钢结构毕业设计论文(中英)

浅谈钢结构

现在，钢以一种或者形式逐渐成为全球应用最广泛的建筑材料。对于建筑构架，除了很特殊的工程之外，钢材几乎已经完全取代了木材，总的来说，对于桥梁和结构骨架，钢也逐渐代替了铸铁和炼铁。

最为现代最重要的建筑材料，钢是在19世纪被引入到建筑中的，钢实质上是铁和少量碳的合金，一直要通过费力的过程被制造，所以那时的钢仅仅被用在一些特殊用途，例如制造剑刃。1856年贝塞麦炼钢发发明以来，刚才能以低价大量获得。刚最显著的特点就是它的抗拉强度，也就是说，当作用在刚上的荷载小于其抗拉强度荷载时，刚不会失去它的强度，正如我们所看到的，而该荷载足以将其他材料都拉断。新的合金又进一步加强了钢的强度，与此同时，也消除了一些它的缺陷，比如疲劳破坏。

钢作为建筑材料有很多优点。在结构中使用的钢材成为低碳钢。与铸铁相比，它更有弹性。除非达到弹性极限，一旦巴赫在曲调，它就会恢复原状。即使荷载超出弹性和在很多，低碳钢也只是屈服，而不会直接断裂。然而铸铁虽然强度较高，却非常脆，如果超负荷，就会没有征兆的突然断裂。钢在拉力（拉伸）和压力作用下同样具有高强度这是钢优于以前其他结构金属以及砌砖工程、砖石结构、混凝土或木材等建筑材料的优点，这些材料虽然抗压，但却不抗拉。因此，钢筋被用于制造钢筋混凝土——混凝土抵抗压力，钢筋抵抗拉力。

在钢筋框架建筑中，用来支撑楼板和墙的水平梁也是靠竖向钢柱支撑，通常叫做支柱，除了最底层的楼板是靠地基支撑以外，整个结构的负荷都是通过支柱传送到地基上。平屋面的构造方式和楼板相同，而坡屋顶是靠中空的钢制个构架，又成为三角形桁架，或者钢制斜掾支撑。

一座建筑物的钢构架设计是从屋顶向下进行的。所有的荷载，不管是恒荷载还是活荷载（包括风荷载），都要按照连续水平面进行计算，直到每一根柱的荷载确定下来，并相应的对基础进行设计。利用这些信息，结构设计师算出整个结构需要的钢构件的规格、形状，以及连接细节。对于屋顶桁架和格构梁，设计师利用“三角剖分”的方法，因为三角形是唯一的固有刚度的结构。因此，格构框架几乎都是有一系列三角形组成。钢结构可以分成三大类：一是框架结构。其构件包括抗拉构件、梁构件、柱构件，以及压弯构件；二是壳体结构。其中主要是轴向应力；三是悬挂结构。其中轴向拉应力是最主要的受力体系。

网架结构这是刚结构最典型的一种。多层建筑通常包括梁和柱，一般是刚性连接或是简单的通过沿着提供稳定性的斜向支撑方向在端部连接。尽管多层建筑是三维的，但通常某个方向即某一维度要比其他维度刚度更大，所以，其有理由被当做是一系列的平面框架。然而，如果一个框架中某一平面上的构建的特性可以影响其他平面的特性，这个框架就必须当做一个三维框架来考虑。

网壳结构在这类结构中，壳体除了参与传递荷载外，还有其他实用功能。许多壳体结构中，框架结构也会与壳体一起组合使用。再强和平屋顶上“外壳”构件也和框架结构一起承担压力。

悬挂结构在悬挂结构中，张拉索是主要的受力构件。屋面也可以有索支撑。这种形式的结构主要是吊桥。这种结构的子系统，是有框架结构组成，就像加劲桁架支撑索桥。由于这种张拉构建能够最有效的承担荷载，结构中的这种设计理念被越来越广泛的应用。

很多不寻常的结构，是由框架、壳体以及悬挂结构的不同组合形式建造。

在美国，钢结构的设计主要依据是美国钢结构协会颁布的规范。这些规范是很多学者和一线工程师的经验所得。这些研究成果被综合处理成一套既安全又经济的设计理念的设计程序。设计过程中数字计算机的出现促使更加精妙可行的设计规则产生。

规范包括一系列保证安全性的规则，尽管如此，设计者必须理解规则的适用性，否则，很可能导致荒谬的、非常不经济的、有时甚至是不安全的设计结果。

建筑规则有时等同于规范。这些规则涉及所有有关安全性的方面，例如结构设计、建筑细节、防火、暖气和空调、管路系统、卫生系统以及照明系统。

结构和结构构件必须具有足够的强度、刚度、韧性，以在结构的使用中充分发挥其功能。设计必须提供足够的强度储备，以承当使用期间的荷载，也就是说，建筑物不需承担可能的超负荷。改变某一结构原来的使用用途，或者由于在结构分析中采用了过度简化的方法而低估了荷载作用，以及施工程序的变更会造成结构的超载。即使在允许范围内，构建尺寸的偏差也可导致某个构件低于他所计算的强度。

不管采用哪些设计原理，结构设计必须提供足够的安全性。必需预防超负荷和强度的不足情况。在过去的三十年里，如何保证设计安全性的研究一直在继续。使用各种不同的概率方法来研究构件、连接件或者系统的失效可能性。

此外，由于结构钢构件相当高的造价，与人工安装费用相比，材料采购成本是巨大的。与其他总承包合同中所涉及的混凝土工程、砌筑工程以及土木工程不同，与人工安

装费用相比，钢构件的材料成本是相当大的。

随着钢结构建筑的发展，钢结构住宅建筑技术也必将不断的成熟，大量的适合钢结构住宅的新材料也将不断的涌现，同时，钢结构行业建筑规范、建筑的标准也将随之逐渐完善。相信不久的将来，钢结构住宅必然会给住宅产业和建筑行业带来一声深层次的革命，钢结构的应用前景广阔！

英文翻译：

Steel Structure

Steel in one form or another is now probably the most widely used material in the world for building construction. For the framings it has almost entirely replaced timber, except for rather special work, and it has superseded its immediate predecessors, cast iron and wrought iron, for bridges and structural frameworks in general.

Steel , the most important construction material of modern times, was introduced in the nineteenth century. Steel, basically an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon, had been mad up to that time by a laborious process that restricted it to such special uses as sword blades. After the invention of the Bessemer process in 1856, steel was available in large quantities at low prices. The enormous advantage of steel is its tensile strength; that is, it dose not lose its strength when it is under a calculated degree of tension, a force which, as we have seen, tends to pull apart many materials. New alloys have further increased the strength of steel and eliminated some of its problems, such as fatigue.

Steel has great advantages for buildings. The steel normally used for structures is known as mild steel; compared with cast iron it is resilient and, up to a point known as the “elastic limit” it will recover its initial shape when the load on it is removed. Even if its loading is increased by considerable margin beyond the elastic limit, it will bend and will stay bent without breaking; whereas cast iron, though strong, is notoriously brittle and, if overloaded, will break suddenly without warning. Steel is also equally strong in both tension (stretching) and compression, which gives it an advantage over the earlier structural metals and over other building materials such as brickwork, masonry, concrete, or timber, which are strong in compression but weak in tension. It is for this reason that steel rods are used in reinforced

concrete—the concrete resisting all compressive stresses while the steel rods take up all the tensile (stretching) forces.

In steel-framed building, the horizontal girders which carry the floors and walls are themselves supported on vertical steel posts,

Known as “stanchions” , which transfer the whole load of a building down to the foundations, except for the lowest floor which rests on the ground itself. A flat roof is framed in the same way as a floor. A sloping roof is carried on open steel lattice frames called roof trusses or on steel sloping rafters.

The steel framework of a building is designed from the roof downwards, all the loading, both “dead” and “live” (including wind forces) , being calculated at successive levels until the total weight carried by each stanchion is determined and the foundations designed accordingly. Whih this information the structural designer calculated the sizes and shapes of the steel parts needed in the whole structure, as wall as details of all the connexions. For roof trusses and lattice girders, he uses the method of “triangulation” because a triangle is the only open frame which is inherently rigid. Therefore, lattice frameworks are nearly always built up from a series of triangles.

Steel structures may be divided into three general categories: (a) framed structures, where elements may consist of tension member, columns, beams, and members under combined bending and axial load; (b) shell-type structures, where axial stresses predominate; and (c) suspension-type structures, where axial tension predominates the principal support system.

Framed Structures Most typical building construction is in this category. The multistory building usually consists of beams and columns, either rigidly connected or having simple end connections along with diagonal bracing to provide stability. Even though a multistory building is three-dimensional, it usually is designed to be much stiffer in one direction than the other; thus it may reasonably be treated as a series of plane frames. However, if the framing is such that behavior of the members in one plane substantially influences the behavior in another plane, the frame must be treated as a three-dimensional

space frame.

Shell-Type Structures In this type of structure the shell serves a use function in addition to participation in carrying loads. On many shell-type structure, a framed structure may be used in conjunction with the shell. On walls and flat roofs the “skin” elements may be in compression while they act together with a framework.

Suspension-Type Structure In the suspension-type structure tension cables are major supporting elements. A roof may be cable-supported. Probably the most common structure of this type is the suspension bridge. Usually a suspension bridge. Since the tension element is the most efficient way of carrying load, structures utilizing this concept are increasingly being used.

Many unusual structure utilizing various combinations of framed, shell-type, and suspension-type structure have been built.

Structural steel design of buildings in the USA is principally is principally based on the specifications of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), The AISC Specifications are the result of the combined judgment of researchers and practicing engineers. The research efforts have been synthesized into practical design procedures to provide a safe, economical structure. The advent of the digital computer in design practice has made feasible more elaborate design rules.

A lot of unusual structure, is made up of frame, shell and different combination forms of hanging structure.

In the United States, the design of steel structure is mainly on the basis of regulations promulgated by the American association of steel structure. These specifications are a lot of scholars and a line engineer experience. The results of this study was comprehensive processing into a set of safe and economic design idea of design program. The design process of the digital computer prompted a more sophisticated feasible design rules.

Specification includes a series of security rules, in spite of this, the designer must understand the applicability of the rules, otherwise, is likely to lead to absurd, very

uneconomical, sometimes even unsafe design result.

Building rules sometimes equated with specification. These regulations cover all aspects relating to the safety, such as structure design, architectural details, fire protection, heating and air-conditioning, piping system, health systems, and lighting systems.

Structure and structural components must have sufficient strength, stiffness, toughness, in order to give full play to its functions in the use of the structure. Reserves of design must provide sufficient strength to bear the load during use, that is to say, the buildings do not need to bear the possible overload. Change a structure of the original purpose, or because of excessive simplified method was adopted in the structural analysis and underestimated the load, as well as the construction process of change will cause the overload of the structure. Even within the scope of the permit, building size of the deviation can also lead to a component is lower than the strength he calculates.

No matter what design principle, structure design must provide adequate security. The lack of necessary to prevent overload and intensity. Over the past 30 years, the research of how to ensure the safety design has continued. Use a variety of different probability method to study the components, fittings or system failure probability.

In addition, due to structural steel components are very high cost, compared with the cost of installation of artificial, material procurement cost is huge. With other involved in the general contract of building project and civil engineering, concrete engineering, compared with the manual installation cost, material cost of steel components are considerable.

With the development of steel structure, steel structure residential construction technology will also continue to mature, a lot of new materials will also be suitable for steel structure housing constantly emerging, at the same time, construction specifications, construction steel structure industry standards will be gradually perfected. Believe in the near future, the steel structure housing will inevitably brings to the housing industry and construction industry a profound revolution, the application prospect of steel structure.