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完形填空

（1）The spokes of the wheel are made from various kinds of CAPACS involved in the activity .Each CAPACS has a communication link to the controlled database so that it will capture the data to form its own distributed database 。 Values are added the distributed database to meet the needs and requirements of its expected users. The application of CAPACS to the manufacturing process enables the total system to increase productivity，reduce waste, and produce things it would not otherwise be able to make. As a result, new technologies， demands for products of higher quality and lower production costs, and the needs for improved technology in a competitive society have caused extensive use of CAPACS。

（2）The computer has a key role, and computer graphics is a core tool.It is normal practice in conceptual or preliminary design to make iteration after iteration to develop a product。iteration after iteration to develop a product。Analysis and simulation methods also draw on the computer for support。 A serviceable graphics software package provides these capabilities, or it interfaces to the programs that will provide these capabilities. When a concept is sold to a customer, program control develops master schedules and budgets for all functions of the project.Production design then puts the flesh on the skeletal concept. Manufacturing engineering prepares the tool plan and the process plan。Procurer orders material as defined on bills of material （BOM). To01 design prepares designs to fulfill the manufacturing plan and tool manufacturing builds the tools。 Then production control issues fabrication and assembly orders to make sure that the proper tools are in the right place at the right time and that a product is created。 Quality assurane inspects parts and assemblies in conformance with the engineering definition of the product， and delivery to the customer is accomplished.

Central to the whole process is the engineering design。 Integration requiries all the users of the engineering design, even engineering itself, to interface with the master drawing file for the extraction of data function in the chain of events leading to the end item。 There are other assists in this process. Typical of such tools are NC Processors，graphic systems，engineering/scientitfic processors， CAD/CAM workstations,，and finite element solver 。

（3）Computer-controlled manufacturing systems use computers as an integral part of their control。As a result，computer controls are used in modern manufacturing automation from product conception through product design,to all process operations，and includeing product shipment and support. They control stand-alone systems such as robots welding， spray painting, processing planning，and processing. They provide optimal control over the use of

resources to produce a salable product mix to satisfy sales forecasts and produce a profit for the firm。And they control complex systems such as automated storage/retrieval systems （AS/RS)， automated g，uided vehicle system （AGVS），and flexible manufacturing systems （FMS）。These concepts are discussed in later sections.

(4）Interactive computer graphic ( ICG ) plays an important role in CAD/CAM. Though the use of ICG, designers develop a graphic image of the product being designed while storing the data that electronically make up the graphic image。The graphic image can be presented in a two-dimensional （2—D ）, three—dimensional （ 3-D )， or solids format。 Once created,these images can be easily edited and manipulated in a variety of ways including enlargements， reductions，rotations and movements.

（5)Machining centers have been defined as multifunction CNC machines with automatic tool changing capabilities and tool magazine。 Since their introduction in the late 1950s，they have become one of the most common of all cutting machines。Increased productivity and versatility are major advantages of machining centers. The ability to perform drilling,reaming，boring，milling，contouring and threading operations on a single machine eliminates the need for a number of individual machines，thus reducing cost of equipment and labor requirements. Even a relatively unskilled operator can often attend two machining centers and sometimes more。 Most workpieces can be completed on a single machining center，often with one setup。

(6)Enterprise control includes the overall strategic planning for the enterprise. This is product portfolio planning，market strategy，and division of work between divisions in the enterprise。 The manufacturing control carried out at the enterprise level is responsible for achievement of the mission of the enterprise；its planning horizon is measured in years and should not be changed too often。

Facility control is responsible for implementing the enterprise strategy.It includes such functions as manufacturing and product engineering, information management, production management，and other long-term activities incontrolling and running a manufacturing facility.

Area control is responsible for the allocation of resources and the coordination of production on the shop floor。This control level typically operates within a horizon of several days or weeks。This level is also often titled ”shop level" and the term“shop—floor control" covers the area control and the levels below. In US literature，shop—floor control is often called "production activity control”。 In flexible manufacturing systems the FMS control software will carry out the area control。

Cell control is responsible for the direction of jobs through the workstations within the manufacturing cell。This includes resource assignment, making decisions on job routings，dispatching jobs to individual workstations,and monitoring ofjobs and the working condition of workstations。

Workstation control is responsible for the coordination of tasks to be carried out on a workstation to perform a job assigned to the workstation。 This function operates within a time range of milliseconds to hours。

Equipment level realizes the physical execution of tasks on a machine。In relation to a machine tool，this level will typically be the local machine controller controlling movement of axes， spindle speed， coolant， and so on。

（7）Computer integrated manufacturing （CIM) is the term used to describe the modern approach to manufacturing。Although C1M encompasses many of the other advanced manufacturing technologies such as computer numerical control （CNC), computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)， robotics， and just-in—time delivery （JIT), it is more than a new technology or a new concept。Computer integrated manufacturing is an entirely new approach to manufacturing, a new way of doing business.

To understand CIM，it is necessary to begin with a comparison of modem and traditional manufacturing. Modern manufacturing encompasses all of the activities and processes necessary to convert raw materials into finished products, deliver them to the market， and support them in the field. These activities include the following。

(8）CAD/CAM systems are available with both 2—D and 3—D capabilities。Early systems were limited t0 2-D。This was a serious shortcoming because 2—D representations of 3—D objects are inherently confusing. Historically，many manufacturing errors and much waste have been associated with an inability of design personnel to properly represent an object in a 2-D format. Equally problematic has been the inability of manufacturing personnel to properly read and interpret complicated 2-D representations of objects。

Two—dimensional drawings generally show two more orthographic （ flat） views (e.g。， the top, front, and right side) of the object. Fig.4。12 is an example of a 2—D drawing showing only one view。While this drawing is attractive arxl accurate， it does not contain enough information to allow manufacturing personnel to produce it without consulting with design personnel.

（9)In manufacturing there have always been tradeoffs between production rates and flexibility. At one end of the issue are transfer lines capable of high production rates, but low flexibility。At the other end of the issue are independent CNC machines that offer maximum flexibility, but are capable only of low production rates. Flexible manufacturing falls in the middle。There has always been a need in manufacturing for a system that could produce higher volume and production runs than could independent machines，while still maintaining flexibility。

翻译

（1)A manufacturing systeml can be defined as a series of value-adding manufacturing processes converting the raw materials into more useful forms and eventually finished products.

一个制造系统可以定义为一系列将原材料转变成更有用的形式，直至最终产品

增值的制造加工过程。

（2）Flexible manufacturing fills this long—standing void in manufacturing.

柔性制造填补了制造业中这一长期存在的空白.

（3)The scheduler function involves planning how to produce the current volume of orders in the FMS,considering the current status of machine tools,work-in—pyocess，tooling, fixtures, and so on。

生产调度程序的功能涉及如何用FMS生产方式按当前定货量来制造产品,在安排计划时要同时考虑到机床的现有状态、在制品数量、工模具和夹具等。

(4）The program contains instructions and commands。Geometric instructions pertain to relative movements between the tool and the workpiece。Processing instructions concern spindle speeds， feeds， cutting tools, cutting fluids, and so on.

程序包含了有关指令和命令。几何指令与刀具和工件的相对运动有关，而加工指令则给出了机床主轴转速、进给量、刀具与切削液等参数。

（5）The use of programming languages （compilers）not only results in higher part quality but also allows for more rapid development of machining instructions。In addition, simulations can be run on remote com puter terminals， to ensure that the program functions as intended。This method prevents unnecessary occupation of expensive machinery for debugging procedures。

采用编程语言（编译程序）不仅能提高零件加工质量，而且还可更快地开发出加工指令.此外，我们可在远处的计算机终端进行加工模拟以确.保该程序能按我们意图正常操作。采用这种方法就避免了在调试程序时不必要地占用昂贵的机床设备。

（6）Substantial time conventionally spent moving work from machine to machine is saved， and throughput is much faster。

由于大大节省了通常花费在工件从一台机器搬运到另一台上所用的时间,因而工件在生产线上通过的逮度会快得多。

(7）Characteristics demanded of machining center spindles by modern high—performance cutting tool materials include stiffness, running accuracy (run—out),axial load-carrying capacity，thermal stability，and axial freedom for thermal expansion.

现代高性能刀具材料对加工中心的主轴提出的特殊性能要求,包括刚性、运动精度、轴向承载能力、热稳定性以及轴向热膨胀自由度等。

（8)The old approach excluded such critical pre-conversion elements as market analysis research, development, and design，as well as such afterconversion elements as product delivery and product maintenance.

旧的观点将（材料）转换前的重要阶段，如市场分析研究、产品开发与设计，以及转换后的交货及维护等环节都排除在制造过程之外。

（9）为什么高速车削不如铣：

Let us compare the kinematics background of turning and milling procedures. In turning， where the kinematic mechanism is based on a rotating workpiece， it is much more difficult to cope with the huge, quickly rotating weights and safe workpiece chucking at high speeds, and thus the conditions for HSC use are considerably less appropriate than in milling in general.

先让我们比较一下车削和铣削过程的运动学机理。车削是对旋转的工件进行加工.显然，要适应高速旋转的大型重块零件以及安全的工件装夹是相当困难的，因此在一般情况下，高速车削的工艺条件不如铣削。

（10）During drilling, the heat is absorbed by the drill and the wall of the drilled hole，so high speed drilling is impossible without internal cooling of the solid carbide drill that allows the cutting fluid to go directly to the contact positions between cutting edge and the material machined。

钻削过程中产生的热是靠钻头与孔壁来吸收的，所以高速钻削如果硬质合金钻头部分没有内部

设置的冷却通道来引入切削液直接到达切削刃和被加工件的接触处的话，那就无法实现这样的加工.

（11）The thriller both runs about its own axis at very high speeds and rotates around the central axis of the thread hole， and at the same time, it has also a slow feeding movement longitudinally，so as to complete the whole thread machining.

这种专用的thriller铣刀既绕自身轴线高速旋转,又绕螺孑L中心线回转,同时还有一个轴向的低速进给运动，从而完成整个螺纹的切削加工。

（12）The rationale for CAD/CAM is similar to that used to justify any technology-based improvement in manufacturing . It grows out of a need to continually improve productivity，quality．and，in turn competitiveness. There are also other reasons why a company might make a conversion from manual processes to CAD／CAM.

CAD / CAM的基本原理是类似于用来证明任何基于技术进步在制造业。它生长的需要不断提高生产率,质量,竞争力。公司还有其他原因可能会使CAD / CAM的转换从手动流程。

简答

（1）FEA(有限元分析)：Finite-element analysis involves breaking an object up into many small rectangular or triangular elements（Fig.4.7), then anahrzing each individual element by computer.The computer analyzes the whole object by analyzing each individual interconnected finite element. By analyzing the response of each finite element of the object to the stress, strain,heat，or other force acting on it， the computer can predict the reaction of the whole object.

（2）Fig。1.2 gives an overview of interrelated functions of CAPACS working from an integrated data base system。The design data, generated by the interaction between CAPACS, are a single collection of all the information that describes the product and related operations。 It is the hub of the manufacturing wheel。 The CAD system is the principal tool used by engineering in carrying out its responsibility。

图1。2给出了综合数据库系统具有相互关联的功能CAPACS工作情况.CAPACS设计数据之间产生相互作用,它收集的所有资料,说明该产品及相关业务。这是制造系统的中心.CAD系统作为主要工具在履行其职责。

（3）Fig.7.6 contains examples of two parts from the same family。These parts were placed in the same family based on design characteristics. They have exactly the same shape and size. However， they differ in the area of production processes。Part 1, after it is drilled, will go to a painting station for two coats of primer. Its dimensions must be held to a tolerance of 10。125 inch。 Part 2， after it is drilled， will go to a finishing station for sanding and buffing. Its dimensions require more restrictive tolerances of 0.003 inch. The parts differ in material: part I is cold-rolled steel and part 2 is aluminum。

Fig。7。6包含两部分的例子来自同一个家庭。这些部分被放置在同一个家庭基于设计特点。他们有相同的形状和大小.然而,他们在生产过程不同。第1部分是钻后，将一幅画站的两层底漆。它的尺寸必须容忍为10.125英寸。第2部分,钻之后,要去完成站砂纸打磨和抛光。其尺寸要求更严格的公差为0.003英寸。不同材料部分:第一部分是冷轧钢材和第2部分是铝。

（4)Fig.7.7 contains examples of two parts from another family。Although the design characteristics of these two parts are drastically different, (i.e，different sizes and shapes）， a close examination reveals that they are similar in the area of production processes. Part l is made of stainless steel. Its dimensions must be held to a tolerance of 0。003 inch, and three holes must be drilled through。Part 2, in spite of the differences in size and shape, has exactly the same manufacturing characteristics。

从另一个家庭Fig。7.7包含两部分的例子。虽然这两个部分的设计特点是截然不同的，（不同的大小和形状),仔细检查显示,他们领域的生产过程是相似的。第一部分是不锈钢做的。其尺寸的公差必须举行0。003英寸，必须通过钻和三个洞。第2部分，尽管在尺寸和形状方面的差异，有完全相同的制造特点。

（5）基带和宽带对比：

In a base—band the line is pulsed, as in the on/off conditions. Because these pulses are still the square wave direct current, they require no additional special handling or modulation, which makes the process relatively inexpensive。It is impossible to mix voice and data unless the analog voice signals have been previously digitized.

在基带脉冲线,就像在开/关的条件。因为这些脉冲仍然是方波直流电，他们不需要额外的特殊处理或调制,使过程相对便宜。混合语音和数据是不可能的，除非事先已被数字化模拟语音信号。

The broadband technology requires a conversion process and is therefore more expensive。 The advantages gained are that voice, video, and data can aU be sent on the same channels. Facilities can be shared through assignment of frequency channels to allow all devices to operate simultaneously. Popular modulation and multiplexing techniques can be used because a wide range of frequencies is available.

宽带技术需要一个转换过程,因此更昂贵.好处是，声音、视频和数据非盟可以发送在同一个频道。设备可以通过频率分配渠道共享允许所有设备同时运行.受欢迎的调制和多路复用技术可以使用，因为广泛可用的频率范围.

(6）The rationale for CAD/CAM is similar to that used to justify any tecfi-nology—based improvement in manufacturing. It grows out of a need to continually improve productivity, quality， and， in turn， competitiveness。 There are also other reasons why a company might make a conversion from manual processes to CAD/CAM：

CAD / CAM的基本原理是类似于用来证明任何tecfi—nology-based改善制造业.它生长的需要不断提高生产力、质量，和，反过来,竞争力.公司还有其他原因可能会使CAD / CAM的转换从手动流程:

(1) Increased productivity. 提高生产率.

（2） Better quality。更好的质量。

（3) Better communication. 更好的沟通.

(4） Common database with manufacturing. 常见的数据库与制造业。

(5) Reduced prototype construction costs. 减少原型建设成本。

（6） Faster response to customers。更快的响应给客户。

(7)Computer graphics software allows us to accomplish tasks in five broad categories of functions :计算机图形软件允许我们完成任务5大类的功能：

（1) Producing graphic images。产生图像。

(2） Manipulation of graphic images。图像的操纵。

（3） Controlling the terminal display。控制终端显示。

(4) Performing editing functions。执行编辑功能.

(5） Performing input functions。执行输入功能。

(8)高速切削

力与速度关系From a certain cutting speed upward machining temperatures start dropping

速度与温度关系Increasing cutting force initially increases with increasing cutting speed and then drops sharply to reach a smooth trend later。(急剧上升，到达高点，急剧下降,趋于平衡）

（9)Interaction of CAPACS in a Manufacturing System

Fig。1。2 gives an overview of interrelated functions of CAPACS working from an integrated data base system。The design data, generated by the interaction between CAPACS， are a single collection of all the information that describes the product and related operations。 It is the hub of the manufacturing wheel. The CAD system is the principal tool used by engineering in carrying out its responsibility。

图1。2给出了综合数据库系统具有相互关联的功能CAPACS工作情况.CAPACS设计数据之间产生相互作用，它收集的所有资料，说明该产品及相关业务。这是制造系统的中心。CAD系统作为主要工具在履行其职责.

（图中数据库系统是核心）