英语学习中的高原期现象研究

英语学习中的高原期现象研究
英语学习中的高原期现象研究

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英语学习中的高原期现象研究

作者:王芳

来源:《教学与管理(理论版)》2012年第10期

一、高原期现象的症状

高原期(Learning Plateau)指有时出现在学习过程中的一个短暂时期,学习者最初取得进步后其学习会停滞不前。再过一段时间,学习高原之后会出现继续进步。有些学习者曾经历过一个或多个高原期且持续时间从几个月至几年不等。高原期现象的症状通常体现在心理和语言能力方面。心理症状包括沮丧、自信心缺乏等,而语言能力方面体现为语言能力停滞不前及在语言学习各方面感到力不从心。虽然英语学习停滞不前的状态极大地影响了学生继续学习的信心,但他们还是在坚持不懈地学习。因此笔者认为学习者的坚持不懈正是帮助他们克服高原期现象的重要因素之一。

二、高原期现象产生的原因

1.学习环境方面

众所周知,正式的课堂教学环境对学习者有意识地掌握语言知识有着重要意义。英语学习者基本都是在课堂环境中学习的,主要扮演听众的角色,而教师是课堂的主导者,学生缺少与本族语者互动的机会。另外,教师的教学方法、教学态度、反馈情况以及教师的英语水平等方面存在差异,这都可能导致高原期现象的出现。下面笔者将从四个具体的方面来解释学习环境是如何导致高原期现象的出现的。第一,教师教学方法效率低下。很多学生认为英语老师的教学方法单调,教学效率低下,不能充分激发学生的兴趣。第二,教师英语水平较低。通常教师的英语水平有两种解释:一种是教师英语语言技能及理论知识欠缺,另一种是缺乏背景文化等与语言相关的知识。对此笔者建议英语教师不仅要提高自身的专业素质而且要了解相关的英语背景文化知识,从而使课堂教育性与趣味性兼备。第三,英语输入的质与量难以保证。信息输入是语言学习中不可分割的一部分,因此输入的质和量必须得以保障。很多学生指出他们在学习过程中缺乏保质保量的英语信息输入,从而导致语言输出能力薄弱。第四,教师反馈不力。以教师批改作文为例,教师的批改形式大致有两种:一种是用ABCD几个等级打分,另一种

是教师划出文中的错误但并没有提出具体修改建议。这两种情况都不利于学生改正错误。教师对学生所犯语言错误没有纠正反馈是部分知识点僵化的原因。据此笔者认为英语教师应改善对学生英语错误的反馈情况。

2.认知方面

认知方面的原因可以理解为由于学习者对意识、感觉、推理、判断等认知方面的问题处理不当而导致高原期现象的出现。具体包括以下两点原因:其一,母语负迁移。负迁移普遍存在于学生的语言输出中,是高原期现象的成因之一。无论是在口语还是写作中,许多学习者习惯

英语一般疑问句(语法)

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陈述句:Amy speaks English. 一般疑问句:Does Amy speak English Yes, she does./No, she doesn’t 好了,知道了如何问话之后,我们来了解一下如何回答一般疑问句。首先要有人称的改变。当主语为名词时,在答语中要改成其相应的代词。另外,答语有两种,肯定的回答(用yes)和否定的回答(用no),否定式常用缩写形式。现在还是让我们分句型一一说明。 一、一般疑问句含be动词时,用be动词回答,句末用句号。例如: -Is Mary your sister -Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.(缩写) 二、一般疑问句含有情态动词(can, may, should等)时,用情态动词回答。例如: -May I come in -Yes, you may. / No, you can’t. /Come in, please. 三、一般疑问句含有have(译为“有”)时,有两种回答方式。 1.直接用have/has回答。例如: -Have they any pictures -Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t. 2.用助动词do/does回答。例如: -Does Millie smoke -Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t. 四、一般动词的一般疑问句回答时也用助动词。例如:

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外教一对一https://www.360docs.net/doc/3a3755605.html, 英语语法中的省略现象 并列复合句中的省略 在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如: a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman. 这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。 b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。 c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球,玛丽一直在写作业。 d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963.高秀敏出生于 1959 年,傅彪出生于 1963 年。 其他一些省略结构 1.名词所有格修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。如: We spent the weekend at the Mary's. 我们在玛丽家过的周末。 2.What 和 how 引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语 it 和 be 动词如: a) What a wonderful victory (it is ) for Tom ! 这对 Tom 来说是个多么大的胜利呀! b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child. 被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。

高考英语语法专项突破训练专题16-倒装句和省略句

专题十六倒装句和省略句重难点分析 一、倒装句 倒装句主要考查以下几个方面: ◆含有否定意味的词置于句首,用部分倒装; ◆“only+状语/状语从句”置于句首,用部分倒装; ◆so/such…that句型中,“so+形容词/副词”提前,用部分倒装; ◆表示方位的副词或介词短语放在句首,要用完全倒装。 1. 倒装句用法一览表:

2. 特别提示 (1) there be结构的倒装句型中,除了be动词之外,there后还可接lie, live, seem to be等。如:There lived an old man in the village long long ago. 很久很久以前,村子里住着一位老人。 (2) here, there, now, then, up, down, away, out等副词位于句首,主语为代词时不到装。如:Away it flew. 它飞走了。 (3) 直接引语的一部分或全部位于句首,主句倒装,主句倒装,但是主语为代词时不倒装。如:“You have to finish it tonight,” she said. “今晚你必须完成它,”她说。 (4) so位于句首不倒装的情况:

① 主语与前句相同,表赞同,译为“确实如此”。如: — Mike studies hard. 迈克学习很刻苦。 — So he does. 确实是。 ② 表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事,前句如果列举了两种事实以上,用“so it is/was with sb./sth.”回答。如: — Tom is kind and often helps those in trouble. 汤姆很友好,经常帮助处于困境中的人。 — So it is with his father. 他父亲也是。 (5) 使用as/though进行倒装时注意: ①句首有名词,名词不能带任何冠词。如:Child as he is, he can tell right from wrong. 尽管他是个孩子,却能够明辨是非。 ②句首是实义动词时,其他助动词则放在主语之后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,则宾语和状语随实义动词一起放在主语之前。如: Try hard as he will, he never seems to be able to do the work satisfactorily. 虽然他尽力了,但他的工作总做得不尽如人意。 (6) not until位于句首的倒装结构中,如果是复合句,只有主句用倒装,从句不用。如: Not until he loses his health will he give up smoking. 他直到失去健康才会戒烟。 二、省略句 高考命题导向:省略是一种避免重复,保持简洁的语法手段。缺少一个或一个以上的必要语言成分,但在一定语境中能够独立存在,意义明确,并且能发挥交际功能的句子叫作省略句。高考主要是考查省略在固定结构中的运用。 省略句用法一览表:

高中英语语法倒装句讲解及练习(附答案)

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高考英语语法-省略

高考英语语法——省略 无论在口语中还是在书面语中,有时为了讲话简洁或行文方便,常常在不影响文意的情况下将句子中的某些成分略去,这种现象称为省略。纵观历年高考试题,"省略"在单项填空中频频出现。 简单句中的省略 1、省略主语祈使句中主语通常省略;其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。 (1) (I) Thank you for your help. (2) (I) See you tomorrow. (3) (It) Doesn’t matter. (4) (I) Beg your pardon. 2、省略主谓或主谓语的一部分 (1) (There is) No smoking . (2) (Is there) Anything wrong ? (3) (Will you) Have a smoke ? (4) What/How (do you think) about a cup of tea ? (5) Why (do you) not say hello to him ? 3、省略作宾语的不定式短语,只保留to,但如果该宾语是动词be或完成时态,则须在之后加上be或have: (1) –Are you going there? --Yes, I’d like to (go there). (2) He didn’t give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance). (3) –Are you an engineer? --No, but I want to be. (4) –He hasn’t finished the task yet. --Well, he ought to have. 4、省略表语 (1) –Are you thirsty? --Yes, I am (thirsty). (2) His brother isn’t lazy, nor is his sister (lazy). 5、同时省略几个成分 (1) Let’s meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday. (2) –-Have you finished your work ? ---(I have) Not (finished my work) yet. 1、主句中有一些成分被省略 (1) ( I’m ) Sorry to hear you are ill. (2) ( It’s a ) Pity that he missed such a good chance. 2、主句中有一些成分被省略 (1) –Is he coming back tonight? --I think so. (2) –She must be busy now? --If so, she can’t go with us. (3) –Is she feeling better today? --I’m afraid not. (4) –Do you think he will attend the meeting? --I guess not. 这种用法常见的有:How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so.及I suppose/believe/hope not. 两个并列句中,后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。 (1) My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse. (2) I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school. (3) When summer comes, the day is getting longer and longer, and the night (is getting) shorter and shorter. 1、连词的that省略 (1) 宾语从句中常省略连词that,但也有不能省略的情况。

初中英语语法大全:特殊疑问句

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