英美文化期末论文：英美间的文化差异英文版精编版
英美文化期末论文：英美间的文化差异英文版
精编版
MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】
The Difference between England and A m e r i c a
Abstract: the paper is to show the difference between American and English in several aspects, such as geographical location, cultural environment and the most important part, the language.
Key words: Culture Environment,Education,food,Table Manner
Introduction
The paper deals with the The Difference between England and is a complex, including knowledge and belief, art, morals, law, custom, and members of the society who acquired as any other capabilities and habits.
1. Culture Environment
Britain is a traditional European country with long historical tradition continuity, and there had been a hierarchy in British society for a long time. And in UK there always has been a monarchy. So, the British likes to remember past times and old acquaintances, tends to be conservative, and behaves like a gentleman. All these need culture accumulation, and these character and qualities can’t be made if the country is without a long history. However, the . is precisely without a very profound historical accumulation and is a young country. So, the Americans dare to innovate and stress emphasis on personal value. On the other hand, in the United States, there are not a lot of constrains.
They feel free to make bold addition, there is a great difference in
the population composition of the two countries. The United States is a nation of immigrants, people comes from all countries and regions in
the world. So, the culture of the United States shows different characteristics. People in American can accept and absorb all the
culture factors all over the world. . attitude toward foreign cultures
is an open. However, comparing to the United States, the structure of
the UK population appears to be simplex.
Location
The geographic location of the United Kingdom and the United States are different, one in European continent, one continent of the America. The United Kingdom, after a long period of development, has been very wealthy, so they are decent and conservative. But at the beginning of the United States, the United States is in a completely unfamiliar and barren continent, the first settlers were called pioneers, so they have to have the courage to take risks. If they do not have the spirit of adventure, they will not be able to survive, not to mention development, the hard environment eventually made the American spirit. In addition, the difference of European culture and American cultural contributes to the difference of the two countries. English suffers from the influence from other European countries, like France, Germany, but American was influenced by the culture of the other countries in American continent as well as the native Indian.
3. Education
From the educational philosophy of the education system in the United States, there are the characteristics of diversity and openness, international and flexibility, which enable the . Department of Education to ensure educational equity and equality of opportunity to receive education, and take full advantage of the strengths of educational objects, so education is the dynamic, vibrant in American. It also reflects what the Americans have been in pursuit, the freedom and equality. British education has a rigorous style of study and impeccable the education system. The UK has a strict quality control system, the teaching quality evaluation and the research Assessment from all the school in England are announced to the world, higher education institutions in the UK will be checked in a regular routine. This rigorous attitude is also reflected in the assessment of the student.
Many students can’t get a degree if they fail in passing the assessment. Ethics and professionalism of English teachers ensure the quality of its education. British education also reflects British conservative and rigorous character.
English food and confluent American food
British food, as we know, is very traditional. They don’t used to change their habit of food very frequently. Like other northern European cuisines, it majors heavily on meats, dairy products, wheat and root vegetables and a diet conductive to manual labor and red-faced citizens. The nineteenth century idea of a varied diet was one with different
sorts of meat in it. Milk and vegetables were regarded as not only uneatable raw, but highly dangerous until boiled thoroughly. To a
certain extent this is understandable, in an era without refrigeration, when typhoid and cholera could strike even the wealthy; over-cooking everything was probably a sensible course to take. People in English
have a special eating habit. Firstly, the main meal in England seems to
be eaten in the evening. Secondly, a big English breakfast is not something that many English people seem eat. Most of them have a light meal of cornflakes or toast and marmalade, orange juice and coffee
rather than the eggs, sausages, bacon, bread, mushrooms and tomatoes.
Fish has always been an important food in Britain. There are jellied eels, kippers or bloaters or crabs and so on. But the most popular of
all is fish and chips, splashed with vinegar and eaten in the street out of a paper bag . British have a habit of drinking tea. “A nice cup of tea, the stronger the better”is supposed to be the British cure for all problems. Although many different drinks can be found in Britain, tea is undoubtedly the favorite at any time of the day and is the essential
basis of afternoon tea. This is a meal that can vary from tea and a
biscuit to the cooked high tea with lots of cakes served in the north.
In the south west of England it is usually a cream tea, with home-made scones, strawberry jam and piles of thick clotted cream. People vary
seldom have the thin cucumber sandwiches described in novels.
American cuisine : The United States is a land of delicious eating. The two concepts essential to understanding US food are regionalism and diversity, accent on the latter. After all, Italian food differs from province to province and city to city as well. But key themes run
through Italy’s food from south to north simply because its people have such strong roots in the Italian soil. Not so with the US. A nation of newcomers, its food reflects its origins. Long before Europeans set
foot on American soil, vibrant and healthy civilizations nurtured themselves off the bounty of the land. They taught the settlers to plant the holy trinity of Native American cuisine—corn, beans and squash. The settlers returned the favor by nearly exterminating their benefactors,
but those three foods played a vital in defining American cuisine. They retain their importance today across the continent—grits, cornbread in the South, tortillas and pinto beans in the Southwest, baked beans and succotash in the Northeast and pumpkin pie just about everywhere for Thanksgiving. American cuisine has come a long way since the early days
of corn, beans and squash and along the way it has spawned some unforgettable food. Nonetheless the US remains a great place for great eating. Delicious regional styles remain a great place for great eating. Delicious regional styles remain and the new blood of immigrants sparks the imagination of the finest chefs while making for great inexpensive food in the cities. So come and get it.
5. Table Manner
At table, the British people pays special attention to table manners, such as, they should not talk at table, should not beat tableware as well. They have a strict requirement on how to use knives and forks. While Americans on the relatively few occasions will do so, they like
fast and convenient food, they do not require delicate or luxury dinner but they pay more attention to popular food. American favorite food is known as KFC, McDonald's and pizza hut, the junk food. This diet keeps
the American obesity rate high. But from the diet habits, it is not difficult for us to find that the American do everything vigorously and resolutely and do not stick to the trifles.
Conclusion
In a word, there are lots of different conventions in the British and the American’s culture. These conventions can be easy found in their daily life. They are all the symbols of the society development. They made us know a lot about the culture in the European countries. So if you have any interests on it, try to learn something about that and I’m sure we can benefit from it more . we can see that the British are sensitive, restrained, conservative, they tend to be rational rigorous and gentlemanly. By comparison, Americans are warm and cheerful, bold and frank. They are with a spirit of adventure and innovation. Reference
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从英汉语言文化差异谈翻译论文
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中西方饮食文化差异论文
课程论文 英美文化课程论文 系别：教育二系 专业年级：初教六班 姓名：李倩 学号：13310604 指导教师：李智强 职称：讲师 2015年6月13日
目录 中文摘要...........................................................................英文摘要...........................................................................前言 (1) 1中西方饮食文化差异………………………………………………1~5 1.1中美饮食文化的历史差异 (1) 1.2中西方饮食观念的差异 (3) 1.3中西方中美饮食文化食材差异 (5) 1.4中西方饮食文化的用餐方式及餐具差异 (5) 2中西方饮食文化的相互影响及思考 (5) 参考文献： (7)
[摘要]：本篇论文探讨了中西方饮食文化的差异，饮食文化在世界文化中起着非常重要的作用。中西方文化的差异带来了中西饮食文化的差异，不同的国家有自己不同的饮食文化特点。在不同的文化背景下，无论是在观念、对象、方式、餐具、还是礼仪等各方面，这些不同都是显而易见的。但是，随着国际的交流与融合，中西饮食文化业将会在交流中共同发展，这对全世界范围内的文化交流将起到促进作用。 [关键词]: 跨文化交际; 饮食文化; 文化差异 前言 随着人们经济水平的不断提高,人们对饮食质量的要求也越来越高，而随着中国与世界接轨，麦当劳,肯德基等快餐及西餐越来越多的渗透到了中国的餐饮文化中。而中国的饮食也在西方许多国家享有盛誉。现今，中国人走向世界各地并带去我们的饮食文化,而外国人也逐渐走进中国传播他们的饮食文化,因此便出现了多种不同饮食文化并存的局面。餐饮产品由于地域特征、气候环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。 1.1中美饮食文化的历史差异 中西文化历来是世界文化的两大派系，而饮食在两个文化中都占有非常重要的地位。我们将会通过大量调查得来的数据及细致的研究为您分析中西方饮食文化的异同,优劣，希望对您今后的饮食结构的改善有所帮助。 历史上，中国是世界上最古老的国家之一，有五千年的悠久而厚重的历史。千百年来形成了博大精深的文化.随着时间的流逝以及辽阔国土的地域差异，四大菜系逐渐形成，四大菜系自成体系,各有特点,但共同点是用料复杂考究，制作方法复杂。口味多种多样。 西方以欧美为代表,其文化同样源远流长.到中世纪，欧洲文化已十分完善,
英语论文(中美文化差异)
The different food culture and education styles in China and America 王姣 （2010级法学院法学专业20101788） 摘要：正如我们知道的那样，中国和美国在文化上有很多差异。我想谈谈中国和美国在食品和大学教育的差异。随着经济的发展，越来越多的人注意食品和教育的质量。所以饮食、教育文化在我们的日常生活中也变得很流行。其实，我们有时并不了解中国和美国在文化方面的不同。比如，它们在饮食文化、教育风格上都是不同的。 关键字：中国，美国，饮食文化，教育风格，不同 Abstract: as we all know, China and American have many differences in culture. I want to talk about the differences in food culture and education styles. With the development of economic, more and more people pay attention on food and education quality. So the food and education culture has been becoming popular in our daily life. In fact, we some times don’t know the differences with China and American of the culture. For example, they have different in diet attitude, food objects, ways of eating and education styles. Key words:China, America, food culture, education styles, different 1. The different in food culture As we all know, “there are three important things when you in the outside,which are eating, wearing and living.” Y ou can see” eating”is in the first place, eating is really important in our life. And the diet is also a kind of culture. Now, I will make some explanations about the different food culture in China and America. First, we talk about the different in diet attitudes. As we can see, in China, we will eat something with sensibility. When we choose what to eat, we will care more about the color, the smell, the taste, the shape and the device. Because our nations in the past many years, the productive level is very low, and many people are always hungry, they can’t eat enough food. So if a kind of culture treats eating as the most important thing, there will appear two situations. On one hand, this function of eating will be played to maximize, not only for surviving, but also for using it to maintain health, which is the cultural basis of “if you want to keep health, you’d better choose to enjoy some delicious food rather than take medicines”. On the other hand, if pay too much attention on food, it will make people often pursuit the delicious food. While Americans maybe more rationality. When they eat something, the things they care most are the nutritious value, such as the protein, the fat, the vitamin, the minerals and the carbohydrate. But it has made some problems, for example, from Los Angeles to New Y ork, the steak is only one taste, which has no arts to speak of. As a dish, chicken is chicken, steak is steak. Nest, we will say the food objects. In America, they think the foods are used just to eat, so they often eat a large piece of meat, the whole chicken and other “hard food”. However in China, we eat something we must enjoying the taste of it. So the Chinese cooking also
英美文化差异论文
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母。 “棍棒底下出孝子”这只是一个比方，寓意为父母要严格管教孩子，教他正确的做人观，让他懂得分辨是非好坏。我认为慈母严父是对这句话最好的解释，而并非真的要用棍棒来教子，毕竟暴力是解决不了任何问题的。而所谓的“不打不成器”是指在某些无能为力的情况下采取的一种极端措施，毕竟有些时候只有让人受到巨大的困难后才会吸取教训，并不是说毫无观念的打孩子。 虽然现在一些教育家说不提倡棍棒教育，但我个人认为，所谓的棍棒教育并不是说像一天三餐饭一样，老是打孩子，应以说服教育为主，多和孩子讲道理，以理服人。不过在孩子犯了重大错误的时候，应该给于一定的惩戒，让孩子记住，同样的错误不可再犯因为小孩的记性好。但对于所犯的错误却是忘性大，但事后也要和他讲道理，让他知道错在哪里了。 越不孝顺的子女父母越是从小就宠爱有加，孝顺的孩子从孩提时代父母就对其较为严厉。为什么会这样呢？从现在心理学角度来看，父母宠爱孩子，会让孩子误以为自己就是家中的老大，父母不仅要对他们言听计从，还要柔顺地巴结、恭维和讨好他们。这样久而久之从襁褓到成人，历经十几个风霜雪雨，这种习惯、思维和观念就会逐渐在子女的心中定型。长大乃至成家立业后他们会照样对父母颐指气使，不仅从未树立起孝敬回馈父母之心，而且掠夺搜刮父母之心更盛。 为何如此，皆因随着年龄日增，欲望的胃口也会越来越大，自己
中英文化对比论文
英汉习俗文化对比（选修课） 题 目 __中西文化差异_______ 姓 名 周超 ________ 学 号 3090311120 _________ 专业班级 英语094 ________ 分 院 外国语分院 _____ 宁波理工学院
文化是一种社会现象，是人们长期创造形成的产物。确切地说，文化是指一个国家或民族的历史、地理、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范、思维方式、价值观念等。不同的文化背影和文化传统，使中西方在思维方式，价值观念，行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在有相当的文化差异。在跨文化交际中，文化障碍会导致的信息误解，有时善意的言谈会使对方尴尬无比，礼貌的举止会被误解为荒诞粗俗。 例如在言谈方面，在中国对别人的健康状况表示关心是有礼貌的表现，但是西方人就不是这么认为了。当我们向西方人表示关切地问候时，他们可能反而觉得很不高兴。因为在他们看来这不需要任何人来指教。如果就某种小事给人以忠告，那显然是对其能力的怀疑，从而大大伤害其自尊心。另外中国人在饭桌上的热情好客经常被西方人误认不文明的行为。因为西方人认为客人吃多吃少完全由客人自己决定，用不着主人为他添酒加菜，而且他们认为饮食过量是极不体面的事情。类似的例子还有很多很多。这些都给我们的日常生活交际带来不少困惑。 同样的一件事物，不同的文化背景，看法也大相径庭。中国人的家庭观念很强，血缘关系，亲情伦理，在脑中根深蒂固，父母、子女始终是一家人。哪怕成家立业，另立门户，和父母仍不分彼此，中国人把赡养父母，侍奉父母，看作是自己应尽的责任。然而西方人却不同，子女一到成年，就会离巢而飞，父母不再抚养他们，而子女一旦独立，对父母家的事也不再理会，更别说赡养父母或几代同堂了。美国式的家庭结构比较简单：父母及未成年孩子，称之为核心家庭。子女一旦结婚，就得搬出去住，经济上也必须独立。父母不再有义务资助子女。这种做法给年青人提供最大限度的自由，并培养其独立生活的能力，但同时也疏远了亲属之间的关系。中国人如果一大家子来购物，父母为小孩买东西天经地义，已成年子女为父母代付钱也是理所当然。中国式的家庭结构比较复杂，传统的幸福家庭是四代同堂。在这样的家庭中，老人帮助照看小孩，儿孙们长大后帮助扶养老人，家庭成员之间互相依赖，互相帮助，密切了亲情关系。然而，这种生活方式不利于培养年青人的独立能力。老外却不同，父母、子女各自理财，互不搭界。现实中的美国，儿子可以是百万富翁，父母却照旧穷困潦倒，和中国人的“母以子贵”，“一人得道，合家升天”的中国传统实在天差地别。 中西方的文化差异还表现在很多方面。西方人崇拜个人奋斗，尤其为个人取得的成就自豪，从来不掩饰自己的自信心、荣誉感，以及在获得成就后的狂喜。相反，中国文化不主张炫耀个人荣誉，而是提倡谦虚。中国人反对王婆卖瓜式的自吹自擂，然而中国式的自我谦虚或自我否定却常常使西方人大为不满。在西方人看来，谦虚不仅否定了自己，还否定了赞扬者的鉴赏力。在自我中心与无私奉献方面，西方人自我中心意识和独立意识很强，他们认为自己应该为自己负责。在弱肉强食的社会，每个人生存方式及生存质量都取决于自己的能力，因此，每个人都必须自我奋斗，把个人利益放在第一位。他们也不习惯过问他人的事情，比较注重隐私。因此主动帮助别人或接受别人帮助在西方常常是令人难堪的事。因为接受帮助只能证明自己无能，而主动帮助别人会被认为是干涉别人的私事。中国人的行为准则是“我对他人，对社会是否有用”，个人的价值是在奉献中体现出来的。中国文化推崇一种高尚的情操——无私奉献。在中国，主动关心别人，给人以无微不至的体贴是一种美德，因此，中国人不论别人的大事小事，家事私事都愿主动关心，而这在西方会被视为“多管闲事”。 西方人平等意识较强，无论贫富，人人都会尊重自己，不允许别人侵犯自己的权利。同时，人人都能充分地尊重他人。很少人以自己显赫的家庭背景为荣，
从《天生一对》看英美文化差异
[摘要] 外语电影是了解外语国家文化的重要途径和有效资源。《天生一对》以温情浪漫的喜剧方式，使观众得以鲜明直观地对比两个最重要的英语国家——美国和英国之间的文化差异。本文试图通过分析对比影片中两国语言上的差异、国民性格的差异以及人文环境的差异，来揭示背后的国家文化差异，以期使读者及观众对美语和英语有正确的认识。对两国的文化有基本的了解，从而能有效帮助解决英语学习过程中的文化障碍。 [关键词] 英国文化；美国文化；差异 一、故事梗概 该片于1998年7月上映，中译名《天生一对》，以现代手法重拍了20世纪60年代经典同名作品，故事内容改编自德国小说Das Doppelte Lottchen。故事的主人公是一对双胞胎姐妹花荷莉和安妮。她们的父母尼克和伊丽莎白在一次航海旅行中在“伊丽莎白二世”号上相遇并在旅途中结为夫妇，可后来婚姻破裂。尼克独自在自己的纳帕山谷葡萄园里抚养荷莉，而安妮则与当婚纱设计师的妈妈伊丽莎白一起生活在伦敦；直到她们在夏令营相遇以前，两人彼此都不知道自己还有一个孪生姐妹。不过11年之后，命运却巧妙地让她们在缅因州一个夏令营的活动中相遇。尽管她们的外貌惊人的相似，但是两人性格、气质、行为习惯等却大相径庭，从而引得两人冲突不断。很快她们发现原来是一对双胞胎姐妹，为了更多地了懈她们的父母，她们两人决定交换身份，来到她们各自从未谋面的父亲或母亲身边。她们本打算一直这样装下去，直到尼克宣布他要再婚，两姐妹决定帮助她们的父母破镜重圆。虽然尼克那富有魅力但却让人讨厌的未婚妻给她们的计划带来很大麻烦，但姐妹俩合力设计痛整并气走了她。最终在两个女儿的安排下，二人重拾旧爱，一家人开始了新的幸福生活。影片充满情趣，两个小姐妹交换身份闹出不少笑话，搞笑情节层出不穷，而片中也穿插着温情情绪，让观众在观看电影的时候感到温暖而又愉悦。 二、影片中的美英文化差异 由于本片两个小主人公分别生长于美国和英国，两个社会文化明显差异的家庭背景，因而片中从多个视角呈现了两种文化的差异，为片中的喜剧元素增色不少。 (一)两国文化在语言上的差异 语言既是文化的一部分，又是文化的一面镜子。一个民族的语言折射出这个民族纷繁多彩的文化形态。英语通过其漫长的发展与完善，最终形成了英式英语和美式英语两种主流形式。两者在语音和表达习惯等方面存在明显差异，这势必会给非英语为母语的学习者带来难，给中外交流造成障碍。而这些差异在影片台词中可见一斑。 1．语音差异 首先，英式英语讲究抑扬顿挫，语调变化大，且发音短促，重读音较多，给人以严肃刻板之感；而美式英语讲究发音圆润饱满，连音略音较多，则更显自然随意。以夏令营场景之一为例：当荷莉堵在安妮的宿舍门口以阻止训导员发现她对安妮等的整蛊行为时说，“I、can't let,-．,yougo,．-,in there．She一's、highly contagious．”句中只两处重读，语调平稳没有起伏，倒是有三处连读和cani(t)词尾省音。而随后安妮为了揭发荷莉说道，“、Actually，We Kre、^all、quite、fine in、here unless、荷莉Parker knows、something We、don't、know．”很明显，她的伦敦口音在一句话中多处重读，而只有一处连读且无省音，整句呈现出很强的节奏感。其次，美英两种英语在很多单词的发音习惯上有很大差异。在英国英语中，字母?r只在元音之前才发音，其余位置不发音。但在美国英语中，不管“r”在词中任何位置都要发音，听起来读音大不相同，这也就是美语中有名的卷舌音(r化音)。片中的一个重要道具——扑克牌“poker”。伦敦管家马丁拿出牌时的读音为，’pouko。而当荷莉在询问同伴是否会玩时的读音为，’p；ukzr／。片中此类 词语不胜枚举。另外，还有一些个别情况，如荷莉在问伙伴会否打牌时说“Either of you，by
文化差异英语作文
文化差异英语作文集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-
With the rapidly growing popularity of science and technology, the process of globalization made great achievements. We have more chances to communicate with foreigners. Intercultural communicator has increasingly become a popular central issue of the public. To discuss this issue from cognitive perspective, western culture is based on individualism rather than on collectivism. For instance, in the US, you always talk about individual rights. This is clearly different in China where a country is placed above your own self. From the affect point of view, Chinese emotional expression is subtle but not directly. On the contrary, westerners express more enthusiastic. Furthermore, the Chinese people do not say yes or no, they are more accustomed to tactfully convey his meaning. No doubt, the Westerners would like to directly deliver how they think and what they want. In behavior, many behavioral differences are due to the impact of many aspects which cover environmental, cultural, historical and other factors. Do not ask for the age and income is a case in point. We should respect others. Respect for their privacy, their national culture, and religious beliefs. Second, we want to
英美文化论文
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英美文化论文：从精神分析角度看《弗兰肯斯坦》的悲剧
从精神分析角度看《弗兰肯斯坦》的悲剧 《弗兰肯斯坦》的作者玛丽?雪莱,是英国著名女作家。英国著名诗人波西?比希?雪莱的第二任妻子。其作品以哥特小说《弗兰肯斯坦》（又译《科学怪人》）最为知名。小说讲述了科学家维克多?弗兰肯斯坦热衷于生命起源的研究，他试图征服死亡，创造一种新的生命。通过多年的研究，终于发现了创造生命的秘诀。于是，他开始了自己的生命再创造之旅。但是，在创造出怪物的之后，弗兰肯斯坦因无法容忍其丑陋的相貌，而将自己的创造物抛弃。怪物在人世间备受凌辱，于是开始反抗，疯狂报复人类，在制造了一系列的悲剧后，终于同其造物主弗兰肯斯坦同归于尽。 精神分析法在20世纪文学研究中占据重要的地位。它为文学著作的解读提供了新的视角，使文学研究在人类精神、心理这一视角上开拓出一片天地。本文解读的是哥特名著《弗兰肯斯坦》。 小说是一部悲剧，“造物主”和“被创造者”最终都归于灭亡。以往研究者对这部作品的阐释已经很多。传记研究，女权主义分析，后殖民主义分析，生态主义批评，异化理论分析等等。而弗洛伊德后期的“死亡本能”说，同样可以作为阐释这部小说的理论。 一、弗洛伊德的“死亡本能”说 弗洛伊德提出了三重人格理论，即“本我”、“自我”、“超我”。“本我”、“自我”、“超我”三者经常相互矛盾、斗争，特别是“超我”和“本我”经常处于不可调和的对抗状态。而到了晚
年，弗洛伊德将“本我”修正为两类，“性本能”和“攻击本能”，也即“生存本能”和“死亡本能”。“生存本能”是最广义的性本能，与个体生存和种族绵延息息相关，追求自我满足，不顾社会和他人。“死亡本能”以破坏为目的。弗洛伊德说：“假定远在远古，生命以一种不可思议的方式起源于无生物，那么据我们的假设，那时便已有一种本能要以毁灭生命而重复返于无机状态为目的。有假定我们所称的自我破坏的冲突起源于这种本能，那么这个冲动便可被视为任何生命历程所不能缺少的一种死亡本能（death instinct）的表现。”［1］因此，死亡本能“要将生命的物质重复返于无机的状态。”死亡是生命的终结，死亡本能派生出攻击、破坏和战争。而转向生命体内部时，又表现为自责，甚至是自杀。 二、从弗洛伊德的“死亡本能”说看《弗兰肯斯坦》的悲剧 上文已经提到，《弗兰肯斯坦》是一部哥特小说，简单说，哥特小说就是一种恐怖和鬼怪小说。《弗兰肯斯坦》虽不是最典型的哥特小说，但这部作品将科学幻想与哥特恐怖有机地融为一体，内容充斥着死亡、怪诞的叙述。比如科学家弗兰肯斯坦的造人行为。 弗兰肯斯坦日夜赶造自己梦想的生命，但这个被创造的生命存在就其相貌而言，真的是一个不择不扣的怪物，正如文中所描述的“他那黄皮肤勉强覆盖住皮下的肌肉和血管，一头软飘飘的黑发油光发亮，一口牙齿白如珍珠。这乌发皓齿尽管漂亮，可配上他的眼睛、脸色和嘴唇那可真吓人！那两只眼睛湿漉漉的，与它们容身的眼窝颜色几乎一样，黄里泛白；他脸色枯黄，两片嘴唇直僵僵的，黑不溜秋。”
中美在饮食文化方面的差异 英语论文
淮阴工学院课程论文（2010-2011学年第二学期） 论文题目: 跨文化交际中的饮食文化差异——以中美饮食文化为例 课程名称：跨文化交际英语任课老师：余洪虹 姓名: 植云 班级: 艺术1093 学号: 1092202325
跨文化交际中的饮食文化差异 ——以中美饮食文化为例 摘要：饮食是一种文化，而不同的文化背景孕育着不同的饮食文化，中国饮食以食表意，其博大精深不可言喻，而美国的饮食则是吃什么就是什么。在中西方文化互相交融的今天，美国文化有值得我们学习和借鉴的地方，同时中华饮食文化的优点也要继承，本文着重从中美饮食文化进行比较，从而用客观的视角去审视中西方饮食文化。 关键词：饮食文化，中国饮食，美国饮食，文化差异 1中国饮食文化的特点 中国的历史悠久，文明源远流长，具有上下五千年的文化，因此饮食文化也比较丰富，它也是祖国丰富文化宝库中的一朵奇葩。中国从原始社会开始都是以大杂居为主，远古时期以部落为单位，后来一直演变，直到现代社会都是以家庭为单位，团团圆圆一直是中国人的愿望，中国人的集体意识形成了中国饮食文化的一大特点就是—一家人都是吃一桌菜，并且大多数家庭是以圆桌为主，一家人围在一起，表示家人和和睦睦、团团圆圆。中国人的饮食很讲究色、香、味原则，三者缺一不可，为使食物色美，通常是在青、绿、红、黄、白、黑、酱等色中取三至五色调配，也就是选用适当的荤素菜料，包括一种主料和二、三种不同颜色的配料，使用适当的烹法与调味，就能使得菜色美观。食物香喷，可以激发食欲，其方法即为加入适当的香料，如葱、姜、蒜、辣、酒、八角、桂皮、胡椒、麻油、香菇等，使烹煮的食物气味芬芳。烹调各种食物时，必须注重鲜味与原味的保留，尽量去除腥膻味；譬如烹调海鲜时，中国人则爱用葱姜。因此适量的使用如酱油、糖、醋、香料等各种调味品，可以使得嗜浓味者不觉其淡，嗜淡味者不嫌其浓，个人根据自己的口味选择。 因为中国自古以来地大物博、人口稠密，所以中国人的饮食从先秦开始，就是以谷物为主，肉少粮多，辅以菜蔬，这就是典型的饭菜结构。其中饭是主食，而菜则是为了下饭，即助饭下咽。因为主食并不可口，必须有一种物质来辅助它使人们能够吃下去。当然菜的功能和盐的功能有共同点，但是不等同于盐。因为主食的单一性，所以，只有在菜上面花功夫，因此，中国的菜大都比较注重口味，
英美文化期末论文：英美间的文化差异英文版精编版
英美文化期末论文：英美间的文化差异英文版 精编版 MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】
The Difference between England and A m e r i c a Abstract: the paper is to show the difference between American and English in several aspects, such as geographical location, cultural environment and the most important part, the language. Key words: Culture Environment,Education,food,Table Manner Introduction The paper deals with the The Difference between England and is a complex, including knowledge and belief, art, morals, law, custom, and members of the society who acquired as any other capabilities and habits. 1. Culture Environment Britain is a traditional European country with long historical tradition continuity, and there had been a hierarchy in British society for a long time. And in UK there always has been a monarchy. So, the British likes to remember past times and old acquaintances, tends to be conservative, and behaves like a gentleman. All these need culture accumulation, and these character and qualities can’t be made if the country is without a long history. However, the . is precisely without a very profound historical accumulation and is a young country. So, the Americans dare to innovate and stress emphasis on personal value. On the other hand, in the United States, there are not a lot of constrains. They feel free to make bold addition, there is a great difference in the population composition of the two countries. The United States is a nation of immigrants, people comes from all countries and regions in the world. So, the culture of the United States shows different characteristics. People in American can accept and absorb all the culture factors all over the world. . attitude toward foreign cultures is an open. However, comparing to the United States, the structure of
英汉语言十大差异
英汉语言十大差异 语言毕竟是文化的载体，语言与文化，甚至历史、地理、风俗、政治、经济等常常水乳交融，它们无孔不入地反作用于语言，使语言打上深深的文化烙印。英汉翻译者，若不知英汉各自的特点，不知两者的差异，是不能想象的。不要以为，汉语是我们的母语，从牙牙学语开始，便开始接触汉语，因此，就想象自己很了解汉语。其实，这是一种误解。汉语到底有什么特点? 就汉语论汉语，因为没有距离，就看不真切，因为没有比较，就看不明白!只有当汉语和英语比肩而立，碰撞交流，才会燃爆出绚丽的火花，两者之差异，才会赫然呈现。 目前，从事英汉对比研究的学者和专著在我国并不少，但是，当我们放眼这个领域，就觉得有必要正面回答一个问题：英汉对比研究的目的是什么? 弄明白英汉的差异，并不是我们研究的最终目标，至多只能是一种手段而已，而手段总得服务于一定的目的。英汉对比研究的一个重要的目的应该是：服务于翻译。 译界的实践证明：只有对英汉之差异了然于心，译者才能做到下笔如有神。下面结合英汉翻译的实际，对英汉之间的明显差异作鸟瞰式分析和归纳。 1．英语重形合(Hypotaxis)，汉语重意合(Parataxis) 汉语重意合，结构松弛，多以意思连接的积累式分句(Accumulative Clause)或独立的单句(independent Sentence)，其彼此的逻辑关系多以句序之先后加以暗示。 有的语言学家以“竹节句法”写英句，所谓“竹节”，则指其断不可缺的种种连接词(Connectives)；有以“流水句法”写汉句，所谓“流水”，指少用乃至不用连接词的行文流畅。 美国的翻译学家Eugene A．Nida在其Translating Meanings (1983)一书中曾经深入浅出地说明了英汉这一差异： 就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言学上最重要的一个区别就是形合和意合的对比，在英语以及大多数的印欧语言中，句子的从属关系大多是用连接词如，although，because，when，in order that，so及so that等词明确地表达出来。但是，这同一概念，我们用意合的方法基本上也可以表达出来；那就尽说，将两个句子放在一起并无连接词表明其相互关系，而从句子本身的意思中体现出来。例如，我们说because it is late，I must leave．在这里两个句子的逻辑关系是用连接词 because加以表达的。然而我们也可以说it is late，I must leave．在这里，虽然无明确的词汇表明彼此的关系，但是这种关系显然是存在的。 以上Nida所言，有一点需要加以纠正。他说：“我们也可以说It is 1ate，I must leave．” 此议不妥，因为这样缺乏连接词的英句是不合其表达习惯的，至少也是拙句(C1umsy Sentence)。比如： An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once travelling in China． 译文：一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行。 英语原句是一个典型的形合句，而相应的汉译则是意合句。假如，将英语原句改成意合句，那读上去还有英语味吗? There was an Englishman．He could not speak Chinese．He was once travelling in China．同理，假如我们将此句译成：一个不会说中国话的英国人有一次在中国旅行。读上去便稍有绕口之嫌。 从语法范畴分析， 英语动词的时体显得极为丰富，从理论言，英语有十六个时态。若就“形态结构”的视角进行观察比较，似又可得出这样一个结论：英语是一种更为形式化的语言，它注重形式的变化。就语法范畴言，英语的代词（名词）可以有性、数或格的形态变化， 动词还可有时、体、态、气等形态变化，等等。