数据库毕业设计外文翻译

数据库毕业设计外文翻译
数据库毕业设计外文翻译

附录A

(1)Web数据库概述

Internet技术的兴起与发展,使社会大系统中出现了巨大的信息流和宏大的数据流,伴之而来的是Web技术的蓬勃发展,并且很快就占据了Internet技术的主流地位。而数据库技术发展到今天已相对比较成熟,特别适合于对大量的数据进行组织管理。由于Internet信息量的巨大,随着Internet的进一步发展,Web技术和数据库技术的结合---Web数据库技术便构成了当今Internet上最流行的新一代信息传播技术,并且已深深地改变着网络应用的面貌。无论是网络图书馆,网络情报检索系统,网络信息出版,还是基于客户机/服务器模式下的信息管理系统,都离不开Web数据库技术。对于政府来讲,开展电子政务已成为全球关注的热点。20世纪90年代信息技术的迅猛发展,特别是互联网技术的普及应用,使电子政务的发展成为当代信息化的最重要的领域之一。通过Web数据库技术,不仅把Web与数据库的所有优点集中在一起,而且充分利用了大量已有的数据库信息资源,可以使用户在Web浏览器上方便地检索和浏览数据库的内容,所以,将Web技术与数据库相结合,开发动态的Web数据库应用,已是电子政务系统建设的一个必不可少的重要内容。

(2)Web数据库的产生

数据库技术是人们长期以来用来存储各种各样信息的手段。如今,Internet 已经遍布世界的各个角落,整个世界也被连成一体,因此Web数据库技术也随着Internet而渗透到地球的每个角落。

在Internet中,Web是发展最快的技术之一,但只具有信息发布功能的信息共享平台的Web是静态的,服务器响应用户请求,向用户发送文件,用户接收这个文件并把它显示出来,这种工作方式不能实时交互动态信息,客户机和服务器之间的交流是很有限的,满足不了现代商务活动的需求。后来随着CGI技术的引入,特别是Java和JavaScreipt语言的引入,使得Web页面可以方便地传播动态信息,与用户进行交互活动。通过应用Java和JavaScript语言,以及后来的VBscript,Perl等语言,可以很方便地设计具有动画,声音,图形图像和种种特殊效果的Web页面。这种交互式动态Web页面的实现需要大量的数据资源为基础。为了对数据资源进行高效的存取,数据库系统自然而然就要进入Internet

的舞台,于是Web数据库也就应运而生了。

(3)通过Web访问数据库的优点

数据库应用的一个重要方面就是数据的访问,但是许多数据库系统目前提供的访问方式,或是一个字符方式的查询界面,或是通过编程方式实现,无论哪种方式都较难使用。近年来发展的一些RAD工具,如VB,Dephi,Powerbuider等可以方便地开发一些图形界面的访问数据库软件,但是这样的开发工具需要使用者具有编程技术,并且开发的程序不能跨平台运行。而且,用RAD工具开发的软件,随用户需求的改变,可能需要增添新的功能或在界面上做一些改动。如果开发的软件使用范围比较广泛的话,那么软件的更新将是一项很大的工作。而Internet技术的发展,使上述问题有了解决的办法,如果建立了Web服务器,就可以通过Web服务器实现对数据库的访问,上面提到的问题也就可以解决了。

与传统方式相比,通过Web访问数据库的优点在于:

1)借用现成的浏览器软件,无需开发数据库前端。如果能够通过Web来访问数据库,就不需要开发客户端的程序,使用的数据库应用都可以通过浏览器来实现,界面统一,也减少了培训费用,能使广大用户很方便地访问数据库信息。

2)标准统一,开发过程简单。HTML是Web信息的组织方式,是一种国际标准,开发者甚至只需学习HTML语言,而使用者只需学习一种界面---浏览器界面。

3)交叉平台支持。几乎在各种操作系统上都有现成的浏览器可供使用,为一个Web服务器书写的HTML文档,可以被所有平台的浏览器所浏览,实现了跨平台操作。

(4)Web数据库系统的基本模型

由于Web的易用性,实用性,它很快占据了主导地位,目前已经成为使用最为广泛,最有前途,最有魅力的信息传播技术。不过,Web服务只是提供了Internet上信息交互的平台,要想实现真正的Internet,就要将人,企业,社会与Internet融为一体,这就要靠信息化应用的实现。电子商务是以Web网络技术和数据库技术为支撑的,其中Web数据库技术是电子商务的核心技术,支持电子商务已经成为各大厂商竞争的焦点之一,Web数据库的发展成为新的热点和难题。Web数据库就是能将数据库技术与Web技术很好地融合在一起,使数据库系统成为Web的重要有机组成部分的数据库,能够实现数据库与网络技术的无缝

的有机结合。

早期的Internet数据库系统采用的是两层客户机/服务器结构。这种结构在Internet应用早期获得了极大的发展。随着Internet应用的普及,由于Internet 上信息资源的复杂性和不规范性,这种两层结构的数据库系统在开发各种网上应用时显得力不从心,表现在无法管理各种网上的复杂的文档型和多媒体型数据资源,缺乏开放的标准,一般不能跨平台运行。为此就要求对数据库作出一些适应性调整,如增加数据库的面向对象成分以增加处理多种复杂数据类型的能力,增加各种中间件以扩展基于Internet的应用能力,通过应用服务器解释执行各种HTML中嵌入脚本来解决Internet应用中数据库数据的显示,维护,输出以及到HTML的格式转换等。此时,数据库的基于Internet应用的模式典型地表现为一种三层或四层的多层结构,在这种多层结构体系下,解决了数据库的Internet 的应用的方法问题,使得各种网上数据库数据的发布,检索,维护,数据管理等一般性应用变得更加容易和简单。

(5)Web数据库的发展趋势

最近几年,数据库市场飞速发展,电子商务成为各种企业发展的重点之一,甚至有人预言,电子商务极有可能建立起新型的虚拟商业,乃至虚拟工业。而电子商务是以数据库技术和网络技术为支撑的,其中数据库技术是其核心。更多的用户已经把数据库的重要性放在十分重要的地位,其主要原因是用户将把应用软件和应用需求放在首位,而应用软件开发直接依赖于数据库开发工具。另外,由于硬件随着芯片技术的发展越来越缺乏特性,硬件指标将变成次要的考虑因素。对行业性应用来讲,而今可能是首先选择数据库厂家再考虑硬件厂家了。正是用户需求的这种变化给数据库厂商提供了新的发展机会。可以预言,在不久的将来,Web数据库将成为数据库领域研究的热点技术。

1)非结构化数据库

信息可以划分为两大类,一类信息能够用数据或统一的结构加以表示,称之为结构化数据,如数字,符号;而另一类信息无法用数字或统一的结构表示,如文本,图像,声音,网页等,称之为非结构化数据。结构化数据属于非结构化数据,是非结构化数据的特例。

随着网络技术的发展,特别是Internet和Intranet的飞速发展,使得非结

构化数据的数量日趋增大。这时,主要有于管理结构化数据的关系数据库的局限性暴露得越来越明显。因而,数据库技术相应地进入了“后关系数据库时代”,进入基于网络应用的非结构化数据库时代。所谓非结构化数据库,简单地说,就是字段可变的数据库。

2)异构数据库系统

相互关联的数据库可以很容易地被归纳在一起,创建一个单一的虚拟数据库,也叫做异构数据库系统。异构数据库系统是相关的多个数据库系统的集合,可以实现数据的共享和透明访问。每个数据库系统在加入异构数据库系统之前本身就已存在,拥有自己的DBMS。它的异构性主要体现在以下几个方面:计算机体系结构的异构;基础操作系统的异构;DBMS本身的异构。它的目标在于实现不同数据库之间的数据之间的数据信息资源,硬件设备资源和人力资源的合并和共享。

目前,异构数据库系统的集成以及建立在此基础之上的数据仓库,数据挖掘已经成为网络数据库技术研究的重点之一。著名的国内外数据库厂商也将异构数据库系统作为竞争的焦点,研究如何将原来传统的,可能分布于各地的多个关系数据库集成起来,进行改进和发展,形成虚拟异构数据库系统和数据仓库,更好地为企业信息化,电子商务服务。

(6)Web数据库技术简介

从技术发展的角度来看,以前通过浏览器访问数据库的唯一渠道是CGI方式。随后出现了SAPI和JDBC等技术方案,近来又流行ASP、JSP技术。下面对这些技术逐一进行介绍。

1)CGI

CGI是Web服务器运行时外部程序的规范,按照CGI编写的程序可以扩展服务器的功能,完成服务器本身不能完成的工作,外部程序执行时可以生成HTML 文档,并将文档返回Web服务器。CGI应用程序能够与浏览器进行交互作用,还可以通过数据库的API与数据库服务器等外部数据源进行通信,如一个CGI程序可以从数据库服务器中获取数据,然后格式化为HTML,文档后发送给浏览器,也可以将从浏览器获得的数据放到数据库中,几乎所有的服务器软件都支持CGI,开发者可以使用任何一种Web服务器内置语言编写CGI,其中包括流行的C,

C++,VB和Dephi等。按照应用环境的不同,CGI又可以分为标准CGI和间接CGI。

CGI程序应用是作为一个独立的外部应用来运行的,与服务器上的其他程序竞争处理器资源,这将导致运行速度减慢。而且,用CGI开发支持Web的应用也是一个比较困难的数据库过程中,连接状态的管理也是很重要的。如果没有状态管理,那么浏览器的每一次请求,都需要一个连接的建立与释放的过程,效率较低。CGI不提供状态管理功能,另外,必须用某个特定数据库服务器的专用SQL 语言来手工编写数据库接口,其移植性也不好。

2)JDBC

Java的推出,使Web有了活力和动感。Internet用户可以从Web服务器上下载Java小程序到本地浏览器上运行。这些下载的小程序就像本地程序一样,可独立地访问本地和其他服务器资源,而最初的Java语言并没有数据库访问的功能,随着应用的深入,要求Java提供数据库访问功能的呼声越来越高。为了防止出现对Java在数据库访问方面各不相同的扩展,JavaSoft公司制定了JDBC,作为Java语言的数据库访问API,JDBC是第一个标准的,支持Java数据库的API,它使得Java程序与数据库连接更为容易。JDBC在功能上与ODBC相同,给开发人员提供一个统一的数据库访问接口。目前,JDBC已经得到了许多厂商的支持,包括Borland,Oracle和Sybase等公司。当前流行的大多数数据库系统都推出了自己的JDBC驱动程序。

3)JSP

JSP是Java Server Pages的简称,是Sun公司在Java语言基础上开发的动态网页制作技术。JSP结合Servlet和JavaBean技术,将网页逻辑与网页设计和显示分离,支持可重用的基于组件的设计,使基于Web应用程序的开发变得迅速而简单。JSP以良好的可移植性和平台无关性,强大的交互能力和数据处理能力,迅速风靡全球,在Internet上几乎处处都能看到它的身影,是动态网页语言未来发展的趋势。

JSP技术为创建显示动态生成内容的Web页面提供了一个简捷而快速的方法。JSP技术的设计目的是使得构造基于Web的应用程序更加容易和快捷,而这些应用程序能够与各种Web服务器,应用服务器,浏览器和开发工具共同工作。JSP规范是Web服务器、应用服务器、交易系统、以及开发工具供应商间广泛合

作的结果。在传统的网页HTML文件(*htm,*.html)中加入Java程序片段(Scriptlet)和JSP标记(tag),就构成了JSP网页(*.jsp)。Web服务器在遇到访问JSP网页的请求时,首先执行其中的程序片段,然后将执行结果以HTML格式返回给客户。程序片段可以操作数据库、重新定向网页以及发送 email 等等,这就是建立动态网站所需要的功能。所有程序操作都在服务器端执行,网络上传送给客户端的仅是得到的结果,对客户浏览器的要求最低,可以实现无Plugin,无ActiveX,无Java Applet,甚至无Frame。

JSP技术是基于JAVA的开放性过程的产品,因此它能够广泛支持不同提供商提供的工具,WEB服务器和应用程序的服务,这样能够使用户选择最佳的开发方法,选择最适应他们的应用程序开发的工具包,同时,有效地保护用户在代码和人员培训上的投资,因而具有更广阔的发展前景。

4)ASP

ASP是微软公司于1996年11月推出的Web应用程序开发技术。在Microsoft 的有关文档中,ASP被描述为:一个服务器的脚本环境,可以生成和运行动态的。交互的,高性能的Web服务器应用程序。ASP是目前公认的建立Windows NT动态站点最好的工具。它与ADO的充分结合,提供了强大的数据库访问功能,使之成为进行网上数据库管理的重要手段。

附录B

(1)Web database overview

The rise of Internet technology and development, social systems and the emergence of a huge flow of information ambitious data flow, accompanied by the flourish of the Web technologies, and soon occupy the mainstream of Internet technology. Today database technologies are properly mature, and particularly suited to the large number of organizations’ data management. Because of the tremendous volume of available information, with the further development of the Internet and Web technology and database technologies combined ---Web database technology will constitute the most popular of the new generation Internet information

dissemination technologies, and has deeply changed the face of network applications. Whether network library, network information retrieval system, network information print, or based on the client / server model of information management systems can not be separated Web database technology. For e-commerce enterprises, large enterprises in the Internet publication of information products and services are the important element in building e-commerce websites. Database through Web technology, the Web and databases not only all the advantages together, but also make full use of a large number of available information resources database, enable users to conveniently retrieve and browse Web browser database content, Web database technologies combined with the development of dynamic Web database applications, is an essential part of building e-commerce website enterprise.

(2)Web database produce

The database technology is the tool that is used to store a variety of information. Today, the Internet has been found in all the corners of the world, the whole world has been integrated, and therefore Web database technology and the Internet infiltrate every corner of the planet.

In the Internet, Web technology grow fast, however only the dissemination functions of information sharing platform Web is static, server response to the request of users, documents sent to users, users receive this document and include the demonstration that such work can not be real-time dynamic information in the world, communication between client and server is very limited, can not meet the needs of modern business activities. With the subsequent introduction of CGI technology, particularly the introduction of Java language and JavaScript make Web page can facilitate dissemination of information dynamics, and users in the world. Through the use of Java and JavaScript languages, and other languages later Vbscript, Perl can be conveniently designed with animation, voice, graphics , video and all sorts of special effects Web page. This interactive dynamic Web page of a large amount of data needed to achieve basic resource. In order to carry out efficient data resources visitation, the database system will automatically enter the Internet arena, so Web database also came into being.

(3)The advantage of the database through Web visitation

Database application data is an important aspect of the visit, but many database systems currently available visit, or a character mode enquiries interface, or through programming realization, either way it is used. In recent years a number of RAD development tools such as VB, Dephi, Powerbuider can conveniently visit database interface development of a number of graphics software, but such development needs of the users of programming tools technology and the development of procedures can not be cross-platform operation. Moreover, the use of RAD development tool software as users demand change, or may need to add a new function to do some changes in the interface. If a broader range of software has developed, software update will be a great work. However Internet technology, has just solved to the problem. If established Web service devices can achieve through the visit to the database, the above-mentioned issues will be resolved.

Compared with the traditional way, the advantages of Web visitation database:

1) loan available browser software, without the development of database front-end. If the visit to the database through the Web, it does not need to develop customer-procedures, the use of database applications can be achieved through the browser, unified interface, and reduce training costs, enable users conveniently access databases of information.

2) uniform standards, the development process simple. HTML is Web information organization, is an international standard, developers can even learn HTML language, and users only need to learn a language interface --- browser interface.

3) cross-platform support. In almost every operating system, the browser has made available to the HTML file .The written Web service device, the browser can be all the browsing platform, achieving cross-platform operation.

(4)Web database system basic models

As the Web user-friendly nature, practicality, it will occupy a dominant position, has become the most widely used, most promising, most charm of the information and communication technologies. However, Web service only provides Internet information platform in the world, the Internet is real, we must be people, enterprises,

social integration and the Internet, which relies on the application of information technology to achieve. Network technology and e-commerce Web database technology is supported, including Web database technology to be the core of e-commerce technologies to support e-commerce has become a major focus of the manufacturers ‘competition, and the development of a new Web database is hot with problems. Web database is the database technology that can integrate very well with Web technologies, database systems to become an important integral part of the Web database, a database and network technology to achieve the seamless integration of the organic.

The early introduction of the two-tier system of Internet database was client / server architecture. This structure was a great early in the Internet application development. With the popularity of Internet applications, as a result of Internet information resources and the complexity of non-normative, this two-tier structure of the database system in the development of Internet applications seem unable, not performance in the management of complex web-based and multimedia-based data file resources, the lack of open standards, general can not cross-platform operation. To this end requires some adaptive adjustment of the database, such as the object-oriented database components to increase handling complex data types increase the capacity and increase the various Internet-based middleware applications to expand capacity through the application server explained that the implementation of the various HTML with embedded scripts to address Internet database applications data shows that maintenance, as well as export to HTML format conversion. At this time, Internet-based database application to the typical pattern for a three or four performance multi-storey structure, in which multi-storey structure system, the Internet address of the database application methods, making various online database data dissemination, retrieval, maintenance, general data management applications become easier and simple.

(5)Web database development trends

In recent years, the rapid development of the database market, e-commerce has become one of the focal points of business development, and even some people

predicted that e-commerce will most likely establish a new type of virtual business, and even virtual industry. E-commerce and database technology and network technology is supported, which is its core database technology. More users on the importance of the database have been very important position, mainly because users will use application software and application needs in the first place, and application software development tool directly dependent on database development. In addition, the hardware as chip technology is becoming more and more a lack of identity, hardware indicators will become secondary considerations. Applications for professional speaking, the first choice of the database is now possible to consider hardware manufacturers. It is the change to the database user needs to provide manufacturers new opportunities. It can be predicted that in the near future, the database will become a Web database research areas hot technology.

1) Unstructured database

Information can be classified into two categories, data or information used to be that a unified structure, known as structured data, such as figures, and other symbols. Figures or information that could not be unified structure, such as text, graphics, voice, web, call unstructured data. Structured data are unstructured data, the data is unstructured exception.

2) Heterogeneous unit database system

Interrelated databases can easily be grouped together to create a single virtual database, also known as the heterogeneous unit database system. Heterogeneous unit database system is a database system related to the assembly, to achieve data sharing and transparency visit. Each database system in the heterogeneous unit before the database system itself already exists, its own DBMS. Heterogeneous unit of its main expression in the following areas: computer architecture heterogeneous unit; the heterogeneous unit; DBMS based operating system itself heterogeneous unit. Its goal is to achieve data between different databases of information resources, hardware and human resources integration and sharing.

The heterogeneous unit database system integration and the establishment of this foundation in the data warehouse, data network database technology research

excavation has become one of the focal points. Renowned manufacturers and the database will also heterogeneous unit database system as the focus of competition, how will the traditional research may be distributed in various parts of the relational database integration together for the improvement and development of a virtual Heterogeneous unit database systems and data warehouses to better serve enterprise information, e-commerce services.

(6)Web database technology profiles

From a technical development standpoint, previously adopted browsers visit database is the only channel for CGI. Subsequently, the SAPI and JDBC technology programmes, and recent popular ASP 、JSP technology.

1) CGI

CGI is Web service devices operating procedures, external norms, prepared in accordance with the CGI procedures to expand server functionality, complete server itself unable to complete the work, external procedures can be generated HTML files, and files return Web service devices. CGI applications for interaction with the browser, etc. and also through the database, such as external data sources database server communications, such as a CGI process can obtain data from the database server, and then formatted for HTML, files, sent to browsers. It can also obtain data from the browser to the database, almost all server software support CGI, developers can use any kind of CGI Web service devices embedded languages, including popular C,C++,VB and Dephi. In accordance with the different environmental applications, CGI can be divided into standard CGI and indirect CGI.

CGI applications as an independent external application to the operation with other procedures competition processor server resources would lead to operate at a slower pace. Moreover, the use of CGI Web application development support is a more difficult process of the database, linking state management is very important. Without state management, then every browser request, require the establishment of a link with the release process less efficient. CGI does not provide state management functions, and must use a specific database server dedicated to SQL language manual preparation of the database interface, and its portability is well.

2) JDBC

Discuss the introduction of a vibrant and dynamic Web. Internet users can download Java from Web service objects to the small local browser, operating procedures. These procedures like downloading small local procedures, can independently visit local servers and other resources, and the initial database programming language did not visit functional, with applications in depth, providing a database for Java visit function has been getting higher and higher. To prevent the emergence of Java in the database visits different expansion Java Soft JDBC company developed as a database programming language is the first visit API, JDBC standards, support Java database API, which makes it easier to discuss procedures and database connections. JDBC and ODBC functions in the same development staff to provide a unified database visit interfaces. At present, many manufacturers have JDBC support, including Borland, Oracle and Sybase, and other companies. Most of the current popular database systems are introduced its own JDBC-driven process.

3) JSP

JSP Java Server Pages is short Sun is the Java language development on the basis of dynamic web technology. Servlet and JSP with JavaBean technology, Logic and the website design and website shows separation, and support for reusable component-based design, Web-based application development becomes quick and simple. JSP to good portability and platform independent, powerful interactive capabilities, and data processing capability quickly swept the world. on the Internet almost everywhere can see it in a hurry, and the website language is a dynamic future development trends.

JSP technology for the creation of dynamically generated content showed the Web page provides a simple and rapid method. JSP is designed to make Web-based structural applications easier and faster. These applications can with a variety of Web server, application server, browser and development tools work together. JSP standard Web servers, application servers, transaction system and the development tool vendors extensive cooperation between the results. In traditional web HTML document (*htm. html) to add Java fragment (Script let) and JSP tags (tag) ,

constitutes a JSP website (*.jsp). Web server in the face visit the website at the request of JSP, the first implementation of the procedures footage The results would then be implemented in HTML format back to the customer. Procedures fragment can operate databases, and the reorientation website email, etc., This dynamic site is to build the necessary functions. All operating procedures in the implementation of server, network uploads given client is only the result, on the client browser requests a minimum, can be achieved without plug-in, no ActiveX, no Java Applet, even without Frame.

JSP technology is based on Java open process products so it can support the widely different providers with the tools, Web servers and application services, This enables the user to choose the best method of developing and select the most responsive to their application development tool kits, effective protection of the user code, and staff training on the investment, so they have an even broader prospects for development.

4) ASP

ASP is Microsoft Corporation in November 1996 launched Web application development technology. Microsoft in the relevant files, ASP is described as: a server script environment, and can generate dynamic operation. The world, high-performance Web service device applications. ASP is a Windows dynamic site recognized the best tool. It is fully integrated with ado to provide a powerful database visitation function to become a major online database management tools.

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