《史记·滑稽列传东方朔传》阅读试题答案及翻译译文
《史记·滑稽列传|东方朔传》阅读试题
答案及翻译译文
《史记·滑稽列传|东方朔传》阅读试题答案及翻译译文武帝时，齐人有东方生名朔，爱经术，多所博观外
家之语。朔初入长安，至公车上书，凡用三千奏牍，人
主读之二月乃尽。诏拜以为郎，常在侧侍中，数召至前
谈语，人主未尝不说也。时诏赐之食于前，饭已，尽怀
其余肉持去，衣尽污。数赐缣帛，徒用所赐钱帛，取少
妇于长安中好女。率取妇一岁所者即弃去，更取妇。所
赐钱财尽索之于女子。人主左右诸郎半呼之“狂人”。
人主闻之，曰：“令朔在事无为是行者，若等安能及之哉！”
时会聚宫下博士诸先生与论议，共难之曰：“苏秦、张仪一当万乘之主，而都卿相之位，泽及后世。今子大
夫自以为海内无双，博闻辩智，然悉力尽忠以事圣帝数
十年，官不过侍郎，位不过执戟，其故何也？”东方生曰：“夫张仪、苏秦之时，周室大坏，诸侯不朝，相禽
以兵，并为十二国，未有雌雄，得士者强，失士者亡。
今非然也，圣帝在上，德流天下，诸侯宾服，威振四夷，连四海之外以为席，安于覆盂，动发举事，犹如运之掌中。贤与不肖，何以异哉？方今以天下之大，士民之众，竭精驰说，并进辐凑者，不可胜数。使张仪、苏秦与仆
并生于今之世，曾不能得掌故，安敢望侍郎乎？”于是
诸先生默然无以应也。
建章宫后阁重栎①中有物出焉，其状似麋。以闻，
武帝往临视之。问左右群臣习事通经术者，莫能知。诏
东方朔视之，朔曰：“臣知之，愿赐美酒粱饭大飧臣，
臣乃言。”又曰：“某所有公田鱼池蒲苇数顷，陛下以
赐臣，臣朔乃言。”诏曰：“可。”朔乃曰：“所谓驺
牙者也，远方当来归义，而驺牙先见。其齿前后若一，
齐等无牙，故谓之驺牙。”其后一岁所，匈奴混邪王果
将十万众来降汉。
至老，朔且死时，谏曰：“诗云营营青蝇止于蕃恺
悌君子无信谗言谗言罔极交乱四国愿陛下远巧佞退谗言。”帝曰：“今顾东方朔多善言？”怪之。居无几何，朔果病死。传曰：“鸟之将死，其鸣也哀；人之将死，
其言也善。”此之谓也。
（节选自《史记·滑稽列传》）
【注】①栎：栏杆之类。
8.下列句子中加点词的解释，不正确的一项是（）
A．取少妇于长安中好女取：选择，选拔
B．时会聚宫下博士诸先生与论议，共难之曰难：诘问，责难
C．愿赐美酒粱饭大飧臣，臣乃言飧：晚餐，用作动
词，宴请
D．匈奴混邪王果将十万众来降汉将：率领，领兵
9.下列各组句子中，加点词的意义和用法相同的一
组是（）
A．诏拜以为郎，常在侧侍中夫夷以近，则游者众
B．时诏赐之食于前臣恐见欺于王而负赵
C.陛下以赐臣，臣朔乃言精思傅会，十年乃成
D．至老，朔且死时臣死且不避
10.下列对原文有关内容的分析和概括，不正确的一项是（）
A．东方朔爱好经术，博览群书，初到长安时，他上书给皇帝，共用了三千个木简，武帝读了两个月才读完。 B．东方朔经常在皇上身边陪侍，多次和武帝谈话，武帝对东方朔的文辞、口才很满意，而对他的治世能力
并不赏识。
C．学宫里的博士先生参与议事，东方朔与他们论辩时认为，自己官职不显赫，并非不贤能，而是此一时彼
一时、时势造英雄。
D．建章宫后阁的栏杆里，出现一只怪兽，状似麋鹿，东方朔认为此物叫“驺牙”，这是远方将有人来归降的
吉兆，后来他的话果然应验了。
11．把文言文阅读材料中画横线的句子翻译成现代
汉语。（10分）
(1)使张仪、苏秦与仆并生于今之世，曾不能得掌故，安敢望侍郎乎？
(2)以闻，武帝往临视之。问左右群臣习事通经术者，莫能知。
8.答案：A（通“娶”）
9.答案：C才（A.介词，把、用/连词，表并列；B．介词，在/介词，表被动；A．副词，将要D．副词，
将要/连词，尚且）
10.答案：B（从武帝的“令朔在事无为是行者，若等安能及之哉！”这句话可以看出，武帝对东方朔的治世
能力是肯定的）
11.答案：
(1)假使张仪、苏秦和我同生在当今时代，他们连一个掌故（掌管旧制旧例等故事）的小官都得不到，怎么敢期望做侍郎呢？
（使，假使，1分；曾……不，连……都不，1分；望，期望，1分；大意2分，共5分。）
(2)把这件事让汉武帝听到了,武帝亲自到那里观看。问身边熟悉事物而又通晓经学的群臣，没有一个人能知
道它是什么动物。
【参考译文】
汉武帝时，齐地有个人叫东方朔，爱好儒家经术，广泛地阅览了诸子百家的书。东方朔刚到长安时，到公车府那里上书给皇帝，共用了三千个木简。武帝读了两个月才读完。武帝下令任命东方朔为郎官，他经常在皇上身边侍奉，屡次叫他到跟前谈话，武帝从未有过不高兴的。武帝时常下诏赐他御前用饭，饭后，他便把剩下的肉全都揣在怀里带走，把衣服都弄脏了。皇上屡次赐给他绸绢，他专用这些赐来的钱财绸绢，娶长安城中年轻漂亮的女子为妻。大多娶过来一年光景便抛弃了，再娶一个。皇上所赏赐的钱财完全用在女人身上。皇上身边的侍臣有半数称他为“疯子”。武帝听到了说：“假如东方朔当官行事没有这些荒唐行为，你们哪能比得上他呢？”
当时正值朝廷召集学宫里的博士先生们参与议事，大家一同诘难东方朔说：“苏秦、张仪偶然遇到大国的君主，就能居于卿相的地位，恩泽留传后世。现在您老先生自以为天下无双，见多识广、聪敏才辩，可是您竭尽全力、忠心耿耿地事奉圣明的皇帝，旷日持久，长达数十年，官衔不过是个侍郎，职位不过是个卫士，这是什么原因呢？”东方朔说：“张仪、苏秦的时代，周朝十分衰败，诸侯都不去朝见周天子，用军事手段相互侵犯，天下兼并为十二个诸侯国，势力不相上下，得到士
人的就强大，失掉士人的就灭亡。如今不是这样。圣明的皇帝在上执掌朝政，恩泽遍及天下，诸侯归顺服从，威势震慑四方，将四海之外的疆土连接成像坐席那样的一片乐土，比倒放的盘盂还要安稳，凡有所举动，都如同在手掌中转动一下那样轻而易举。贤与不贤，凭什么来辨别呢？当今因天下广大，士民众多，竭尽精力，奔走游说，就如辐条凑集到车毂一样，竞相集中到京城里向朝庭献计献策的人，数也数不清。假使张仪、苏秦和我同生在当今时代，他们连一个掌故（掌管旧制旧例等故事）的小官都得不到，怎么敢期望做侍郎呢？
建章宫后阁的双重栏杆中，有一只动物跑出来，它的形状像麋鹿。消息传到宫中，武帝亲自到那里观看。问身边群臣中熟悉事物而又通晓经学的人，没有一个人能知道它是什么动物。下诏叫东方朔来看。东方朔说：“我知道这个东西，请赐给我美酒好饭让我饱餐一顿，我才说。”东方朔又说：“某处有公田、鱼池和苇塘好几顷，陛下赏赐给我，我才说。”武帝说：“可以。”于是东方朔说道：“这是叫驺牙的动物。远方当有前来投诚的事，因而驺牙便先出现。它的牙齿前后一样，大小相等而没有大牙，所以叫它驺牙。”后来过了一年左右，匈奴混邪王果然带领十万人来归降汉朝。
到了晚年。东方朔临终时，规劝武帝说：“《诗经》
上说‘飞来飞去的苍蝇，落在篱笆上面。慈祥善良的君子，不要听信谗言。’‘谗言没有止境，四方邻国不得
安宁。’希望陛下远离巧言谄媚的人，斥退他们的谗言。”武帝说：“如今回过头来看东方朔，仅仅是善于
言谈吗？”对此感到惊奇。过了不久，东方朔果然病死了。古书上说：“鸟到临死时，它的叫声特别悲哀；人
到临终时，它的言语非常善良。”说的就是这个意思吧。
完整word版2000 2015年专八翻译真题与答案
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ASP外文翻译原文
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毕业设计外文翻译原文.
Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method
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01到14年专八汉译英真题及答案： 2014年本题是一篇典型的文学翻译，原文选自老舍名篇《我的母亲》。老舍的作品生活气息浓郁，语言朴实直白。因此，在翻译本篇时不仅要注意忠实于文字意义，更要忠实地再现原文的语言风格，所以要避免用过于高级的词汇表达和句子结构，用平实的语句表达出原文的精神面貌。 当我在小学毕了业的时候，亲友一致的愿意我去学手艺，好帮助母亲。我晓得我应当去找饭吃，以减轻母亲的勤劳困苦。可是，我也愿意升学。我偷偷的考入了师范学校——制服，饭食，书籍，宿处，都由学校供给。只有这样，我才敢对母亲说升学的话。入学，要交十圆的保证金。这是一笔巨款！母亲作了半个月的难，把这巨款筹到，而后含泪把我送出门去。她不辞劳苦，只要儿子有出息。当我由师范毕业，而被派为小学校校长，母亲与我都一夜不曾合眼。我只说了句：“以后，您可以歇一歇了！”她的回答只有一串串的眼泪。 参考译文：After I graduated from primary school，relatives and friends all suggested that I should drop out and learn a trade to help my mother. Although I knew that I ought to seek a livelihood to relieve mother of hard work and distress，I still aspired to go on with study. So I kept learning secretly. I had no courage to tell mother about the idea until admitted to a normal school which provided free uniforms，books，room and board. To enter the school，I had to pay ten Yuan as a deposit. This was a large sum of money for my family. However，after two weeks' tough effort，mother managed to raise the money and sent me off to school in tears afterwards. She would spare no pains for her son to win a bright future. On the day when I was appointed the schoolmaster after graduation，mother and I spent a sleepless night. I said to her，"you can have a rest in the future." but she replied nothing，only with tears streaming down her face. 2013年 生活像一杯红酒，热爱生活的人会从中品出无穷的美妙。将它握在手中观察，它的暗红有血的感觉，那正是生命的痕迹。抿一口留在口中回味，它的甘甜有一丝苦涩，如人生一般复杂迷离。喝一口下肚，余香润人心肺，让人终受益。红酒越陈越美味，生活越丰富越美好。当人生走向晚年，就如一瓶待开封的好酒，其色彩是沉静的，味道中充满慷慨于智慧。 Life is like a cup of wine; people who love it discover inexhaustible wonders from it. Hold in the hand and gaze at it, the dark red color is reminiscent of the blood, which is the impress of life. Take a sip of it and appreciate the taste, the bittersweet flavor is exactly the same with life, which is complicated and blurred. Once the sip is swallowed, the lingering fragrance pleases the heart and refreshes the mind, leaving a person lifelong benefit. There was a remarkable resemblance between life and wine: the taste becomes more delicious as the wine mellows, just as life gets better as it becomes more abundant. When life comes to twilight years, it looks calm and tastes full of wisdom and generosity, just like a bottle of wine to be savored.
2016专八真题翻译题及答案详解
2016年专八翻译题及答案详解 “流逝”表现了南国人对时间最早的感觉。子在川上曰：“逝者如斯夫。”他们发现无论是潺潺小溪，还是浩荡大河，都一去不复返，流逝之际青年变成了老翁而绿草转眼就枯黄，很自然有错阴的紧迫感。流逝也许是缓慢的，但无论如何缓慢，对流逝的恐惧使人们必须用“流逝”这个词来时时警戒后人，必须急匆匆地行动，给这个词灌注一种紧张感。 【参考译文1】 They have found that the flowing water,either a murmuring stream or a mighty river, passes quickly and never returns. With the passage of time, the young become the old and the green grass turns yellow. People naturallyhave a sense of urgency to value every bit of time. As time goes by,no matter how slowly it elapses, people always use the word “liushi” to warn thelater generations for fear of time’s flowing away. They tell their descendants to treasure every single minute and make a hurried action, which adds a sense of tension to the word. 【参考译文2】 They find that either a murmuring stream or a mighty river has gone forever and that the passage of time turns a young man into an old one, and yellows of the grass, which sends a massage of how time flies. Maybe the passing of time is slow. But no matter how slow it is, it makes people so fearful that they use “passage” to warn the later generations to rush. And the use of “passage” also infuses a sense of tension into the word. 【参考译文3】
中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文
外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much
最新近十年英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考答案-
2007年英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考答案 C-E:暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他不知在何处歇息。只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的，像些胖娃娃。如果走近了，会发现它们那可爱的神情，洁白的牙齿，那丰富而单纯的表情。如果稍稍长久一点端详这张张面庞，还会生出无限的怜悯。 Beside this picture with profusions of colors, a group of sheep are lowing their heads, eating by the river bank. Hardly none of them would spare some time to raise their eyes to have a glance at the beautiful dusk. They are, perhaps, taking use of every minute to enjoy their last chew before being driven home. This is a picture of the Yellow River bank, in which the shepherd disappears, and no one knows where he is resting himself. Only the sheep, however, as free creatures, are joyfully appreciating the dusk. The exuberant water plants have nutrited the sheep, making them grow as fat as balls. When approaching near, you would find their lily-white teeth and a variety of innocent facial impressions.
最新英语专业历年专八翻译真题及答案
1997年:English to Chinese Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. But expensive things are inevitably the province（范围）of the rich unless we abdicate（退位、放弃）society’s power of choice. We can choose to make opera and other expensive forms of culture, accessible（易接近的，可达 到的）to those who cannot individually pay for it. The question is: why should we? No body denies the imperatives（必要的）of food, shelter, defence, health and education. But even in a prehistoric cave, man-kind stretched out a hand of not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. The impulse（冲动）towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation（表述、陈述）is fundamental. In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment （完成、成就）in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones（标准、试金石）for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire（立志、追求目标、 渴望）; they carry the most profound （深厚的、深刻 的）messages that can be sent from one human to another.
英文翻译与英文原文.陈--
翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告） 文献作者：Peter Dransfield, 出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数：p139—144 英文译文： 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下： s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量； S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数： I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容； C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度； R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻， R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力； I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容： R5, R7-管路的等效液阻； V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积； P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载， V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。
污水处理外文翻译(带原文)
提高塔式复合人工湿地处理农村生活污水的 脱氮效率1 摘要： 努力保护水源，尤其是在乡镇地区的饮用水源，是中国污水处理当前面临的主要问题。氮元素在水体富营养化和对水生物的潜在毒害方面的重要作用，目前废水脱氮已成为首要关注的焦点。人工湿地作为一种小型的，处理费用较低的方法被用于处理乡镇生活污水。比起活性炭在脱氮方面显示出的广阔前景，人工湿地系统由于溶解氧的缺乏而在脱氮方面存在一定的制约。为了提高脱氮效率，一种新型三阶段塔式混合湿地结构----人工湿地（thcw）应运而生。它的第一部分和第三部分是水平流矩形湿地结构，第二部分分三层，呈圆形，呈紊流状态。塔式结构中水流由顶层进入第二层及底层，形成瀑布溢流，因此水中溶解氧浓度增加，从而提高了硝化反应效率，反硝化效率也由于有另外的有机物的加入而得到了改善，增加反硝化速率的另一个原因是直接通过旁路进入第二部分的废水中带入的足量有机物。常绿植物池柏（Taxodium ascendens），经济作物蔺草（Schoenoplectus trigueter），野茭白（Zizania aquatica），有装饰性的多花植物睡莲（Nymphaea tetragona），香蒲（Typha angustifolia）被种植在湿地中。该系统对总悬浮物、化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为89%、85%、83%、83% 和64%。高水力负荷和低水力负荷（16 cm/d 和32 cm/d）对于塔式复合人工湿地结构的性能没有显著的影响。通过硝化活性和硝化速率的测定，发现硝化和反硝化是湿地脱氮的主要机理。塔式复合人工湿地结构同样具有观赏的价值。 关键词： 人工湿地；硝化作用；反硝化作用；生活污水；脱氮；硝化细菌；反硝化细菌 １. 前言 对于提高水源水质的广泛需求，尤其是提高饮用水水源水质的需求是目前废水深度处理的技术发展指向。在中国的乡镇地区，生活污水是直接排入湖泊、河流、土壤、海洋等水源中。这些缺乏处理的污水排放对于很多水库、湖泊不能达到水质标准是有责任的。许多位于中国的乡镇地区的社区缺乏足够的生活污水处理设备。由于山区地形、人口分散、经济基础差等原因，废水的收集和处理是很成问题的。由于资源短缺，经济欠发达地区所采取的废水处理技术必须低价高效，并且要便于施用，能量输入及维护费用较低，而且要保证出水能达标。建造在城市中基于活性污泥床的废水集中处理厂，对于小乡镇缺乏经济适用性，主要是由于污水收集结构的建造费用高。 1Ecological Engineering，Fen xia ，Ying Li。
外文翻译原文
204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999
JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.360docs.net/doc/35894403.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-