【含答案 老师方便又实用】《高中英语从句语法》

高中从句相关知识

（表语从句、主语从句、宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句）

（一）表语从句

1．定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。

2．构成：关联词+简单句

3．引导表语从句的关联词的种类：

(1) 从属连词that。如：

The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。

(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如：

He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。

The question is whether they will be able to help us.问题是他们是否能帮我们。

注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：

All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday.

这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。

★★★能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如：

It looked +（as if it was going to rain.）看起来天要下雨了。

(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever；连接副词where, when, how, why。

如：The problem is who we can get to replace her.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。

The question is how he did it.问题是他是如何做此事的。

That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。☆☆☆解释：

1．连词because可引导表语从句。如：

I think it is because you are doing too much.我想这是因为你做得太多。

2．在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如：

My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。★写作文可以用：My suggestion is that ……

（二）主语从句

1．定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。

2．构成：关联词+简单句

3．引导主语从句的关联词有三类：

(1) 从属连词that。

如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。

(2) 从属连词whether。如：

Whether he’ll come here isn?t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。

(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever;连接副词where, when, how, why。如：

What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。

How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。

Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。

Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。☆☆☆解释：

1．主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：

A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。★写作文It is obvious that . . . . . .

It is certain that she will do well in her exam.毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。

It is probable that he told her everything.很可能他把一切都告诉她了。

B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honor, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that 从句。

It?s a pity that we can?t go. 很遗憾我们不能去。

It?s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。

C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。如：

It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。

It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.

据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。

★★★As is reported, ……有逗号，要用As 。

D. It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：

It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。

It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。

E.It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：It doesn?t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。

It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。

F. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：

Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？

Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？

G. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：

How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！

2．注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义

★Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。

★Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。

★Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。

（三）宾语从句

1．定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。

2．构成：关联词+简单句

3．引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：

(1) 从属连词that。如：

He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。

I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。

★★★that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。1．Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。)

大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。

2．I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。)

对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。

★★★3．That he ever said such a thing I simply don?t believe.

(that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。) 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。

4．We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。)

鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。

(2)从属连词if/whether。如：

I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。

I don?t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。

(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever；连接副词where, when, how, why。

如：

Who or what he was, Martin never learned.

他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。

I wonder what he?s writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。

I?ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。

You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。

(1) 介词宾语从句

宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如：

He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.

他对那天发生的事感到很不快。

I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。

I am curious about what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。

Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.

你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。

有时介词可以省略。如：

I don?t care (about) who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。

Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。

解释：

1．如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如：

We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.

我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。

He has made it clear that he will not give in.

他已表明他不会屈服。

2．作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：

He is a good student except that he is careless.

他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。

You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。

介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如：

Are you sorry for what you've done?

你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？

3．某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，连词that可省略。如：

I am not sure what I ought to do.

我不能确定我该做什么。

I'm afraid you don't understand what I said.

恐怕你没领会我说的意思。

I'm surprised that I didn't see all that before.

我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。

Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.

妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。

4．连词whether (…or not)或if引导的宾语从句

if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。如：

I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。

用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用wheter。试比较：

Please let me know if you want to go.

Please let me know whether you want to go.

if从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声”。

5．宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否

定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：

I don?t think you are right. 我认为你错了。

I don?t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。

I don?t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是吗？

6．宾语从句的时态变化规律：

(1) 当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。

(2) 当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如：

The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.

老师说地球绕着太阳运行。

（四）状语从句

①原因从句和结果／原因从句

除了下面A2，A3中所示各种类型外，这两种从句均可由as或because来引导。但是用as引导原因从句较为稳妥（参见A）；用because引导结果／原因从句较为稳妥（参见B）。

A 原因从句

1 由as／because／since 引导的原因从句：

We camped there as／because／since it was too dark to go on．

我们在那里露宿是因为天太黑，不能再继续往前走了。

As／Because／Since it was too dark to go on，we camped there．

因为天太黑不能再继续往前走，我们就在那儿露宿了。

2 in view of the fact that可用as／since／seeing that来表示，但不能用because：

As／Since／Seeing that you are here，you may as well give me a hand．

既然你在这儿，你就帮我个忙吧。

As／Since／Seeing that Tom knows French，he?d better do the talking．

既然汤姆懂法语，最好让他来谈。

3 在as／since／seeing that意指以前共知的或共知的陈述时，可用if来代替：

As／Since／Seeing that／If you don?t like Bill，why did you invite him？

既然／如果你不喜欢比尔，你为什么邀请了他？

注意：if so的用法：

—I hope Bill won?t come．

—If so（＝If you hope he won?t come），why did you invite him？

—我希望比尔别来。

—如果这样（=如果你希望他不来），你为什么邀请了他？

关于if＋so／not，参见第347节。

B 结果从句由because或as引导：

The fuse blew because we had overloaded the circuit．

保险丝烧断了，因为我们使线路超载了。

He was angry because we were late．

他生气是因为我们来晚了。

As it froze hard that night there was ice everywhere next day．

因为那天晚上冷得厉害，所以第二天到处都是冰。

As the soup was very salty we were thirsty afterwards．

因为这汤很咸，后来我们渴得厉害。

C 这种组合也可用so连接两个主句的形式来表示：

It was too dark to go on，so we camped there．

天太黑了，不能继续往前走了，所以我们就在那儿露宿了。

You are here，so you may as well give me a hand．

你们既然在这儿，不如就帮我一下。

It froze hard that night，so there was ice everywhere next day．

那天夜里冷得厉害，所以第二天到处都是冰。

也可以使用therefore，但只限用于非常正式的句子中：

The Finnish delegate has not yet arrived．We are therefore postponing／We have therefore decided to postpone／Therefore we are postponing the meeting．芬兰代表还没有到达。我们因此要把会议推迟／因此我们已决定把会议推迟／因此我们要把会议推迟。（注意therefore可以放在几个不同的位置。）

such／so…that引导的结果从句

A such是形容词，用于形容词名词结构之前：

They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their house．

他们有一条如此凶猛的狗，以致没人敢靠近他们家。

He spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep．

他说了这么长时间，以致在座的人都犯困了。

B so是副词，用于副词和不带名词的形容词之前：

The snow fell so fast that our footsteps were soon covered up．

雪下得这么快，以致我们的脚印很快就被雪盖住了。

His speech went on for so long that people began to fall asleep．

他的讲话这么长，以致在座的人都开始犯困了。

Their dog was so fierce that no one dared come near it．

他们的狗太凶猛了，所以没人敢靠近它。

但such不能用于much和many之前，所以so可用于后跟名词的much和many之前：There was so much dust that we couldn?t see what was happening．

灰尘太大了，使得我们看不清发生了什么事。

So many people complained that they took the programme off．

抱怨的人太多，所以他们取消了那个节目。

C 注意：such＋a＋形容词＋名词可由so＋形容词＋a＋名词来代替，所以such a good man可由so good a man来代替。这只能在名词前面有a／an的情况下使用。这种形式不常见，但有时出现在文学作品中。

有时为了表示强调，so位于句首。这时后面跟动词的倒装形式：

So terrible was the storm that whole roofs were ripped off．

暴风真可怕，把整个的屋顶全都刮飞了。

②让步从句

它们由下列词来引导：although，though，even though，even if，no matter，however。有时也可以使用whatever。as也可以，但是只限于形容词＋as＋be结构。

Although／Though／Even though／Even if you don?t like him you can still be polite．尽管／即使／纵然／即使你不喜欢他，你仍可有礼貌一些。

No matter what you do，don?t touch this switch．

无论怎样，都别碰这个按钮。

However rich people are，they always seem anxious to make more money．

无论人们多么富有，他们似乎总还渴望赚到更多的钱。

However carefully you drive，you will probably have an accident eventually．

无论你开车多小心，最后你大概还会出车祸。

Whatever you do，don?t tell him that I told you this．

无论如何，别跟他说这件事是我告诉你的。

Patient as he was，he had no intention of waiting for three hours．

哪怕他再有耐心，也不打算等上三个小时。

may＋动词原形可用于假设情况：

However frightened you may be yourself，you must remain outwardly calm．

无论你有多害怕，外表上你仍要保持冷静。

may含有I accept the fact that（我接受这一事实）的意思：

—But he?s your broth er！

—He may be my brother but I don?t trust him！

—可他是你的兄弟！

—尽管他是我的兄弟，可我不信任他！

但may这样用时，是另一主句的一部分，并不属于让步从句之列。should＋动词原形结构可用于even if之后，正如用于条件句的if之后一样，用来表示should后面的动词原形所指的动作不太可能发生：Even if he should find out he won?t do anything about it．

即便他发现了，他也不会采取什么行动的。

③比较从句

A 形容词和限定动词连用时的比较：

It?s darker today than it was yesterday．

今天比昨天天色昏暗。

He doesn?t pay as much tax as we do／as us．

他没我们交的税款多。

He spends more than he earns．

他花的比挣的多。

注意：that＋形容词是一种口语形式，表示“那么……”：

—Will it cost￡100？

—No，it won?t cost as much as（all）that．It won?t be（all）that expensive．／It won?t be as expensive as that．

—要花100英镑吗？

—不，花不了那么多。没那么贵。

that＋形容词结构有时用于口语中表示very（很）的意思。

B 副词和限定动词连用时的比较：

He didn?t play as well as we expected／as well as you（did）．

他打得不如我们预料的好／你打得好。

He sings more loudly than anyone I?ve ever heard／than anyone else （does）．

他唱得比我听到的任何人唱得都响／比任何人都声音响。

You work harder than he does／than him／than I did at your age．

你比他干得卖劲／我在你这个年龄时干得卖劲。

C 形容词和不定式或动名词连用时的比较：

通常两者都可使用，但动词不定式常常用于特定的动作，动名词则用于一般情况（参见下面E）：It?s sometimes as cheap to buy a new one as（it is）（to）repair the old one．

Buying a new one is sometimes as cheap as repairing the old one．

有时买一个新的跟修理旧的一样便宜。

He found that lying on the beach was just as boring as sitting in his office．

He found lying on the beach just as boring as sitting etc．

他发现躺在沙滩上和坐在办公室里一样没趣／烦人。

He thinks it（is）safer to drive himself than（to）let me drive．

He thinks that driving himself is safer than letting me drive．

他认为自己开车要比让我开车更安全些。

It will soon be more difficult to get a visa than it is now．

Getting a visa will soon be more difficult than it is now．

不久之后，签证会比现在更难拿到。

D 上面C所述的这种比较句式中，如as／than前面用的是动词原形，则常在as／than后面用动词原形而不用动名词。与此相同，如as／than前面用的是动名词，则在其后面一般也使用动名词，而不用动词原形，见前面的例子。位于as／than之前的限定动词＋this／that／which后面多跟动名词，虽也可跟动词不定式：

I?ll deliver it by hand；this will be cheaper than posting it．

我自己送过去，这样比邮寄要便宜。

He cleaned his shoes，which was better than doing nothing．

他把自己的鞋擦了，这总比无事可做好。

E 动词原形与would rather／sooner连用（参见第297与第298节）：

Most people would rather work than starve．

多数人宁可工作也不愿挨饿。

I would resign rather than accept him as a partner．

我宁可辞职也不愿接受他为合伙人。

④时间状语从句

A 时间从句由下列表示时间的连词来引导：

after immediately till／until

no sooner…than when

as soon as since whenever

before the sooner while

hardly…when

时间从句也可由the minute，the moment来引导。

B 请留意，时间从句中不用将来时态或条件时态。

1 如将下列将来时态放入时间从句中，须将它变为一般时态。

一般将来时：

You?ll be back soon．I?ll stay till then．

你会很快回来，我一直等到那时。相当于：

I?ll stay till you get back．

我一直等到你回来。

be going to形式：

The parachutist is going to jump．Soon after he jumps his parachute will open．

跳伞运动员要往下跳。他刚跳之后不久，降落伞就会打开。

现在进行时用做一般将来时和将来进行时：

He?s arriving／He?ll be arriving at six．

他将在6点到。

但是：

When he arrives he?ll tell us all about the match．

等他到了，他会好好给我们讲讲那场比赛。

Before he arrives I?ll give the children their tea．

在他来到之前，我会给孩子们吃茶点的。

如进行时态表示某一行动在继续，则其完全可以用在表示时间的从句中：

Peter and John will be playing／are playing／are going to play tennis tonight．While they are playing（during this time）we?ll go to the beach．

今晚彼得和约翰要去打网球。他们打球时，我们将去海滨。

2 在时间从句中，将来完成时变为现在完成时，将来完成进行时变为现在完成进行时：

I?ll have finished in the bathroom in a few minutes．

我一会儿就用完浴室了。

The moment／As soon as I have finished I?ll give you a call．

我一完事儿，就给你打电话。

3 在时间从句中，条件时态变为过去时态：

We knew that he would arrive／would be arriving about six．

我们知道他将在六点钟左右到。

We knew that till he arrived nothing would be done．

我们知道在他到来之前，什么都干不了。

但是，如when引导的是一个名词从句，后面可跟将来时态或条件时态：

He said，…When will the train get in？?

他说：“火车什么时候进站？”相当于：

He asked when the train would get in．

他问火车什么时候进站。

C since从句

since从句后面常跟完成时态：

They?ve moved house twice since they got married．／Since they got married，they?ve moved house twice．

他们结婚后已搬了两次家。

He said he?d lived in a tent since his house burnt down．

他说自从他的房屋被烧毁后，他就一直住在帐篷里。

It?s ages since I sailed／have sailed a boat．

我未驾驶帆船已有好多年了。

I haven?t sailed a boat since I left college．

自从我大学毕业后就没再驾驶帆船了。

D after从句

after从句之后常跟完成时态：

After／When he had rung off I remembered…

等他把电话挂断了之后，我才想起……

After／When you?ve finished with i t，hang it up．

你用完了之后，请把它挂起来。

E hardly／scarcely… when，no sooner… than：

The performance had hardly begun when the lights went out．

Hardly had the performance begun when the lights went out．

演出刚开始就停电了。

这里可以用scarcely代替hardly，但不常见。

He had no sooner drunk the coffee than he began to feel drowsy．

No sooner had he drunk the coffee than he began to feel drowsy．

他喝了咖啡没多一会儿，就犯困了。

He no sooner earns any money than he spends it．

Immediately he earns any money he spends it．

他钱一挣到手，就花光了。

注意the so oner…the sooner的用法：

The sooner we start，the sooner we?ll be there．我们动身得越早，到那儿就越早。

(五)定语从句

定语从句知识总结与归纳

（一）结构限定性定语从句：先行词+关系词+定语从句

非限定性定语从句：先行词，关系词+定语从句

（二）关系词关系代词：that；who；which；whose

关系副词：when；where；why

说明先行词的内容指：人；关系代词用：that；who

先行词指：

物，用关系代词：which；

whose表示：先行词和从句中的第一个词为从属关系，表示……的……；

that；who；which在定语从句中做主语或宾语；

关系副词：when；where；why在定语从句中做时间，地点，原因状语；表示：“在那时”；“在那里”和“为什么”

The bright star which is shining just above the roof is called Sirius.

The people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned in history book at all.

We saw a church among the trees, whose tower（the tower of which）was clear against the blue sky.

She adopted a child whose parents are dead.

He came at six, when I am usually in the garden.

Would you please give us a reason why you are late for class ?

关系词前面可以带有介词、限定词，结构为：

限定词（Both；Many；All等）of which / whom…

介词（in；on；at；for等）+which / whom …

He felt that his pupils, most of whom lived in the towns, should get to know the wonders of the countryside.

This is the road by which we came.

（三）先行词指“物”时，关系代词只能用that不能用which的情况，先行词的特点是：

1. 先行词有形容词最高级或序数词修饰

2. 先行词是不定代词

3. 先行词有only；any；few；little；no；none；all；very 等词修饰

4. 先行词既有“人”也有“物”

You should hand in all that you have.

The only thing that we can do is to wait patiently.

This is the last train that goes to Beijing.

（四）way 后面的定语从句：the way + in which / that /省略／＋定语从句

I don?t understand the way in which / that /—/ they worked out this problem.

（五）as 引导的定语从句，句型：

1. such ＋先行词as +定语从句：像……一样／之类的……

2. the same ＋先行词as ＋定语从句：和……一样的……

3. as ＋定语从句，主句：正如……一样

He is not the same as he was.

We have found such materials as are used in their factory.

As is expected, he has been absent.

She has read widely in Romantic literature, as appears from her essay.

（六）定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词的形式一致。

1. one of＋名词复数＋关系代词＋复数动词

2. the only of ＋名词复数＋关系代词＋单数动词

The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.

The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon. （六）同位语从句

1．定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。

2．用法：同位语从句的先行词多为★★★fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用从属连词that。如：

They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.

对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。

Where did you get the idea that I could not come?

你在哪儿听说我不能来？

Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.

德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。

注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：

I have no idea whether he?ll come or not.我不知道他是否来。

☆☆☆连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。

The question who should do the work requires consideration.

谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。

We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.

到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。

It is a question how he did it.

那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。

解释：

1．that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别

that引导的同位语从句

that引导的定语从句

句法功能上：

that只起连接从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。

that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。

意义上：

从句是被修饰名词的内容。

从句起限定作用，是定语

如：The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句，that不可省。) 李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。

The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句，that在从句中作told的宾语，可省。) 他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。

2．一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如：

This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.

这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。