英语国家不同的问候方式论文(1、2)
英语国家的不同问候方式研究论文
班别：高一（7）班
组员：关德贤、伍卓辉、劳月婷、林慧仪、杜婷、劳娇兰、邱倩茹为了更进一步了解、学习不同国家与地区的问候方式和语言文化，促进中西方文化交流，更好地发展我国的语言文化，促进我国更好更快地与国际交流，我们组进行了英语国家的不同问候方式的探究。
我们探究了以下内容：
问候是人们交际开始的标志，它具有建立和发展人际关系的作用。其形式和内容因时间、地点、场合、地位、对象、年龄、关系亲疏等诸多因素而异。问候时还要注意恰当地使用称谓。问候的方式可以用语言表达，也可以通过体态语言(Body Language)如点头、微笑、目光交流或手势等来完成。
一、问候语言
不同国家与地区的文化背景和风俗习惯不同，问候的方式也不同。欧美国家人士在问候上与中国人有很大差异。
中国人见面不分时间地点常说一句客套话：“你吃过了吗?(Have you eaten yet?)” 而外国人听到这样的问候时，首先会感到：莫名其妙（confused)，然后会误解为对方有意邀请自己吃饭。西方人的反应是什么呢?客气一点的：“你们为什么老问我吃了饭没有?我有钱。”(Why did you always ask me about my meal? I have money．)不客气的则会说“这不关你的事!It's none of your business!”另一句常用套话是“上哪儿去?”(“Where are you going?”)则有向别人打听隐私之嫌。英美人十分尊重别人的隐私，对方的家庭(family)、年龄(Age)、收入(income)、婚姻(marital status)等都不能随便问及，特别是女性和年龄大的人，尤其不能问年龄。
正式场合：
A：How do you do? 您好!
B：How do you do? 您好!
A：How are you? 您好吗?
B：Fine，thanks．And you? 很好，谢谢，您呢?
非正式场合：
Hi／Hello你好
Good morning(afternoon／evening) 早上(下午，晚上)好
How are you doing? 你近来怎样?
How are things? 情况怎么样?
How are you getting on? 你近来如何?
How′s life? 生活情况怎样?
爱尔兰人喜欢说的是：”How's things“
初次见面用Nice to meet you. How do .HI都可以.
比较熟的人用How are you do ? HELLO you ? How are you doing ?都可以．
英国人喜欢说的是：”Y a all right“
当与陌生人攀谈时，采用的方式也应有别。与英国人一般可从天气开始，如：A nice day,isn’tit？/Lovely weather ,isn’t it？
美国人喜欢说的是："What's up“how are you ? fine,thank you
How it’s going what's up
正式good morning
Hello, it is nice to see you
场合的不同也左右着攀谈的方式。如在宴会上人们常用下列方式：A great party,isn’tit？
对问候的应答也有所不同，比较随便的有：Not,bad,Y ou？Great!Justso-so.Awful！正式的场合可用：I’m very well, thank you. And you？
久别重逢时的问候
Hi,stranger! Haven’t seen you for ages.What have you been en-gaged in recently？Hi,fancy meeting youhere!It’ sgreat to you again.
二、问候方式
欧美国家较为常用的问候礼节主要有以下几种
1.鞠躬礼
鞠躬礼系下级对上级或同级之间的礼节。行礼时须脱帽，右手(如右手持物可用左手)握住帽前檐中央将帽取下。右手垂下后身体对正，用立正姿势，双目注视受礼者，身体上部向前倾斜约十五度，尔后恢复原状。脱帽时所用之手和敬礼方向相反，即向左边的人敬礼，以右手脱帽；向右边的人敬礼，以左手脱帽。2.点头礼
点头礼系同级或平辈间的礼节，也须脱帽。如在路上行走间相遇，可在行进中施礼；如在路上遇见长官或长者，则须立正行鞠躬礼，但长官对部下或长者对幼者的答礼，可在行走中点头答之或伸右手或手触帽檐答之。
3.握手礼
握手礼是欧美最常见的礼节，在世界许多国家都通行。行礼时距对方约一步，上身稍前倾，伸右手，四指并齐，拇指与之分开伸向受礼者。尤忌四人交叉握手。和初次见面的女人通常不握手，只行鞠躬礼。同男人握手越紧，表示友情越深，和女人握手则须轻些。
4.吻手礼
吻手礼是流行于欧美上层社会的一种礼节。和上流社会贵族妇女或夫人见面，若女方先伸出手做下垂式，则将指尖轻轻提起吻之。但女方如不伸手，则不吻。行吻手礼时，若女方身份地位较高，要支屈一膝作半跪式后，再握手吻之。此项礼节英法社会最重视。
5.接吻礼
接吻礼是上级对下级、长辈对晚辈、朋友、夫妻之间表示亲昵、爱抚的礼节。通常是在受礼者脸上或额上轻吻一下。遇到高兴的时候，或有喜事或悲伤的时候，一般也行接吻礼，表示亲热和慰问。
6.拥抱礼
拥抱礼是欧美各国熟人、朋友之间表示亲密感情的一种礼节。他们见面或告别时互相拥抱，表示亲密无间。拥抱礼通常和接吻礼同时进行。
但是各个国家所常用的礼节又各有不同。
爱尔兰人在社交场合与客人相见时，一般惯以握手为礼。在与亲朋好友相见时，大多都惯以亲面颊或贴面颊二三次来代替握手，以示相互间的亲热和友好。忌讳交叉式握手。
对美国人而言，他们并不会到处拥抱、亲吻遇见的每一个人。当然，女性们可能会在见面时彼此紧抱一下以示友好；而且在某些上流社交圈里，轻吻对方的面颊是很普遍的礼节。但除了对家人与好友外，美国人通常不会经常随便拥抱他
人。此外，并不是每一位美国人都习惯拥抱他人。因此，不要随便把手臂环住下一个你碰到的美国人。他可能会跟你一样地不自在。
加拿大人比较随和友善，易于接近，他们讲礼貌但不拘于繁琐礼节。一般认识的人见面时要互致问候。男女相见时，一般由女子先伸出手来。女子如果不愿意握手。也可以只是微微欠身鞠一个躬。如果男子戴着手套，应先摘下右手手套再握手。女子间握手时则不必脱手套。许多加拿大人喜欢直呼其名，以此表示友善和亲近。
澳大利亚人很讲究礼貌，在公共场合从来不大声喧哗。在银行、邮局、公共汽车站等公共场所，都是耐心等待，秩序井然。握手是一种相互打招呼的方式，拥抱亲吻的情况罕见澳大利亚人喜欢说的是：“How ya going。
印度人的问候方式是见面时以鼻额相碰, 彼此紧紧拥抱．
在非洲, 有的民族见面后互问”你出汗的情况怎样”, 以表示关心与问候．因为这个地区流行热病, 得了热病的人, 皮肤就会变得干燥, 而健康人的皮肤一般是湿润的, 因此在这里, 皮肤出汗与否是衡量人们是否健康的标志．新西兰人性格比较拘谨，见面和告别均行握手礼。在与女士交往中女方先伸出手，男方才能相握。鞠躬和昂首也是他们的通用礼节。初次见面，身份相同的人互相称呼姓氏，并加上“先生”、“夫人”、“小姐”等，熟识之后，互相直呼其名。在社会场合新西兰人与客人相见时,一般惯用握手礼。他们也有施鞠躬礼的,不过鞠躬方式独具一格,有抬头挺胸地鞠躬
南非人所采用的普遍见面礼节是握手礼,他们对交往对象的称呼则主要是“先生”、“小姐”、或“夫人”。在黑人部族中,尤其是广大农村,南非黑人往往会表现出与社会主流不同的风格。比如,他们习惯以鸵鸟毛或孔雀毛赠予贵宾,客人此刻得体的做法是将这些珍贵的羽毛插在自己的帽子上或头发上。
三，问候内容
英汉问候语的重要区别之一就是问候内容的差异。中国自古以来,就是一个农业大国,人们不仅把食物作为其第一需求,而且还将其作为聊天的中心。所以,中国人见面了通常会问“吃了吗”“, 到哪里去啊”等。而英国是个岛国,天气经常多变,因而更关注天气状况,见面了他们会经常以谈论天气作为问候语。例如,“Lovely day , isn’t it ?”(天气不错,是吧!) ,“It’s so hot today ,isn’t it ?”(今天可真热，对吧?) 四，结论
通过本次活动，我们学习到了各国不同的问候方式与语言文化；通过我们全体组员的共同努力下，我们收获了许多许多。认识到想要成功完成一项报告，需要的是团队精神。了解到各国之间的问候语言竟然有如此大的差异。扩大了我们的视野。增强了我们对各国之间的问候方式的意识。同时，也很感谢学校为我们提供了本次活动，让我们学习了那么多的知识！
英语国家概况论文——海伦凯勒
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英文信开头的问候语
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A comparative study on the structure of British and American Governments The structure of American Governments The main government of the united states is the Federal government.It has three branches:The Legislature,The Executive and The Judiciary. Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government and it consists of two houses:the Senate and the House of Representative.the senate has 100voting member.2 from each of the 50 states.a senator must be over 30 years old.the House of Representative has 435 voting members,a Representatives must be at least 25years old.Congress helps to pass laws of the Union There are 15 departments and many independent agencies in executive branch.the President is the chief of the executive branch,who has the power to manage national affairs and the working of the federal government.Cabinet is under the President in the administration branch,which serves the president as a presidential council. The judicial branch consists of 3 main courts:the supreme courts,the courts of appeals and the district courts.the supreme courts is the highest court of the United states.the courts of appeals is set up to share the burden of the Supreme Court.The district courts serves for local government ,and every state has its own judicial system. The structure of the British Governments The main 3 parts of the British Governments is the Legislature,the Executive and The Judiciary. Parliament is the law-making body of Britain,which is made of the Crown,the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The government is made up of the Prime Minister,the Cabinet ministers and assistants to the ministers.the prime minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.The Cabinet is the supreme decision-making body in the British government.the Cabinet follow the principle of collective responsibility and individual ministerial responsibility.In fact,the Prime Minister is the most powerful leader in Britain.
英语写信的问候语
英语写信的问候语 Believe me,I am truly grateful for...我确实真诚地感谢你。 Did you sleep soundly last night?你昨晚睡得好吗？ Do you have anything to declare? 你有什么东西要向海关申报的吗？ Do you like to take a local train or an express? 你想坐普通车还是特快？ Good try,but not quite right是个很好的尝试，但并不完全正确。 How are you getting along these days? I miss you very much.你近来过得如何？ 我十分想念你。 How are you?你好吗？ How is everything?一切都好吗？ I have been so busy recently that I could hardly find any time to write.我最近挺忙，未能抽出时间给你写信。 I hope everything is all right.我希望(你)一切都好。晚安短信. I regret very much that I did not have an opportunity to thank you personally for ... 未能面谢，深表遗憾。 I was very happy to receive your letter of October 10th.我很高兴收到你10月10 日的来信。 I’m sorry I took so lon g to reply.很报歉给你回信晚了。问候短信. It is a hopeless(definite)(positive)understatement to say that I am deeply (sincerely)(truly)grateful. 这就是说“我深深的（真挚的）（真诚的）感谢”远不足以 （不能确切）（不能明确）表达我的谢意。 It‘s generous of you to take so much interest in my work( to give me so much of your time) (to show me so much consideration).承蒙对我的工作如此操心（为我花费 这么多时间）（对我如此关怀）。 It’s a long time since I got your last letter.我收到你的信已经很长一段时间了。晚 安短信. Many thanks for the wonderful present you sent me.谢谢你寄给我那么好的礼物。 Thank you for writing to me.谢谢你给我写信。 We were deeply touched by ... ……使我们深受感动。
英语国家概况论文 黄爱灵
湖南涉外经济学院外国语学院2013-2014《英语国家概况》期末小论文班级_英本1202班___ 姓名__黄爱灵__评分____________ American Higher Education American education system in the United States is the world's cause of education of the most developed countries in the world. American education system as early as the founding of beginning to take shape when, after 200 years of development and gradually perfect, Formation of the primary, secondary and tertiary institutions High education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. In the past more than 300 years, it has developed into a large enterprise with a very complex system. The higher education comprises four categories of institutions: a) the university; b) the four-year undergraduate institution----the college; c) the technical training institution; and d) the two-year community college. In America, the education system has the differentGraduate Degrees years, Bachelor’s Degree have 4 years; Master’s Degree have 1-2 years; Doctor’s Degree, ph.D (doctor of philosophy), have at least 3 years. So what are the differences between the “college” and the “university” in America? The term “college”refers to an undergraduate institution that confers the degree of Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science after four years of study or an associate degree after two years study. While a university is generally a group of colleges, each serving a special purpose: college of business, college of arts and humanities, college of education, etc. The system of higher education in the United States has three functions: teaching, research and public service. Each college or university has its own emphasis with regard to its functions. The majority of the higher educationinstitutions are located in states that have a large population. The American higher education institutions offer a wide variety of subjects, from the finearts to practical and career-oriented fields such as engineering and marketing. The United States has a variety of higher education institutions, from large comprehensive universities to small traditional liberal arts colleges. Distinctions among these institutionsare in size, level, educational quality, residential atmosphere and the time it takes to complete a degree.At the undergraduate level, students’personal preferences as to size, academic quality and location play a key role in their choice of college or university. At the graduate level, more attention is paid to the reputation of the faculty and department. However,all this effort in America’s higher education is very expensive. Some of the costs come from fees and benefactions, particularly towards research, but most have to be paid from public funds. Parents favor big expenditures on higher education; a wider public opinionfavors them for idealistic and cultural reasons, and because of the supposed value of education as an investment by society.The first universities were developed by private charitable organizations. The private universities are still very important, and most of the best-known institutions, like Harvard, Yale and Princeton, are private. Most of the principal state universities have between 10, 000 and 30, 000 students,