如何上好中学英语口语课

如何上好中学英语口语课
如何上好中学英语口语课

如何上好中学英语口语课

中学英语教学大纲规定,中学英语教学的目的,是对学生进行听、说、读、写的基本训练,培养学生在口头上和书面上初步运用英语的能力。因此,听、说、读、写是学习语言的四个必要环节。而学英语,就其本质来讲,是一门实践课,要学好英语,就必须在口语会话等方面有所熟练,能够流利地用英语进行交谈,听懂英语,所以,作为中学英语教师,我们有必要探讨和研究口语教学法,上好口语课。

口语教学的目的是培养学生的口头表达能力,使学生能就日常生活中的一般情景进行恰当的交谈,能就所听的材料或熟悉的题材进行对话或连贯发言。口头表达必须符合语法、语音、语调的规范和使用恰当的词汇。但大部分学生存在的问题是英语听说能力差,尤其是听力差。因此,针对这些缺陷,在培养学生的书面英语能力外,设法提高学生的听说能力,只有这样,才能更好地掌握好这门语言。因而,我认为在中学英语口语课中应该“以听导说”,即口语教学必须同听力训练有机结合。在教学中,必须从学生实际情况出发,多听,多讲。那么,教师该如何指导学生上好口语课呢?我认为应从以下几方面着手:

一、克服心理障碍,培养学生兴趣。

大部分学生上口语课时不敢或不愿开口说英语。主要是由于胆小、被动、怕出错等心理原因造成的。教师在课堂上要用英语教学,给学生多听多说的机会。在课堂上最好少做个别提问,多以组为单位开展口语活动。一般说来,小组最好仅由2~5人组成。这样每个学生说话的机会就多,且不会冷落任何人。如:可将一个班分成若干组,每组5人。然后给出一个主题(topic),如:What

do you think of smoking?让小组各成员轮流发言谈谈自己对吸烟的看法。

A: I think we should forbid people smoking, because smoking is

harmful to people's health…

B: Cigarette contain many drugs, which may make people spiritless, …

C: Smoking wastes people's time and money,

…接着轮到其他两位同学,这样既调动了他们的积极性,使他们有话可谈,又培养了他们的兴趣,此外,也使同学之间相互了解、沟通。兴趣提高了,学生就没心理负担,可以尽情表达思想,提高口语能力。

二、选好材料教学。

可以选一些语言清晰、语速规范、易于模仿、故事短小、精悍、情节性强,且语言有趣味性和幽默的材料,也可选一些日常会话或者学生比较熟悉而又可帮助学生获得英语国家文化风俗的对话。总之,所选材料的难度要低于学生的听力水平。这样,学生才不会感到有很大的压力,才能使学生集中精力进行口语练习。

三、将听力训练放在首位。

英语会话主要涉及听、说两方面。而这两方面又是相互影响、相互制约的。要达到语言交谈,首先要听懂,然后才好开口,否则,难以达到交流的目的。为训练好听力,可采取下列做法:第一、课堂上用英语讲课。使学生尽可能用英语思维,养成习惯,增强语感。第二、开展电化教学。通过看英文录相、电影,也可提高听力。第三、选择材料进行泛听。如:《同步听力》、《阳光英语》、《听力必备》等等,让学生想说、想听、必说、必听、爱说、爱听进行学习,尽快提高口语。

四、教学中坚持循序渐进的原则。

首先,可采用短小精悍、情节性强、趣味性浓的小故事为材料。旨在培养兴趣,充分发挥其主动性、积极性。其次,是意象会话,即采用各种表达复杂情感的会话。如表示高兴的会话:

A: Hi, Lucy.Are you free this Saturday?

B: Yes, I am free.

A: Will you go fishing with me?

B: That is great!

又如表示遗憾的会话:

A: Wei Fang. Can you take part in our next Wednesday Evening Party?

B: I am very sorry. But next Thursday we have an exam, and I have to

prepare for it. How wish I can join your party!

五、运用手势、眼神、接近、触摸、文化背景进行口语教学。

(一)手势:教师教学时,辅之以摆手、摇头等各种动作表示拒绝、不赞成、高、矮、站和坐等意思。使学生轻松愉快地接受,听懂信息。

(二)眼神:说话时眼睛要注视对方,通过眼神流露出喜悦、赞许、遗憾等情感,也易于让学生接受。

(三)接近:就是上课时不能总是站在讲台上,要与学生接近。可以走下讲台边讲边做,了解情况,这样更易活跃气氛。

(四)触摸:比如好友或亲戚等好久不见,可以握手以表示亲近、友善。

(五)文化背景:注意引导学生了解和掌握有关英美文化方面的知识。语言和文化不可分割,不了解英美人的风俗习惯,我们就很难理解英美人的语言。例如,对于不了解中国风俗习惯的英美人来说,是很难想象Spring

Festival 是什么?反之,不了解英美人的风俗习惯,我们也不清楚Christmas 是怎么回事。

六、创设情景、练习口语。

语言的使用离不开特定的语境,只有在不同的语境中培养学生说的能力,学生在真实的交际环境中才能准确、得体地用英语进行交际。如:看图说话、想象情景等。在说的同时,还可进行表演。

总之,在口语课教学中,我们应把听力训练放在首位,多听多讲,循序渐进。同时训练好学生的英语思维,组织表达能力及反应能力等口语基本功,努力上好每一堂英语口语课。

英语口语教学最根本的目的就是培养学生的交际能力。因此,在英语口语教学中如何通过拓宽学生的知识面、深化思维、锻炼他们的语言能力,培养他们的思辨能力与创造能力,提高学生英语交际能力,成为英语口语教学必须完成的中心任务。

1.通过中西文化及语言的差异比较,设计日常口语会话情景,训练日常口语会话

学生要熟练掌握日常口语会话,就必须掌握范围广阔的、基本得当的日常用语,以服务于交际目的。如怎样表示想与陌生人交谈;怎样表示喜爱与厌恶,赞同与异议;怎样问路与指路;怎样发出与接受邀请;怎样处理电话;怎样抱怨与安慰别人;如何购物、求医、求学,节假日或旅游时的交际范围有那些等等。这些问题看似简单,但由于中西文化及语言的差异,好多学生不知如何应付这些问题。在基础会话单元教学过程,笔者针对这一情况首先通过中西方语言差异比较,将学生感到困难的关键句列在黑板上,然后将学生分组,自己设计情景,组织会话,并进行反复实践,使学生对自己使用不当的和道得体的语言行逐步加深印象。如在对学生发出各种各样的由英文语法+汉语表达的"邀请"信息后,笔者便将各种得体地道的表达形式列于黑板:

1) How about coming to my place for dinner this Saturday?

2) Have you got any plan for this weekend?

3) I am having some friends around during the weekend. Would you like to join us?

4) Let's get together sometime next week. What date do you suggest?

5) I wonder if we could arrange a meeting.

6) I'd like to invite you over for dinner this Friday.

或者更口语化些:

7) Shall we have lunch together?

8) Why don't we have lunch together?

然后要求学生用所给的关键句,设计情景,反复实践,直到娴熟。

在这一阶段教学中,笔者还注意结合所练内容不断给学生补充一些与他们日常生活及学习密切相关的语句,如:

1) Simon blew Mary a kiss.(西蒙给马丽一个飞吻)

2) I'll walk (take or see) you home. (我送你回家。)

3) We pooled in money to buy Alice a birthday cake.(我们凑钱给爱丽斯买了个生日蛋糕。).

4) I was pressed for time.(我时间很紧张。)

5) The cameras whirred and the flashbulbs popped.(照相机飕飕响,闪光灯呼呼叫。

6) The second book was a slim volume.(第二本书很薄.)

7) The teacher was impressed with me.(老师对我印象很深。)

8) She let out the secret by a slip of the tongue.(她说走了嘴。)

9) Exercises dull our appetite.(运动使得我们没了胃口。)

10) Her job at the TV Station didn't officially start for another two weeks.(她在电台的工作两周以后才正式开始。)

11) One morning I woke up early and flipped on a movie channel.(一天早上我醒来很早,顺手摇开了一家电影屏道。)

12) She was chewing a huge wad of gum, which she fashioned into a bubble with her tongue.(她正在嚼一大块口香糖,然后把它吹成一个泡。)

13) The California sunlight blinded me as I walked back to my motor home.(在我回我旅宿汽车的路上,,加利福尼亚的太阳照得我睁不开眼。)

14) Soon after that I ran a relay race during an important high school track and field meet.(不久,在学校一次重要的田径会上,我参加了接力赛。)

15) She was already half way down the path, pushing her bicycle with a slow, dream like gait.(她已经走到半路了,象在梦中一样地缓慢地推着自行车。)

16) She'd arrived to collect Grace in the normal way.(她像往常一样来接格雷斯)

17) She brought her mother tea in bed and ran a bath for her.(她给她妈妈倒了一杯茶,送到床头,接着又给她放好了洗澡水。)

18) Everyone else wore T-shirts with slogans on them.(人人都穿文化衫。)

19) The Rock music blared from their dormitory.(从他们宿舍中传来了摇滚乐的吼叫声。)

20) They heard television blare.(电视机的声音震耳欲聋。)

21) His English was good but in moments of stress, he dropped words.(它的英语不错,但在关键时刻,他说的丢三拉四。)

22) A flush of alarm prickled her skin.(一阵恐慌使得她浑身起鸡皮疙瘩。)

这些用语地道、实用,是笔者从广泛的阅读中摘录下来的。学生从一般的教科书中很难发现。这样的语句对于细微的描述与表达非常有用,很受学生欢迎。2.通过对日常生活题材讨论,逐步提高学生语言的组织能力

对日常生活题材的讨论是训练学生口语能力一个重要阶段。在这个阶段中,通过组织多种形式课堂和课外的讨论活动,适时以引导学生广泛地对日常生活中的各类题材相互间进行会话,既增强了学生学习兴趣、逐步提高了学生对语言的驾驭能力又活跃学生的思维、扩大了知识面。此类话题涉及邻里关系、购物、运动与健康、家庭生活、抽烟与疾病、教育与发展、少年犯罪等等。下面是众多讨论题材中的两则:

A:

(1) Tell the class about your holiday. Did you go home or travel? What did you do with your family each day or where did you do/who did you see/visit? Explain.

(2) Discuss the customs of Chinese New Year. What do people do to prepare for the New Year/Spring Festival? Are there some interesting activities that you do in your family or hometown to celebrate? Explain.

(3) This Chinese New Year is the Year of the Dragon. What does that mean and what should happen in a Dragon year? Discuss the 12 years/animals of the new year and what each one is supposed to bring according to which animal.

(4) If you have a different favorite holiday other than Spring Festival, discuss what it is and why it is your favorite holiday.

(3) What is the best place you have ever traveled to? Why did you like that place and what made it special?

B :

(1) What kind of service do you get in stores? Has it gotten better or worse over the years? Do you think more shops are employing a "The customer is always right" attitude and greeting people more often with a smile? Or are stores too aggressive now in promoting sales?

(2) Have you ever been treated by a shop-assistant who was not willing to help you? What happened and were you able to remedy the situation? Are shop-assistants ever punished or fired for being rude to customers?

(4) What kinds of things do stores do to get customers to come in to shop? Do they often offer something for free if you shop there more frequently or by more goods? Have you ever gotten something free or won anything in a store?

(5) Have you ever bought things you don't need in hopes of winning something? Were you lucky or unlucky? Some people spend a lot of money on things like lottery tickets, hoping to win a lot of money or a big prize. Do you think there is always a chance you might by lucky, or that it is a waste of money?

If shops are to be successful in their sales, what should they do to have good customer relations, encourage shoppers, and promoter their goods?

在讨论这样的题材时,有时是全班一起讨论,有时是每组负责讨论一个问题,然后面向全班阐述自己的观点;有时是各小组将各自讨论的结果作对比,分析总结异同,并且学生即兴发言,最后教师进行总结。在讨论某一问题时,要求每个发言者不能只顾自说自己的,而是要针对前一个人的发言做出评论,提出自己的观点,阐述自己的看法。这样不仅使每位同学都能集中注意力,同学间相互学习和逐步领会驾驭语言的要领,而且也促进了学生思维能力及驾驭语言能力的提高,从而为口语能力的进一步提高打下良好的基础。

3.通过对热点话题辩论,提高学生口语的思辨能力

提高学生口语的思辨能力是口语教学的最高阶段。这一阶段的主要目的是培养学生作长篇论述的能力。目前,大多数中国学生需要口语输出时,讲的多是零星片语,而形不成有序的逻辑主体。其主要原因是缺乏联想与想象这方面的训练,不知道应从多角度多层面进行剖析。针对这一现象,笔者在教学中通过循序渐进的形式积极引导学生对每一个会话题材进行横向和纵向的分析。如在组织讨论"What is Happiness?" 时,笔者引导学生先做横向讨论,既不同的人有不同的幸福观:中学生的幸福观是什么?大学生的幸福观是什么?单身汉的幸福观是什么?年轻夫妇的幸福观是什么?老年人的幸福观是什么?知识分子的幸福观是什么?这时可引用爱尔兰著名诗人叶的话来总结知识分子的幸福观:我们终生的幸福取决于我们选择困难的难度。再从纵向来讲,即使同一个人在不同的时期也具有不同的幸福观。笔者用自己的例子加以说明,然后鼓励学生从各自不同的成长阶段寻找例子,或从身边其它人不同的成长阶段发掘例子等。第三从逆向讲,幸福不应只注重结果而忽略过程。对幸福的追求中,饱含渴望的过程更为重要。如改革开放初期,许多年轻人涌向深圳寻求机会,梦想着做出一番成就。经过几年奋斗才发现自己可能永远不会成为企业家或老板,有人可能会永远处于社会的底层。这时是退却还是失望?不,应该及时调整自己的心态。即使你不能达到希望的顶层,但你同样可以享受生活,享受现代科学给你带来的乐趣。最后再进一步深化讨论的主体,得出获得幸福的关键是保持心理平衡,并分析、阐释这一观点。通过这样一系列的引导和讨论,不仅活跃了学生的思维、提高了口语的思辨能力,而且陶冶了情操。

为了进一步提高学生的口头表达与思辨、分析和创新能力,笔者在口语课的后期阶段还采用演讲、辩论或二者相结合等方式进行教学。如对老师布置的题材,要求每位学生选择不同的主题准备2分钟,然后上台做即兴演讲,演讲完毕后,其它学生可以质疑,此引发出热烈的辩论。这样既训练学生的快速反应能力又训练了学生批判性倾听能力。有时,还采用正反两方辩论的形式组织教学。在这种情况下,教师先定好辩论的话题,确定正方与反方,然后让学生自己去查找资料,分析资料,再综合对比进行辩论。通过辩论,学生不仅知道了如何推理、如何识别与利用不同的资料为自己服务,而且知道了如何发现问题、分析问题和解决类问题。既提高了语言的运用能力又增强了学生对社会问题的敏感性。

总之,英语口语教学不仅要使学生系统地掌握了英语日常口语,了解了语言的文化含义,能使用本族人普遍接受的语言,更重要的是要促进了学生思辨能力的形成与发展,提高学生运用知识思考分析问题、提出见解的能力。正如大多数学生在英语口语课结束时所形容的那样“英语口语课不仅使我们口语流利,也改变了我们的思想。”

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