医学分子生物学论文-翻译版
前列腺癌细胞的单细胞转录组分析
作者：克里斯托弗罗杰布莱斯等
关键词:前列腺癌;单细胞;肿瘤细胞转录组;
一．背景
我们了解正在循环的肿瘤细胞(CTC)和已转移的肿瘤细胞(DTC)的能力一直因为只能检测和离析到少量(通常是< 10)的这类细胞而制约。为了确定是否一个可取的商用技术可以提供前列腺癌细胞(PCa) 的一个单细胞转录组剖面,我们无性繁殖地选择和培养了一些细胞周期同步的C4-2B PCa细胞。十套1,5 10个细胞通过使用一个有倒置显微镜的显微操纵器在直接观察下被分离。此外,获得两组包含10个从2个pca细胞已转移的患者骨髓中离析出来的离散DTC。使用WT-Ovation? One-Direct Amplification系统使RNA放大。然后让被放大的原料在44 k全人类基因表达微阵列里杂化。一个高严密性的阈值，一个平均Alexa荧光标记强度大于300用于基因探测，为了使用实时PCR(RT定量酵素聚合反应技术)来选择基因，还要验证相对表达式标准。二．方法
1.离散的 PCa细胞的培养和离析
为了获得一个同步的PCa的细胞群进行分析,我们在混合有10%FBS的 RPMI 1640培养基(生命科学技术股份有限公司)中无性繁殖地选择C4-2B细胞和培养一些细胞。为了分离这些细胞，在24小时之前用30毫克/毫升的Aphidicolin(σ)进行处理。在混合有10%FBS的 RPMI 1640培养基里，细胞被胰蛋白酶化和重新悬浮。十个重复的单个,集中5细胞和集中的10细胞(共30个样本)通过使用玻璃微量吸液管被分离使用，然后在被放大前在零下80度下最少保存2周。这种细胞转移到裂解缓冲液的现象已经通过直接可视化得到验证。2.pca病人骨髓中离散DTC的提取
所有获取和使用的原料符合在华盛顿大学达成的IRB批准协议。从晚期Pca患者的骨髓样本中分离出DTC。10毫升的骨髓从髂嵴中抽出至30毫升包含10毫升6%柠檬酸钠的注射器。从患者获得的样本中,两边的抽出物被制得和混合为总共20毫升的骨髓。使用局部麻醉，从臀部的髂嵴中取出骨髓样本。样品的处理在1 - 2小时内开始,5个小时内完成。
3.细胞浓缩
细胞的浓缩和离析表现得如前所述。简单地说,骨髓抽出物被放置在一个15毫升体积的聚蔗糖-甲泛影纳制剂1.077 g / ml(精确的化学制品,韦斯特伯里,纽约)里。如果离心分离，随后就会产生含有DTC的单核细胞层。使用MACS系统来选择免疫磁珠。 Anti-CD45和anti-CD61抗体用于阴性选择和靶定巨核细胞,白细胞和血小板。然后阳性选择的对象是涂有抵抗人类上皮细胞抗原抗体的免疫磁珠。
4.识别DTC
5 PCa细胞中整体RNA的放大
6.实时PCR(RT定量酵素聚合反应技术)
7.Agilent碎片上放大原料的标记和杂交
8.基因表达分析
三．结果
一个可取的商用技术可以提供前列腺癌细胞(PCa) 的一个单细胞转录组剖面。正如预期的那样,从一份单细胞的样品比从浓缩样品中检测到更少的放大的基因,然而这个方法可以用来可靠地获得一个来自于DTC（从PCA患者的骨髓中获得）的转录组剖面。
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Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international Business ABSTRACT Payment in international trade is crucial for both the seller and the buyer. With the development of international trade, Letters of Credit payment gradually came into being as banks and financial institutions were involved in international trade settlement. With the help of this method of payment, the payment responsibility of the importer is transferred to bank to ensure the safety, as a result, the rapid payment is received by the seller, and meanwhile, the regular shipping documents are given to the buyer conveniently. Therefore, with the benefit of Letters of Credit, the distrust contradiction between the seller and the buyer is solved to a certain extent. Nowadays, payment by Letters of Credit has become the widely adopted method. Letters of Credit English for specific purposes has its own unique vocabulary features. This paper summarizes characteristics of its translation from the credit classification, use of the process, and starting letter words in English, and explores the English translation strategy. It is divided into three chapters: The first chapter probes into the definition of the Letter of Credit, its classification and its use process in international trade; the second describes the characteristics and common errors of the credit translation; The last one is the focus of this article, discussing Letters of Credit translation strategy based on these two chapters, from the perspective of the translation Communicative Theory, Skopos Theory, Functional Equivalence etc. Keywords: Letters of Credit Translation; characteristics; strategies; Functional Theory
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农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
文献综述和外文翻译撰写要求与格式规范
本科毕业论文（设计）文献综述和外文翻译 撰写要求与格式规范 一、毕业论文（设计）文献综述 （一）毕业论文（设计）文献综述的内容要求 1．封面：由学院统一设计，普通A4纸打印即可。 2.正文 综述正文部分需要阐述所选课题在相应学科领域中的发展进程和研究方向，特别是近年来的发展趋势和最新成果。通过与中外研究成果的比较和评论，说明自己的选题是符合当前的研究方向并有所进展，或采用了当前的最新技术并有所改进，目的是使读者进一步了解本课题的意义。文中的用语、图纸、表格、插图应规范、准确，量和单位的使用必须符合国家标准规定，引用他人资料要有标注。 文献综述字数在5000字以上。 正文前须附500字左右中文摘要，末尾须附参考文献。 参考文献的著录按在文献综述中出现的先后顺序编号。 期刊类文献书写方法:[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名,出版年,卷次（期次）:起止页次.
图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次. 论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[C].论文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次. 学位论文类书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:单位名称,年份. 电子文献类书写方法:[序号]主要责任者. 题名:其他题名信息[文献类型标志/文献载体标志 ]出版地:出版者,出版年（更新或修改日期）[引用日期].获取和访问途径. 参考文献篇数应符合学院毕业论文（设计）工作的要求。 （二）毕业论文（设计）文献综述撰写与装订的格式规范 第一部分：封面 1.封面：由学院统一设计，“本科生毕业论文（设计）”根据作业实际明确为“论文”或“设计”，其它文本、表格遇此类情况同样处理。 第二部分：文献综述主题 1.中文摘要与关键词 摘要标题（五号，宋体，顶格，加粗）
英语文章及翻译
What sports and other activities do you participate in? What kinds of foods do you eat? What kind of people do you spend time with? Your answers to these and similar questions reflect your total health. Health is a combination of physical, mental/emotional, and social well-being. These parts of your health work together to build good overall health. 你参加过什么体育活动和其他活动吗你吃什么食物你和什么样的人在一起你对这些问题或 者类似的问题的回答反映出了你整体的健康状况。健康是身体、心里和社会安宁感的集合。这些健康的部分结合起来搭建了一个完整的健康体系。 Often, good health is pictured as a triangle with equal sides. As shown in Figure 1.1, one side of the triangle is your physical health. Another side is your mental/emotional health, and the third side is your social health. Like the sides of a triangle, the three “sides” of health meet. They are connected. If you ignore any one side, your total health suffers. By the same token, if you make improvements to one side, the others benefit. For example, when you participate in physical activities, you improve your physical health. This helps you feel good about yourself, benefiting your mental health. Activities can also improve your social health when you share them with family and friends. 通常，全身健康可以描述成一个等边三角形。在Figure1.1展示出来，三角形的一条代表身体健康。另外一边代表心理健康，第三条边代表社会性健康。每一条边代表一个健康部分。他们之间有着密切的联系。如果你忽视任何一边，你就不健康了。同样的，如果你改善其中一个部分，其他的部分也会随之受益。举个例子，你去参加体育活动时，这样做能够改善你的体质。这让你自己的身体感觉更好，你的心理健康受益。活动也能够增强你的社会健康，当你和你的家人朋友一起互动的时候。 Do you stay active? Do you get plenty of rest each night? Do you eat healthy snacks? Your answers to these questions will tell you something about your physical health. Physical health is the condition of your body. Physical health is measured by what you do as well as what you don’t do. Teens who want to be healthy avoid harmful substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs. They balance the amount of time they spend watching TV or playing computer games with physical activity. Physical activity includes things such as playing sports, hiking, aerobics, swimming, dancing, and taking a walk. By avoiding harmful substances and being physically active, you can stay physically healthy. In other words, being physically healthy means taking care of your body. 你一直保持积极的状态吗你每天有足够的时间休息吗你吃的食品是有益于身体健康的吗你回答这些问题将要反映你的身体健康的情况。身体健康是通过你自己的身体状况表现出来的。身体健康不仅能通过你做的事情来衡量，也能通过你没有做的事情来衡量。青少年要想有身体健康就必须要远离有害的物质像烟草、酒精和其他毒品。他们用体育运动的时间去平衡他们看电视或玩电脑游戏的时间。体育运动包括做特殊的运动，远足，健身操，游泳，跳舞和做一份工作。通过远离有害物质和坚持体育运动，你可以保持身体健康。另外一种说法就是，要想身体健康就要多运动。 Do you feel good about who you are? Do you know how to handle stressful situations? Do you have a positive attitude about life? Your answers to