医学免疫学名解英文

免疫

Immune response: the response made by the host to defend itself against the introduction of foreign substances.

Antigen: An antigen is any agent capable of binding specifically to components of immune system, such as BCR and soluble antibodies

Immunogen - A substance that induces a specific immune response.

(All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens)

Antigenicity: The ability of a compound to bind with antibodies or cells of the immune system. This binding is highly specific.

Immunogenicity

Immunogenicity is the ability of a particular substance, such as an antigen or epitope, to provoke a specific immune response in the body of a human or animal.

Hapten半抗原：A hapten is a small molecule which can elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one which also does not elicit an immune response by itself.

Epitope

Epitope is the portion of the antigen that binds specifically with the binding site of an antibody or a receptor on a lymphocyte.

TI-Ag

Thymus -independent antigens are antigens which can directly stimulate the B cells to produce antibody without the requirement for T cell help in general.

TD-Ag

Thymus -dependent antigens are those that do not directly stimulate the production of antibody without the help of T cells

Super antigen

An antigen which polyclonally activates some subtypes of the T cells (up to 20%).

Adjuvants:A substance that when mixed with an immunogen, enhances the immune response against the immunogen.

Immunoglobulin

The Immunoglobulins are globulin which function as antibodies or similar to antibodies in chemical structure.

Complementarity determining region (CDR)互补决定区：A complementarity determining

region (CDR) is a short amino acid sequence found in the variable domains of antigen receptor (e.g. immunoglobulin and T cell receptor) proteins that complements an antigen and therefore provides the receptor with its specificity for that particular antigen.

Complement：A group of serum proteins involved in the control of inflammation, the activation of phagocytes and the lytic attack on cell membranes. It belongs to the innate immune system, and can be recruited and brought into action by the adaptive immune system.

Common receptor subunit

There is same receptor subunit for cytokine signaling among the different cytokine receptors.

e.g. common γ chain

Cytokine (CK) : Small soluble proteins that mediate immune and inflammatory reactions and are responsible for communications between leukocytes and other cells.

Soluble cytokine receptor

Soluble cytokine receptor is the extracellular part of the receptor, which can competitively bind to cytokine

Cytokine storm: Under certain circumstances (e.g. septic shock), large amounts of CKs (such as TNF) are produced, they may be active distant from their site of secretion.

Leukocyte differentiation antigen白细胞分化抗原：The cell surface markers which express or disappear on the different cells in the different stages of differentitation and activation.

Cluster of differentiation (CD): Cell surface molecules of leucocytes that are distinguishable with monoclonal antibodies as an immunologic marker.

Cell adhesion molecules, CAM: A group of proteins involved in adhesion of cell to cell or cell to extracellular matrix (ECM), such as ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3, VCAM-1 and PECAM etc.

Integrin

Integrins are transmembrane receptors that mediate the attachment between a cell and the tissues that surround it, such as other cells or the extracellular matrix (ECM)

Selectins

Selectins (CD62) are a family of cell adhesion molecules.

MHC主要组织相容性复合物：The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large genomic region or gene family found in most vertebrates. It is the most gene-dense region of the mammalian genome and plays an important role in the immune system, autoimmunity, and reproductive success.

Polymorphism

The phenomenon of having multiple alleles at given genetic locus in the population

Somatic hypermutation体细胞高度突变：Somatic hypermutation (or SHM) is a mechanism inside cells that is part of the way the immune system adapts to the new foreign elements which confront it (for example, microbes).

ITAM

An immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) is a conserved sequence of four amino acids that is repeated twice in the cytoplasmic tails of certain cell surface proteins of the immune system.

Negative selection负选择：The death of autoimmune lymphocytes shortly after they develop. Also known as clonal deletion.

Positive selection: Double positive cells that bind, with moderate affinity, to MHC-Ag on thymic stroma cells survive. DP cell acquire MHC restriction though positive selection.

Foxp3

A member of the FOX protein family, FOXP3 appears to function as a master transcription factor in the development and function of regulatory T cells.

APC：A variety of cell types specialized in the presentation of peptide-MHC to lymphocytes, causing either tolerance or immunity.

Cross-presentation

Class I MHC molecules present exogenous Ags to CD8+ T cells.

Immunological synapse

When the TCR complex recognizes MHC-associated peptides on an APC, several T cell surface proteins and intracellular signaling molecules are rapidly mobilized to the site of T cell-APC contact. This region of physical contact between the T cell and the APC has been called the immunological synapse

Anergy无反应性：Anergy is a term in immunobiology that describes a lack of reaction by the body's defense mechanisms to foreign substances, and consists of a direct induction of peripheral lymphocyte tolerance.

Regulatory T cell调节性T细胞：Regulatory T cells (sometimes known as suppressor T cells) are a specialized subpopulation of T cells that act to suppress activation of the immune system and thereby maintain immune system homeostasis and tolerance to self-antigens.

AICD激活诱导的细胞死亡：activation-induced cell death (AICD) recognition and deletion of T lymphocytes that have been induced to proliferate by receptor-mediated activation, preventing their overgrowth.

Class switching

Class switching is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of antibody from one class to another

Central tolerance

is the mechanism by which newly developing T cells and B cells are rendered non-reactive to self during their development in thymus and bone marrow.

Secondary Antibody: An antibody that binds to primary antibodies or antibody fragments. They are typically labeled with probes that make them useful for detection, purification or cell sorting applications.

Affinity（亲和力）

Strength of the reaction between a single antigenic determinant and a single Ab combining site

Avidity（亲合力）

The overall strength of binding between an Ag with many determinants and multivalent Abs

ELISA (Enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay) An immunological test, using an enzyme as a label to determine presence of target protein.

ELISPOT (Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent spot) A common method for monitoring immune responses in humans and animals. At appropriate conditions the ELISPOT assay allows visualization of the secretary product of individual activated or responding cells.

Immuno-labeling techniques

Specific Abs (or Ags ) labelled with fluorescein, enzymes or radioisotopes are used as probes for the detection of Ags (or Abs).

Artificial active immunization: Administration of an antigen for active production of immunity. Active immunization results in the production of antibodies directed against the infecting agent or its toxic products; it may also initiate cellular immunity.

Artificial passive immunization:Immunization may be accomplished passively by administering either performed immunoreactive serum (Abs, CKs) or cells.

Vaccine: Administration of an antigen for active production of immunity is called artificial active immunization. The agent used for artificial active immunization is called vaccine.

Planned immunization: A rational program of childhood immunization against infectious disease, when many of the most damaging and preventable infections normally appear.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is the approach to balance or intervene the immunologic function in order to fight against the disease by the principle of immunology.

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a primitive part of the immune system. They are proteins expressed by cells of the innate immune system to identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are associated with microbial pathogens or cellular stress, as well as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are associated with cell components released during cell damage.

antigen,Ag 抗原

immunogenicity 免疫原性

immunoreactivity 免疫反应性

complete antigen 完全抗原

incomplete antigen,hapten 不完全抗原，半抗原

antigenic specificity 抗原特异性

epitope,antigenic determinant 抗原表位，抗原决定基

antigenic valence 抗原结合价

sequential epitope,linear epitope 顺序表位，线性表位conformational apitope 构象表位

common apitope 共同抗原表位

cross-reaction 交叉反应

cross antigen 交叉抗原

conformation 分子构象

accessibility 易接近性

thymus dependent antigen,TD-Ag 胸腺依赖性抗原

thymus independent antigen,TI-Ag 非胸腺依赖性抗原

heterophilic antigen 异嗜性抗原

xenogenic antigen 异种抗原

allogenic antigen 同种异型抗原

autoantigen 自身抗原

idiotypic antigen 独特型抗原

endogenous antigen 内源性抗原

exogenous antigen 外源性抗原

allergen 变应原

tolerogen 耐受原

stimulator 免疫刺激剂

superantigen 超抗原

adjuvant 佐剂

mitogen 丝裂原

antibody 抗体immunoglobilin 免疫球蛋白

class 类

type 型

variable region 可变区,V区constant region 恒定区，C区hypervariable region,HVR 高变区complementarity determining region,CDR 互补决定区antigen-binding site 抗原结合部位framework region,FR 骨架区

hinge region 铰链区

joining chain J链

secretory piece,SP,secretory component,S C 分泌片，分泌成分papain 木瓜蛋白酶pepsin 胃蛋白酶fragment of antigen binding,Fab 抗原结合片段fragment crystallizable,Fc 可结晶片段isotype 同种型

allotype 同种异型idiotype,Id 独特型

idiotope 独特位

anti-idiotype antibody,AId 独特性抗体opsonization 调理作用

antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity,ADCC 抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒作用

macroglobulin 巨球蛋白

polyclonal antibody,pAb 多克隆抗体monoclonal antibody,mAb 单克隆抗体complement,C 补体

complement regulatory protein 补体调节蛋白complement receptor,CR 补体受体

classical pathway 经典途径

C5 convertase C5转化酶

membrane attack complex,MAC 攻膜复合物

alternative pathway 旁路途径，替代激活途径lectin pathway,MBL pathway 凝集素途径

mannose-binding lectin,MBL 甘露糖结合凝集素ficolin ,FCN 纤维胶原素

MBL-associated serine protease,MASP MBL相关丝氨酸蛋白酶C1 inhibitor,C1INH C1抑制物

C4 binding protein,C4bp C4结合蛋白

decay-accelerating factor ,DAF 衰变加速因子

immune adherence 免疫黏附

cytokine 细胞因子

autocrine 自分泌

paracrine 旁分泌

endocrine 内分泌

pleiotropism 多效性

redundancy 重叠性

synergy 协同性

antagonoism 拮抗性

interleukin,IL 白细胞介素

colony-stimulating factor,CSF 集落刺激因子interferon,IFN 干扰素

tumor necrosis factor,TNF 肿瘤坏死因子

growth factor,GF 生长因子

chemokine 趋化因子

class1 cytokine receptor family 1类细胞因子受体家族class 2 cytokine receptor family 2类细胞因子受体家族tumor necrosis factor receptor

肿瘤坏死因子受体家族superfamily,TNFRSF

Ig superfamily receptor,Ig SFR 免疫球蛋白超家族受体chemokine receptor family 趋化因子受体家族cytokine storm 细胞因子风暴

cell surface marker 细胞表面标记

human leukocyte differentiation antigen,HLDA 人白细胞分化抗原lineage 谱系

cluster of differentiation,CD 分化

cell adhension molecule,CAM 细胞黏附分子extracellular matrix,ECM 细胞外基质immunoglobulin superfamily,IgSF 免疫球蛋白超家族integrin family 整合素家族

selectin family 选择素家族lymphocyte homing receptor,LHR 淋巴细胞归巢受体HEV 高内皮微静脉

major histocompatibility complex 主要组织相容性复合体human leukocyte antigen 人类白细胞抗原

B2 microglobulin,b2m 微球蛋白polymorphism 多态性

HLA genotyping HLA基因分型haplotype 单体型

linkage disequilibrium 连锁不平衡

anchor position 锚定位

anchor residue 锚定残基

MHC restriction MHC限制性

cross-matching 交叉配合

B lymphocyte B淋巴细胞

bursa of Fabricius 禽类法氏囊

B cell receptor,BCR B细胞受体

gene rearrengement 基因重排

gene segment 基因片段

recombinase 重组酶

recombination activating gene,RAG 重组激活酶基因

recombination signal sequence,RSS 重组信号序列

terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase,TdT 末端脱氧核苷酸序列

allelic exclusion 等位排斥

isotype exclusion 同型排斥

combinational diversity 组合多样性

junctional diversity 连接多样性

receptor editing 受体编辑

somatic hypermutation 体细胞高频突变

pro-BCR 前B细胞受体

pro-B cell 祖B细胞

pre-B cell 前B细胞

immature B cell 未成熟B细胞

mature B cell 成熟B细胞

clone deletion 克隆清除

anergy 失能

immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation

免疫受体酪氨酸激活基序motif,ITAM

coreceptor 共受体

co-stimulatory molecule 共刺激分子

self-renewal 自我更新

polyreactivity 多反应性

natural antibody 天然抗体

plasma cell 浆细胞

memory B cell 记忆B细胞

regulatory B cell 调节性B细胞

T lymphocyte T淋巴细胞

thymus 胸腺

hematopoietic,HSC 骨髓多能造血干细胞

lymphoid progenitor cell 淋巴样祖细胞

double negative cell,DN cell 双阴性细胞

double positive cell,DP cell 双阳性细胞

sigle positive cell,SP cell 单阳性细胞

positive selection 阳性选择

negative selection 阴性选择immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory

免疫受体酪氨酸抑制基序motif,ITIM

phytohemagglutinin,PHA 植物血凝素

naive T cell 初始T细胞

memory T cell,Tm 记忆T细胞

effector T cell 效应T细胞

helper T cell,Th 辅助T细胞

cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL 细胞毒性T细胞regulatory T cell,Treg 调节性T细胞

antigen-presenting cell,APC 抗原提呈细胞

profession APC 专职性APC

dendritic cell,DC 数突状细胞

conventional DC,cDC 经典DC

plasmacytoid DC,pDC 浆细胞样DC

regulatory DC 调节性DC

follicular DC,FDC 滤泡DC

immature DC 未成熟DC

mature DC 成熟DC

Langerhans cell,LC 朗格汉斯细胞

interstitial DC 间质DC

veiled cell 隐蔽DC

peripheral blood DC 外周血DC interdigitating DC,IDC 并指状DC

monocyte 单核细胞

macrophage 巨噬细胞

antigen processing 抗原加工

proteasome 蛋白酶体

transporter associated with antigen

抗原加工相关转运物processing ,TAP

chaperone 伴侣蛋白

ER resident aminopeptidase,ERAP 氨基肽酶

endosome 内体

phagosome 吞噬体

MHC class 2 compartment,M2C MHC2类小室

Ia-associated invariant chain,Ii Ia相关恒定链

class 2-associated invariant chain peptide,CLIP MHC2类相关的恒定链多肽cross-presentation,cross-priming 交叉提呈，交叉致敏pMHC,peptide-MHC2 complex 抗原肽-MHC分子复合物antigen recognition 抗原识别

immunological synapse 免疫突触

perfotrin 穿孔素

granzyme 颗粒酶

activation-induced cell death,AICD 活化诱导的细胞死亡

humoral immune response 体液免疫应答

germinal center 生发中心

centroblast 中心母细胞

centrocyte 中心细胞

follicular helper T cell,Tfh 滤泡辅助T细胞

somatic hypermutation 检查是否重复，体细胞高频突变affinity maturation 抗体亲和力成熟

class switching 类别转换

isotype switching 同种型转换

switching region 转换区

antibody forming cell,AFC 抗体形成细胞

primary response 初次免疫

secondary response,anamnestic response 再次免疫

lag phase 潜伏期

log phase 对数期

plateau phase 平台期

decline phase 下降期