesterday.
--- Really? Where ______?
A. has she been
B. had she been
C. has she gone
D. had she gone
17. I know Mr. Brown; we ______ to each other at an international conference.
A. are introduced
B. are been introduced
C. were introduced
D. had been introduced
18. --- Where do you think ______ he ______ the computer?
--- Sorry. I have no idea.
A. has; bought
B. 不填; bought
C. did; buy
D. 不填; buys
19. Don‘t bother to look for my dictionary --- it ______ some day.
A. turns up
B. has turned up
C. will turn up
D. is going to turn up
20. --- What do you think of this kind of TV set, which ______ in Shanghai?
--- Well, I don‘t care about such things.
A. was made
B. is made
C. has been made
D. had been made
21. --- Did he notice you enter the room?
--- I don‘t think so. He ______ to the radio with his eyes shut.
A. listened
B. was listening
C. has listened
D. had listened
22. The plane ______ at 7:00 pm, so I have to be at the airport by 6:40 at the latest.
A. has left
B. would leave
C. will have left
D. leaves
23. The train ___ at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about nine o‘clock tonight.
A. went
B. is going
C. goes
D. will be going
24. I used to drink a lot of tea but these days I ______ coffee.
A. prefer
B. preferred
C. had preferred
D. am preferring
25. The vegetables didn‘t taste very good. They ______ too long.
A. had been cooked
B. were cooked
C. have cooked
D. cooked
26. --- Remember the first time we met, Jim?
--- Of course I do. You ______ in the library.
A. were reading
B. had read
C. have read
D. read
27. I want to buy that kind of cloth because I ______ the cloth ______ well.
A. have told; washes
B. have been told; washes
C. was told; washed
D. have been told; is washed
28. --- Is Tom still smoking?
--- No. By next Saturday he ______ for a whole month without smoking a single cigarette.
A. will be
B. will have gone
C. will have been
D. has been going
29. --- ______ Betty this morning?
--- Not yet, but she is sure to be here before noon.
A. Have you seen
B. Will you see
C. Do you see
D. Did you see?
30. Jim talked for about half an hour yesterday. Never ______ him talk so much.
A. I heard
B. did I hear
C. I had heard
D. had I heard
31. --- Look at the black clouds. It ______ soon.
--- Sure. If only we ______ out.
A. is raining; didn‘t come
B. is to rain; won‘t start
C. will rain; haven‘t started
D. is going to rain; hadn‘t come
32. He ___ articles for our wall-newspaper these three years, and he ____ about forty articles.
A. has been writing; has written
B. has been writing; wrote
C. is writing; has been writing
D. has written; has written
专升本英语语法重点汇总
专升本英语语法重点汇总 一、动词时态及语态题（大家应该记住我所讲过的九种时态，特别是其中的过去完成，过去进行时，客观真理要用一般现在时等） 1、The manager told us that this factory was built in 1958. 2、By the time we got there，the play had already begun. 3、When I was a child，I knew that the earth turns about its axis. 4、When Mr.Delay got home after a day's exhausting work，his wife and children were sleeping. 二、非谓语动词题（特别是现在分词与过时分词的区别，大家一定要弄明白主动与被动这对最最重要的区别，要求大家多看我的上课笔记） 1、The film showed last night was very moving. （不用moved，大家别忘了-ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别） 2、Having finishing his lecture，the teacher asked if anyone wished to asked a question. 3、The problem being discussed is very important. 4、Given more time，we are sure to finish it. 5、Will you please make yourself known to everyone here 三、It作形式主语及形式宾语题（这也是一个常考点，it本身是没有意思的，注意it 还可以指时间，天气等。） 1、It is difficult to study English wel l. 2、We think it is important to pass the exam. 四、强调句型（大家要记住的是it is （was）……that…，如果前面是it iswas 后面往往选用that，当然强调人的时候也可用who） 1、It was at an evening party that I first saw her. 2、It is what you will do that is important. 3、When was it that he bought a new car 五、倒装句型
河南专升本考试英语语法系列复习专题——动词时态被动语态
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专升本英语-复习笔记
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成人高考专升本英语语法练习题
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江苏专转本英语考纲以 及解析 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】
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成人高考专升本英语语法练习题
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江苏专转本英语考试语法重点大全知识讲解
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There goes the bell. 铃响了。 Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。 Now come your turn. 现在轮到你了。 但是，如主语是代词而不是名词时则不发生倒装。 4、在表示动作的简短句子里，为了生动，可把副词放于句首引出倒装。 Out rushed the dog from the gate. 一条狗从大门里嗖地一声窜了出来。 Up went the rocket into the sky. 火箭嗖地一声飞上了天空。 但：Away they went. 5、在表达祝愿的句子里： Long live the friendship between American and Chinese people! 中美人民的友谊万岁！ May you succeed! 祝你成功！ 6、在强调表语时 Worst of all were the humiliations. 最令人难以忍受的是羞辱。 Such is the case. 情况就是这样。 二、部分倒装
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普通专升本考试英语复习资料——语法练习 语法测试 1. When autumn comes， the ______ of trees begin to fall。 A. leafs B. leafes C. leaves D. leaf leaf 的复数形式 leaves 答案 C 2. Never before ______ so many people been engaged in producing goods just for the comfort of man。 A. has B. have C. will D. would never before开头，句子倒装。
主语so many people为复数。 engage in doing sth. 忙于做某事。 答案 B 3. Mr. Brown， and not I ， ________ chosen to be the representative of the class。 A. is B. am C. are D. have been 主语 答案 A 4. Neither John nor his father _______ able to wake up early enough to catch the morning train。 A. was B. were C. would be D. have been
neither……nor谓语动词跟相邻的主语一致。 答案 A 5. The room is eight _______ long。 A. foot B. foots C. feet D. feets foot 英尺，复数形式 feet 答案 C 6. Ten days ______ long enough for Mr. Carter to finish his design. He doesnt need any more。 A. is B. has been C. was D. had been ten days 作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数形式。(注意时态) 答案 A
专升本考试英语语法总结
目录 一、句子成分与基本结构（包括时态） (2) 二、不定式. (6) 三、动词的时态和语态 (30) 般现在时的特例 (30) 般过去时的注意点 (31) 般将来时的注意点 (31) 四、非谓语动词 (32) 五、复合式谓语 (42) 六、动词的虚拟语气 (46) 七、状语从句. (51) 1、时间状语从句 (51) 2. 地点状语从句 (54) 3、原因状语从句 (54) 4．条件状语从句 (55) 5．让步状语从句 (55) 6．目的状语从句 (56) 7．结果状语从句 (56) 8．方式状语从句 (57)
一、句子成分与基本结构（包括时态）? 主语subject 谓语predicate 宾语object 宾语补足语object complement 表语predictive 定语attributive 状语adverbial WARM-U：1）The teacher in the classroom. 2）Sang many songs and danced happily. 3）She attracts. 4）Many people living in the country. 5）All the books on the desk over there. 以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。 英语句子（sentence）=主语+谓语（核心：主动词） I .八大成分的概念和构成 1 ?主语（名词代词形）：句子的主体，是谓语陈述，说明的对象。 If you want the rain bow you have to put up with the rain. 不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。 The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratch ing. 成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始，并要坚持不断磨练。 充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式8）介词 短语（少见） 形式主语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语） 2?谓语：表示主语的行为或进行的活动。 I have a dream. You don 'always want what you need, or need what you want. 所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆所需。 谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂） 3 ?宾语：行为或活动的对象，接受者或受影响者。 You don 'tfind opportunities ?…you make them. 你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。 You probably won 'hear opportu nity knock if your televisi on is always on. 如果你常开着电视，你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。 充当宾语形式：1）名词2）代词3 ）名词短语4 ）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式
江苏专转本英语考试语法重要资料全集
江苏省专转本英语考试语法重点大全 一）倒装句 谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装(full inversion)和部分倒装(partial inversion)两种。前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be 动词等功能置于主语之前。 一、全部倒装 1、句首为there be, stand, lie, exist, remain, appear, seem, come 等时，引出全部倒装。 There stands a stone bridge across the river. There stands an old pine tree on the summit of the mountain. 2、句首为状语方位词或表示地点的介词短语： Then from the portable radio in the corner came the announcer’s voice.从角落里的便携式收音机里传来了播音员的声音。 At his side lay Eva Brown. 在他的身旁躺着的是爱娃.布劳恩。 3、以here, there, now, then等开头的句子，位于常用be, come, go, begin, follow 等，引出倒装： There goes the bell. 铃响了。 Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。 Now come your turn. 现在轮到你了。 但是，如主语是代词而不是名词时则不发生倒装。 4、在表示动作的简短句子里，为了生动，可把副词放于句首引出倒装。
专升本英语语法
语法 第一节词性 一．名词 1. 名词作形容词使用 名词可以修饰名外一个名词，起定语的作用，或于另一名词构成合成词。这时作定语用的名词一般用作单数名词。 They live in a country house. 他们住在乡下的房子里。 He often visits a night club. 他经常去夜总会。 2. 名词的所有格 1) 表示人或动物以及拟人化事物的名词在词位加’构成所有格，例如：the gentleman’ car , the dog’ food. 这种所有格也可以用于表示时间、重量、距离等的名词，如：yesterday’s news; three hour’s journey. 2) 如果修饰语有如下情况，应该在前面加of构成其所有格。 (1)表示无生命事物：the window of the house; the color of the car (2)集体名词：the capital of the firm, a member of this society (3)the+形容词：the misfortune of the young, the mystery of this coc iety (4)当a, an, this, these, that, any, some, no等词和所有格名词修饰同一名词时，需要同时用以上两种形式，称为双重所有格：I don’t use Tom’s car because I don’t quite appreciate that car of this. (5)有些时候两个名词所有格并列使用，他们后面的名词若分别属于两者所有，须在两个名词所有格后面分别加’s；若属于两个名词所共有，则在第二个名词后面加’s：Martin and Alice’s car broke down again, but luckly they knew how to fix it. (car为单数，说明这辆车市他们两个人所有。) (6)用连字符号连接的两个或者两个以上的词作定语时，其中的名词不能用复数：100-metre race（百米跑） 3) 名词的数 绝大多数棵树名词的复数形式为名词加-s或者-es, 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词要先变y为i，再加es.
专升本英语语法知识归纳(完整版)
一时态和语态：16种表现形式 一、一般现在时（do/does;am/is/are) 考点如下： 1.时间状语： 2.表示客观事实，永恒真理和规律。 必考点1：3.（主将从现）在时间和条件状语从句中，从句中的谓语动词用一般现在时表示一般将来时。 考法：If you pass the spoken English test,you will get a chance to go abroad. 解析：考试一般都会给出时间/条件连词，且从句中的时态，让考生们选择主句中的时态。 注意1：如果从句中的时态是do/does,那么主句中是will do/shall do/be going to do/be about to do/be to do.(be动词为am/is/are;这里will do出现的考点频率最高）注意2：如果从句中的时态是did,那么主句中是would do/shouldl do/be going to do/be about to do/be to do.(be动词为was/were;这里would/should do出现的考点频率最高） 2.He_______as soon as he finishes his homework. A.goes to bed B.will goes to bed C.went to bed D.will go to bed 主将从现例题：用所给词的适当形式填空： 1.If he_______(study)harder,he will catch up with us soon. 2.Frank_______(see)a film if he’s free next Saturday. 3.We won’t go to the park if it________(rain)tomorrow. 注意3：主句中暗含一般将来时，从句中仍然用一般现在时（do/does)： 1.the new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she______ a.will arrive b.arrives c.is arriving d.is going to arrive
专升本考试英语语法总结
目录 一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态）......................... 二、不定式................................................ 三、动词的时态和语态...................................... 一般现在时的特例............................................ 一般过去时的注意点.......................................... 一般将来时的注意点.......................................... 四、非谓语动词............................................ 五、复合式谓语............................................ 六、动词的虚拟语气........................................ 七、状语从句 (50) 1、时间状语从句............................................. 2.地点状语从句.............................................. 3、原因状语从句............................................. 4．条件状语从句............................................. 5．让步状语从句............................................. 6．目的状语从句............................................. 7．结果状语从句............................................. 8．方式状语从句............................................. 一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态） ? 主语 subject 谓语 predicate