2017高考英语阅读理解推理判断题命题方式与技巧点拨(附带答案)
高三英语阅读理解推理判断题命题方式与技巧点拨讲课
导入：
高考英语阅读理解考纲关于阅读理解部分考纲要求：
阅读部分要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：（1）理解主旨要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；（4）做出判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
高考英语阅读理解常见的设题形式有：细节理解题、推理判断题、词意猜测题、主旨大意题。本节主要解决推理判断题解题策略。
推理判断题解题指导：
■考点突破
一、命题方式：
推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，要求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。
推理判断题的命题区间往往出现在以下几个方面：
◆文章或者段落的首尾部分。这一部分往往会引出文章的主题，总结全文或者全段内容，通常也会设计推理判断题；
◆引言部分。议论文或者说明文中作者经常引用他人语言来支撑自己的观点，引用的内容可能从正面或者反面来支持作者的观点，引文的字里行间隐含的渗透的内容往往也是命题人设题的依据；
◆结论建议处。命题人往往在文章中出现the study suggests, the research indicates, the report shows 等类似结论、建议性表达方式时，此处通常是文章中提到的研究结果或者报告的结论，命题人往往在此设置推理判断题
◆表达观点态度处。在作者表达观点态度的地方往往设置推理判断题。文中出现doubt, appreciate, hate, prefer ,against等表达观点态度的部分，以及一些带有感情色彩的特殊句式，例如感叹句、反问句等。
1.细节推断
细节推断要求考生根据文章内容，推断具体的细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生要把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，然后作出判断。题干中常出现infer（推断），indicate（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示）.conclude（作出结论），assume （假定，设想）等词。主要设题方式有：
It can be inferred from the passage that________.
The author strongly suggests that________
It can be concluded from the passage that________.
The writer implies but not directly states that________
The writer/author indicates/implies/suggests that________
The writer talked about. .. Because he thought________
考点1 细节推断题
典例（2016·全国卷3D节选）
“The ‘if it bleeds’rule works for mass media, " says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania." They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you're feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don't want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”
33. What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?
A. They're socially inactive.
B. They're good at telling stories.
C. They're inconsiderate of others.
D. They're careful with their words.
2.写作意图推断
写作意图推断要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图和写作手法。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这就要求考生不但要理解文章的主旨大意，而且要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力主要设题方式有：
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?
The purpose of the text is to get more people to__________
The writer of the story wants to tell us that____________
The fact... Is mentioned by the author to show__________
The author writes the last paragraph in order to________________
作者写文章的目的通常有三类（灵活借鉴应用）：
(1) to entertain readers(使读者愉悦、发笑)：常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。
(2) to persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点)：常见于广告或议论文。广告是作者要推销一种产品或一种服务：吸引更多的游客﹑读者或订户﹑观众等。议论文是为了说服读者接受或赞同某一观点。
(3)to inform readers (告知读者某些信息)：多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章, 以及劝告性或建议性的文章。弄清其写作目的, 需要找准主题句, 把握文章主旨。
典例：2016北京卷A节选）
December 15,2014
Dear Alfred,
I want to tell you how important your help is to my life.
Growing up, I had people telling me I was too stow, though, with an IQ of 150 + at 17, I’am anything but stupid. The fact was that I was found to have ADHD（注意力缺陷多动障碍）.Anxious all the time, I was unable to keep focused for more than an hour at a time.
Thank you. You’ve given me hope that I can follow my heart. For the first time, I feel good about myself because I m doing something, not because someone told me I was doing good. I feel whole.
This is why you're saving my life.
Yours,
Tanis
8）. Tanis wrote this letter in order to__________________
A. explain why she was interested in the computer
B. share the ideas she had for her profession
C. show how grateful she was to the center
D. describe the courses she had taken so far
3.观点态度推断
观点态度推断题考查考生是否了解文章作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的观点或者态度。这就要求考生在正确理解文章大意的基础上，对观点或者态度倾向进行分析、识别，关注作者对人物心理或者细节的描写，对文章所交代的人或者事情进行评判。主要设题方式有:
The attitude of the author towards something is______________
The writer of the passage seems to think that________________
What's the author's opinion on... ?
What do we know about sb. in the passage?
Somebody can be said___________.
What does the author think about... ?
典例（2016·四川卷C节选）
"I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have worked there on and off for almost ten years? " says Gin. "I' ve been able to keep firm friendships with them. Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment. I don't see it as a lawless land. But rather see it as an area of freedom."
30）. What is Gin’s attitude toward s the lives of the indigenous Guianese?
A. Cautious.
B. Doubtful.
C. Uninterested.
D. Appreciative.
4.文章来源和读者对象推断
推测文章的来源或者读者对象要求读者本身要具备一定的常识，这样文章的内容才能与读者本身具备的常识结合起来。比如读者本身要对报纸、杂志、网络、科普、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章的特点对号人座，选出正确的答案。举几个例子：1）.报纸前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。
2）.广告因其用词和格式特殊，客易辨认。3）.产品说明器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用。需要指出的是：有时命题者为了增加试题的难度，特殊的格式或日期可能不出现，这时需要根据文章的题材内容进行推断。如果内客是发布新闻，最可能是出现在报纸上；如果是科普读物，可能是出自科普杂志上。
主要设题方式有：
This passage would be most likely to be found in____________
The passage is probably taken out of _____________
Where does this text probably come from?
Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from?
The text is intended for_________________.
典例：Have you ever dreamed of having a fashionable watch of great value?
A small watchmaker in Switzerland in 1922 designed the first automatic watch to show the day, month, and date... Today, it is so hard to get an original watch that some watch historians are even willing to offer $200,000 for one.
These watches attracted a lot of people for their splendid color, fashionable s ty, and new uses in the 1920s...
Today, you are offered the same kind of watch with improvement. It has a 24-jewel mechanical movement...
You can get the watch either in person or by mail all an affordable price. You will also receive good service from the watch seller. If you are not satisfied with the watch after you get it, you may simply return it within 30 days. Don't miss the chance to realize your dream.
题目The passage is probably taken from a ___________________
A. report
B. magazine
C. text book
D. science book
5.推理判断题选项特点
(1)正确选项特点:
◆是"弦外之音°。是立足原文推断出来的内容，不是直接叙述的具体信息；
◆没有绝对概念的字眼，如only, never, all absolutely 等。因为的推断出来的内容，略有模糊成分，留有余地,通常含有usually. may, some, might. can，possibly 等同汇.
(2)干拢选项特点:
◆张冠李戴。使用了原文出现的词汇或者句式。但不是本题的内容；
◆颠倒是非。选项内容涉及了原文中提及的内容，但是选项意思与之恰恰相反；
◆无中生有。这类选项往往是基本的生活常识，观点是正确的，但不是本文表示的内容；
◆扩缩范围。原文中可能出现了almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文章内容加以限制，干扰选项改变了原文范围；
◆曲解文意。根据文章某一句话或者利用了里面的字间设计出选项，看似表达了文章的意思，实际上是借题发挥，曲解了文章原意。
二、技巧点拨
1.领悟隐含意义
“既要理解字面意思，也要理解深层含义。”这是高考对阅读理解能力测试的一项重要内容。由于某种原因，有的文章作者不能鲜明地表达自己的观点，而将其隐含在字里行间，流露于修辞手法之中。这类题要求考生对作者这种没有明确说明的事实信息和思想倾向做出合理的推断。读懂这种“言外之意，弦外之音”要求考生具有无障碍的阅读能力，"锣鼓听音"的敏锐感觉，合理推断的思维品质。做题的关键是根据题干要求，在原文中找到相关信息，并依此进行推理。
2.理清文章脉络
这类题旨在测试考生在阅读基础上的逻辑推理能力，要求考生根据文章所述事件的逻辑关系，对未说明的趋势或结局做出合理的推断，或根据作者所阐述的观点或理论，对文章未涉及的现象或事例给以解释。
考生首先要仔细阅读短文，充分了解信息，才能弄清文章结构，理清文章脉络。在做出推理判断时，考生一定要依据短文内容或作者的观点，切忌主观臆断，切忌以自己的观点取代作者的原意。
3.抓住作者的态度和观点
做此类题目必须通过作者的用词及叙述口吻等去理解。作者的态度和观点无非就是三种（1）支持、赞同、乐观；（2）反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；（3）中立、客观。作者的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表达，如possible, impossible, seem. strange。此题需要注意的是一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、态度是一致的还是相反的。在议论文中，作者的观点态度常在末段出现，但有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间，需要通读全文，才能作出正确的判断。熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语：
褒义词：supportive（支持的）；positive（积极的）optimistic（乐观的）enthusiastic （热情的）等。
贬义词：negative（否定的，消极的）ironic（讽刺的）critical（批评的）disgusted（厌恶的）disappointed（失望的）等。
中性词：indifferent（漠不关心的）uninterested（不感兴趣的）；objective（客观的）neutral中立的）等。
当堂分类检测
1. 细节推断A new collection of photos brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life. Frank Hurley’s pictures would be outstanding----undoubtedly first-rate photo-journalism---if they had been made last week. In fact, they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck(海滩), by a cameraman who had no reasonable expectation of survival. Many of the images were stored in an ice chest, under freezing water, in the damaged wooden ship.
13）. What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley?
A. They were made last week
B. They showed undersea sceneries
C. They were found by a cameraman
D. They recorded a disastrous adventure
2. 写作意图推断
Successful people in international business understand the cultures of other countries and learn to change their practices in different cultures. They understand the importance of avoiding business decisions based on misconceptions---mistaken ideas.
One cause of misconceptions is ethnocentrism, the belief that one’s own culture’s way of doing things is better than the way of other cultures. It’s ethnocentris m that leads to failure in international business. To avoid ethnocentrism, it’s necessary to study the different elements(组成部分) of culture: language, values and attitudes, and customs and manners.
A knowledge of the local language can help international business people in four ways. …
V alues are people’s basic beliefs about the difference between right and wron g, good and bad. An attitude is a way of thinking or acting. Values and attitudes influence international business. …
Customs are common social practices. Manners are ways of acting that the society believes are polite. …
64）. The author’s purpose of wr iting this article is to tell people _________.
how to take a right attitude in business
B. how to avoid misunderstandings in business
C. how to use a local language in business
D. how to act politely and properly in business
3. 观点态度推断再提醒：
这类试题的题干中常有the writer’s attitude toward(s), The author thoughts/ think(s), According to the author, What does the author think about…等。
作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特
别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之音。干扰项具有三个特点：
(1) 可能是考生自己的某种观点。(易误选)
(2) 社会普遍的一种倾向，文中没有信息支持。
(3) 与本文无关或与作者相反的观点等。
此外，还要注意区分作者态度或观点与引用的别人的态度或观点。
观点态度推断
It is not just unkind but also dangerous to say a four-hourly feeding schedule will make a baby satisfied. The first of the experts to advocate a strict clock-watching schedule was Dr.Frederic Truby King who was against feeding in the night. I've never heard anything soridiculous. Baby feeding shouldn't follow a timetable set by the mum. What is important is feeding a baby in the best way，though it may cause some inconvenience in the first few weeks.
题目：What does the author think about Dr.Frederic Truby King?
A．He is strict.
B．He is unkind.
C．He has the wrong idea.
D．He sets a timetable for mothers.
4.文章来源和读者对象推断
The Basics of Math—Made Clear
[1]Basic Math introduces students to the basic concepts of mathematics，as well as the fundamentals of more tricky areas. These 30 fantastic lectures are designed to provide students with an understanding of arithmetic and to prepare them for Algebra(代数)and beyond.
...
[7]If the course fails to provide complete satisfaction to you，you can easily exchange it for any other course that we offer. Or you can get your money back.
题目：
59）．Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from?
A．A news report.B．A book review.
C．A lesson plan. D．An advertisement.
5.综合训练
Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.
Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious (难为情) when they're in poorly lit
places—and so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesn't have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.
Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colors make us feel less hungry. So when it's time to repaint, go blue.
Don't forget the clock—or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories (卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes. And while you're at it, actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turn on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.
Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake (摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we'll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.
()1.The text is especially helpful for those who care about ________.
A．their home comforts B．their body shape
C．house buying D．healthy diets
()2.A home environment in blue can help people ________.
A．digest food better B．reduce food intake
C．burn more calories D．regain their appetites
()3.What are people advised to do at mealtimes?
A．Eat quickly. B．Play fast music.
C．Use smaller spoons. D．Turn down the lights.
()4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Is Your House Making You Fat?
B．Ways of Serving Dinner
C．Effects of Self-Consciousness
D．Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?
高三英语阅读理解推理判断题命题方式与技巧点拨
导入：
高考英语阅读理解考纲关于阅读理解部分考纲要求：
阅读部分要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：（1）理解主旨要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；（4）做出判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
高考英语阅读理解常见的设题形式有：细节理解题、推理判断题、词意猜测题、主旨大意题。本节主要解决推理判断题解题策略。
推理判断题解题指导：
■考点突破
一、命题方式：
推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，要求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。
推理判断题的命题区间往往出现在以下几个方面：
◆文章或者段落的首尾部分。这一部分往往会引出文章的主题，总结全文或者全段内容，通常也会设计推理判断题；
◆引言部分。议论文或者说明文中作者经常引用他人语言来支撑自己的观点，引用的内容可能从正面或者反面来支持作者的观点，引文的字里行间隐含的渗透的内容往往也是命题人设题的依据；
◆结论建议处。命题人往往在文章中出现the study suggests, the research indicates, the report shows 等类似结论、建议性表达方式时，此处通常是文章中提到的研究结果或者报告的结论，命题人往往在此设置推理判断题
◆表达观点态度处。在作者表达观点态度的地方往往设置推理判断题。文中出现doubt, appreciate, hate, prefer ,against等表达观点态度的部分，以及一些带有感情色彩的特殊句式，例如感叹句、反问句等。
1.细节推断
细节推断要求考生根据文章内容，推断具体的细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生要把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，然后作出判断。题干中常出现infer（推断），indicate（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示）.conclude（作出结论），assume （假定，设想）等词。主要设题方式有：
It can be inferred from the passage that________.
The author strongly suggests that________
It can be concluded from the passage that________.
The writer implies but not directly states that________
The writer/author indicates/implies/suggests that________
The writer talked about. .. Because he thought________
考点1 细节推断题
典例（2016·全国卷3D节选）
“The ‘if it bleeds’rule works for mass media, " says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania." They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you're feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don't want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”
33. What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?
A. They're socially inactive.
B. They're good at telling stories.
C. They're inconsiderate of others.
D. They're careful with their words.
2.写作意图推断
写作意图推断要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图和写作手法。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这就要求考生不但要理解文章的主旨大意，而且要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力主要设题方式有：
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?
The purpose of the text is to get more people to__________
The writer of the story wants to tell us that____________
The fact... Is mentioned by the author to show__________
The author writes the last paragraph in order to________________
作者写文章的目的通常有三类（灵活借鉴应用）：
(1) to entertain readers(使读者愉悦、发笑)：常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。
(2) to persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点)：常见于广告或议论文。广告是作者要推销一种产品或一种服务：吸引更多的游客﹑读者或订户﹑观众等。议论文是为了说服读者接受或赞同某一观点。
(3)to inform readers (告知读者某些信息)：多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章, 以及劝告性或建议性的文章。弄清其写作目的, 需要找准主题句, 把握文章主旨。
典例：2016北京卷A节选）
December 15,2014
Dear Alfred,
I want to tell you how important your help is to my life.
Growing up, I had people telling me I was too stow, though, with an IQ of 150 + at 17, I’am anything but stupid. The fact was that I was found to have ADHD（注意力缺陷多动障碍）.Anxious all the time, I was unable to keep focused for more than an hour at a time.
Thank you. You’ve given me hope that I can follow my heart. For the first time, I feel good about myself because I m doing something, not because someone told me I was doing good. I feel whole.
This is why you're saving my life.
Yours,
Tanis
8. Tanis wrote this letter in order to__________________
A. explain why she was interested in the computer
B. share the ideas she had for her profession
C. show how grateful she was to the center
D. describe the courses she had taken so far
3.观点态度推断
观点态度推断题考查考生是否了解文章作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的观点或者态度。这就要求考生在正确理解文章大意的基础上，对观点或者态度倾向进行分析、识别，关注作者对人物心理或者细节的描写，对文章所交代的人或者事情进行评判。主要设题方式有:
The attitude of the author towards something is______________
The writer of the passage seems to think that________________
What's the author's opinion on... ?
What do we know about sb. in the passage?
Somebody can be said___________.
What does the author think about... ?
典例（2016·四川卷C节选）
"I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have worked there on and off for almost ten years? " says Gin. "I' ve been able to keep firm friendships with them. Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment. I don't see it as a lawless land. But rather see it as an area of freedom."
30. What is Gin’s attitude towards the liv es of the indigenous Guianese?
A. Cautious.
B. Doubtful.
C. Uninterested.
D. Appreciative.
4.文章来源和读者对象推断
推测文章的来源或者读者对象要求读者本身要具备一定的常识，这样文章的内容才
能与读者本身具备的常识结合起来。比如读者本身要对报纸、杂志、网络、科普、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章的特点对号人座，选出正确的答案。举几个例子：1）.报纸前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。
2）.广告因其用词和格式特殊，客易辨认。3）.产品说明器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用。需要指出的是：有时命题者为了增加试题的难度，特殊的格式或日期可能不出现，这时需要根据文章的题材内容进行推断。如果内客是发布新闻，最可能是出现在报纸上；如果是科普读物，可能是出自科普杂志上。
主要设题方式有：
This passage would be most likely to be found in____________
The passage is probably taken out of _____________
Where does this text probably come from?
Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from?
The text is intended for_________________.
典例：Have you ever dreamed of having a fashionable watch of great value?
A small watchmaker in Switzerland in 1922 designed the first automatic watch to show the day, month, and date... Today, it is so hard to get an original watch that some watch historians are even willing to offer $200,000 for one.
These watches attracted a lot of people for their splendid color, fashionable s ty, and new uses in the 1920s...
Today, you are offered the same kind of watch with improvement. It has a 24-jewel mechanical movement...
You can get the watch either in person or by mail all an affordable price. You will also receive good service from the watch seller. If you are not satisfied with the watch after you get it, you may simply return it within 30 days. Don't miss the chance to realize your dream.
题目The passage is probably taken from a ___________________
A. report
B. magazine
C. text book
D. science book
5.推理判断题选项特点
(1)正确选项特点:
◆是"弦外之音°。是立足原文推断出来的内容，不是直接叙述的具体信息；
◆没有绝对概念的字眼，如only, never, all absolutely 等。因为的推断出来的内容，略有模糊成分，留有余地,通常含有usually. may, some, might. can，possibly 等同汇.
(2)干拢选项特点:
◆张冠李戴。使用了原文出现的词汇或者句式。但不是本题的内容；
◆颠倒是非。选项内容涉及了原文中提及的内容，但是选项意思与之恰恰相反；
◆无中生有。这类选项往往是基本的生活常识，观点是正确的，但不是本文表示的
内容；
◆扩缩范围。原文中可能出现了almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文章内容加以限制，干扰选项改变了原文范围；
◆曲解文意。根据文章某一句话或者利用了里面的字间设计出选项，看似表达了文章的意思，实际上是借题发挥，曲解了文章原意。
二、技巧点拨
1.领悟隐含意义
“既要理解字面意思，也要理解深层含义。”这是高考对阅读理解能力测试的一项重要内容。由于某种原因，有的文章作者不能鲜明地表达自己的观点，而将其隐含在字里行间，流露于修辞手法之中。这类题要求考生对作者这种没有明确说明的事实信息和思想倾向做出合理的推断。读懂这种“言外之意，弦外之音”要求考生具有无障碍的阅读能力，"锣鼓听音"的敏锐感觉，合理推断的思维品质。做题的关键是根据题干要求，在原文中找到相关信息，并依此进行推理。
2.理清文章脉络
这类题旨在测试考生在阅读基础上的逻辑推理能力，要求考生根据文章所述事件的逻辑关系，对未说明的趋势或结局做出合理的推断，或根据作者所阐述的观点或理论，对文章未涉及的现象或事例给以解释。
考生首先要仔细阅读短文，充分了解信息，才能弄清文章结构，理清文章脉络。在做出推理判断时，考生一定要依据短文内容或作者的观点，切忌主观臆断，切忌以自己的观点取代作者的原意。
3.抓住作者的态度和观点
做此类题目必须通过作者的用词及叙述口吻等去理解。作者的态度和观点无非就是三种（1）支持、赞同、乐观；（2）反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；（3）中立、客观。作者的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表达，如possible, impossible, seem. strange。此题需要注意的是一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、态度是一致的还是相反的。在议论文中，作者的观点态度常在末段出现，但有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间，需要通读全文，才能作出正确的判断。熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语：
褒义词：supportive（支持的）；positive（积极的）optimistic（乐观的）enthusiastic （热情的）等。
贬义词：negative（否定的，消极的）ironic（讽刺的）critical（批评的）disgusted（厌恶的）disappointed（失望的）等。
中性词：indifferent（漠不关心的）uninterested（不感兴趣的）；objective（客观的）neutral中立的）等。
当堂分类检测
1. 细节推断A new collection of photos brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life.
Frank Hurley’s pictures would be outstanding----undoubtedly first-rate photo-journalism---if they had been made last week. In fact, they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck(海滩), by a cameraman who had no reasonable expectation of survival. Many of the images were stored in an ice chest, under freezing water, in the damaged wooden ship.
13. What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley?
A. They were made last week
B. They showed undersea sceneries
C. They were found by a cameraman
D. They recorded a disastrous adventure
2. 写作意图推断
Successful people in international business understand the cultures of other countries and learn to change their practices in different cultures. They understand the importance of avoiding business decisions based on misconceptions---mistaken ideas.
One cause of misconceptions is ethnocentrism, the belief that one’s own culture’s way of doing things is better than the way of other cultures. It’s ethnocentrism that lea ds to failure in international business. To avoid ethnocentrism, it’s necessary to study the different elements(组成部分) of culture: language, values and attitudes, and customs and manners.
A knowledge of the local language can help international business peo ple in four ways. …
V alues are people’s basic beliefs about the difference between right and wrong, good and bad. An attitude is a way of thinking or acting. Values and attitudes influence international business. …
Customs are common social practices. Manners are ways of acting that the society believes are polite. …
64. The author’s purpose of writing this article is to tell people _________.
how to take a right attitude in business
B. how to avoid misunderstandings in business
C. how to use a local language in business
D. how to act politely and properly in business
3. 观点态度推断再提醒：
这类试题的题干中常有the writer’s attitude toward(s), The author thoughts/ think(s), According to the author, What does the author think about…等。
作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之音。干扰项具有三个特点：
(1) 可能是考生自己的某种观点。(易误选)
(2) 社会普遍的一种倾向，文中没有信息支持。
(3) 与本文无关或与作者相反的观点等。
此外，还要注意区分作者态度或观点与引用的别人的态度或观点。
It is not just unkind but also dangerous to say a four-hourly feeding schedule will make a baby satisfied. The first of the experts to advocate a strict clock-watching schedule was Dr.Frederic Truby King who was against feeding in the night. I've never heard anything soridiculous. Baby feeding shouldn't follow a timetable set by the mum. What is important is feeding a baby in the best way，though it may cause some inconvenience in the first few weeks.
题目：What does the author think about Dr.Frederic Truby King?
A．He is strict.
B．He is unkind.
C．He has the wrong idea.
D．He sets a timetable for mothers.
4.文章来源和读者对象推断
The Basics of Math—Made Clear
[1]Basic Math introduces students to the basic concepts of mathematics，as well as the fundamentals of more tricky areas. These 30 fantastic lectures are designed to provide students with an understanding of arithmetic and to prepare them for Algebra(代数)and beyond.
...
[7]If the course fails to provide complete satisfaction to you，you can easily exchange it for any other course that we offer. Or you can get your money back.
题目：
59．Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from?
A．A news report.B．A book review.
C．A lesson plan. D．An advertisement.
【解析】D。文章来源推断题。根据文章的标题和语气，以及文章最后一段“要是我们的课程不能让你完全满意，你可以换成我们所提供的其他课程，或者是直接退款”可以看出这篇文章来源于一则广告。故选D。
5.综合训练
Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.
Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious (难为情) when they're in poorly lit places—and so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesn't have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.
Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colors make us feel less hungry. So when it's time to repaint, go blue.
Don't forget the clock—or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories (卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes. And while you're at it, actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turn on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.
Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake (摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we'll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.
()1.The text is especially helpful for those who care about ________.
A．their home comforts B．their body shape
C．house buying D．healthy diets
()2.A home environment in blue can help people ________.
A．digest food better B．reduce food intake
C．burn more calories D．regain their appetites
()3.What are people advised to do at mealtimes?
A．Eat quickly. B．Play fast music.
C．Use smaller spoons. D．Turn down the lights.
()4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Is Your House Making You Fat?
B．Ways of Serving Dinner
C．Effects of Self-Consciousness
D．Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?
【主旨大意】本文向我们介绍了家居环境对我们饮食的影响，然后给出了如何通过
改变房间光线、墙壁的颜色、餐具的大小等来控制饮食，从而保持体型的建议。
1．【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段第一句“Your house may have an effect on your figure.(你的房子可能会对你的体型有影响。)”和第二句“…the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off(你设计房子的方式对你是增肥还是减肥会起作用。)”可以推断文章尤其对那些在乎外形的人有帮助，故选B项。
2．【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.”可知，研究发现，在蓝色房间内吃饭的人要比在黄色或红色房间内吃饭的人少吃33%的食物，这和B项意思相符，故选B项。
3．【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段第四句“When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent.”可知，当我们用大汤匙的时候，摄入的总量要比使用小汤匙多14%，所以作者建议我们要想保持体型，就应该用较小的汤匙，故选C项。
4．【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。文章开篇点题“Your house may have an effect on your figure，”然后从专家的角度进行了进一步的说明“the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off，”并给那些想减肥的人士提了一些房间布置的建议，故选A项。
高中英语阅读之推理判断题的解题技巧资料
高考阅读理解专题：推理判断题的解题技巧 推断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，考生要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词句，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。 近年的高考题中常出现以下五种推理判断题: 1. 这类题干中通常含有learn( ), infer( ), suggest( ), imply( ), conclude （）, indicate( )等标志性词语, 常见的提问方式有： 1)．We can know from the passage that ________． 2). We can infer from the (first/last) passage that ________． 3)．The passage/author implies/suggests that ______． 4)．It can be concluded from the passage that ________． 5)．The underlined sentence indicates that ________ 2. 解题技巧 ①针对细节推断: 在原文中找到相关的信息源--- 对具体内容分析-- 推理判断得出结论 实例1：Did you ever hear a strange sound coming from the wall? Did it sound like a clock? If so, it may have been made by a beetle. Long ago people thought the ticking meant that someone was about to die. Thus the beetle is called “the deathwatch beetle." 1. It can be inferred from the text that the sound of this beetle ________. A. pleased people. B. surprised people. C. frightened people. D. excited people. ②针对主题思想:以主题为核心----- 分析逻辑关系----- 得出结论 实例2：In the California study, children with TVs in their rooms but no computer at home scored the lowest while those with no bedroom TV but who had home computers scored the highest. While this study does not prove that bedroom TV sets caused the lower scores, it adds to accumulating findings that children shouldn’t have TVs in their bedrooms. 1. What can we learn from the last two paragraphs? A. More time should be spent on computers. B. Children should be forbidden to watch TV. C. TV sets shouldn't be allowed in children's bedrooms. D. Further studies on high-achieving students should be done. 1. 题干中通常含有attitude, view ,opinion,, in the author’s opinion/mind等标志性词语。提问方式: 1)．The author seems to be in favor of/against ______． 2)．The author may probably agree with/support ________． 3)．What's the author's opinion about...? 4)．In the author's opinion...?
(完整版)2017年高考英语阅读理解练习题7.
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项中,选出最佳选项。 A To American visitors, Iceland is a very interesting country, partly because it is different in so many ways from what he or she is used to seeing at home. There are quite a few things that are not done, or that do not exist on the island —quite a few "No's". There is no pollution, for instance. No dogs are permitted in Reykjavik, the capital. There is no television on Thursdays or during the entire month of July, and only three hours of black-and-white TV the rest of the time. There is no hard liquor on Wednesdays and no beer at any time. There are no handguns; only one jail of thirty-five cells in the entire land —an admirable figure, even for a small country of 313,376 people. There is no army, air force or navy. There is no tipping for anything. There are no large stores open on Saturdays or Sundays. Since Iceland is situated just under the Arctic Circle, there is no darkness in summer and no daylight in winter. But thanks to Gulf Stream, the climate is rather mild, with temperatures ranging from 34 degrees Fahrenheit to 52 degrees in July. The rules on television, liquor, and guns are the result of governmental decision. But the absence of pollution is due in great part to the fact that Iceland gets its power from the enormous geyser(间歇泉and the thousands of hot springs that come out of the ground. They provide all the energy needed by the country. In fact, Iceland uses only 3 percent of all its available power. Iceland has been described as a democratic independent country where more fish are caught and more books published per person than anywhere else in the world. The Icelanders have always felt a particular love for literature. They composed their first works in the ninth and tenth centuries AD. These works were poems and tales about the kings, heroes, and heroines of Iceland and Norway. At first the stories were memorized
2017年高考英语全国卷3-答案
2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国卷Ⅲ） 英语答案解析 第一部分:阅读理解 第一节 1.【答案】A 【解析】题干问的是三月份可参加的旅行，而第一个项目San Francisco Winery Tour的时间是从2月1日到4月30日。故选A。 【考点】冠词，细节理解。 2.【答案】C 【解析】第二个项目Back to the Fifties Tour中提到在San Francisco你能免费品尝冰淇淋。而其他选项在这个旅行中没有被提到。故选C。 【考点】介词辨析，细节理解。 3.【答案】D 【解析】第四个项目Holiday Lights Tour的最后一句话提到”Advance reservations required”，由此可知，该旅行需要提前预定。故选D。 【考点】代词，细节理解。 4.【答案】B 【解析】根据第一段的最后一句”As one group of workers carried out the rubbish，another group began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the buildings end”可推断出工人们清理垃圾和清除座位及其他剧院设备是在为剧院的关闭做准备。故选B。 【考点】副词辨析，推理判断。 5.【答案】D 【解析】根据第二段中的”Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate”可知，剧院的老板亲自选定了The Last picture Show这部电影，因为他认为这部电影很合适。原文中的“appropriate”和D选项的“suitable都表示“合适的”。故选D。 【考点】细节理解。 6.【答案】C 【解析】第四段最后一句说剧院被卖给了当地的开发公司，该公司计划在剧院所在地建综合购物大楼，因此可推断出剧院将被推倒拆除。故选C。 【考点】动词的时态，推理判断。
阅读理解之推理判断题解题指导-教师版精品资料
阅读理解之推理判断题解题指导 一、推理判断题常见提问方式 1. The writer / author / passage implies / suggests (暗示) that ________. 2. It can be inferred (推断）from the story that ________. 3. We can learn from the passage that ________. 4. The passage is intended to ________. 5. The first paragraph of this passage is to ________. 6. From the passage, we can learn / conclude that ________. 7. The passage may be a / an ________. 8. How does the author seem to feel about this issue? 9. Which of the following might happen later? 10. Which of the following can be concluded from this passage? 二、选项特点分析 推理判断题目选项的设置有一定的特点和规律，了解这些，可以帮助提高答题的正确率。 1．正确选项的特点： （1）正确选项一般含义比较丰富，具有一定的综合性和概括性； （2）正确选项的表述一般不会太绝对，而是会用一些相对宽泛的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等； （3）正确选项有时候与通过常识判断得出的结论相反，要特别注意。 2．干扰选项的特点： （1）只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出的结论； （2）看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符； （3）根据常识判断是正确的，然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推理而得出的观点； （4）虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为依据，但推理过头、概括过度； （5）部分选项的内容纯属编造。 三、推理判断题的解题方法 解决此类题要注意：一是与原文相同的细节不能选；二是不能跳出文章做推断。 1. 抓住特定关键信息进行推理。 做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用正向推理或逆向思维，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。 【例1】 The receiver contacts at least four of the satellites and calculates (计算) its position. The third part of the system is a network of ground stations. They are all over the world. They control the satellites and make sure they are working well. The underlined word “They” in Paragraph 3 means “_______”. A. Receivers B. GPS devices C. Satellites D. Ground stations 【解析】根据这段文字，我们可以推断出They指的是ground stations（地面卫星接收站），故选D。【例2】 Cost Adult: $7.40 Children (under 15 y ears): half … John and his 10-year-old son want to watch Secret of the Dragon. How much should they pay? A . $7.40. B. $11.10. C. $14.80. D. $23.20. 【解析】根据上面的信息可知，15岁以下的孩子是半价。所以，一个成人和一个10岁的孩子应该花$7.40+$3.70=$11.10，故选B。 【例3】
(英语)高三英语阅读理解解析版汇编
（英语）高三英语阅读理解解析版汇编 一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 In America, parents tend to encourage their children to develop their potential (潜能) to the fullest extent. Fathers and mothers frequently teach their children both ambition and the confidence necessary to work toward their goals. American parents are always active in concentrating on what their kids can do, not what they can't. As a result, millions of American boys and girls grow up hoping to become actors and athletes, diplomats and doctors. Many of them even want to become president. American parents often encourage their children to become involved in extra activities of all types at school, such as student government, sports and music. They believe that only through taking part in these activities can their children become mature young adults. As we all know, school work is important. But parents should realize that the social skills their children learn from natural conversations with each other are as important as schoolwork and the skills they will need in the future work. What's more important in their work is that their children should have a sound knowledge of physics or the ability to communicate effectively. As a rule, Chinese parents don't educate their children about the same kind of ambition and confidence as Americans do, nor do they encourage the same level of participation in extra activities. Children are typically advised to study hard and pass exams. They have to spend a lot of time in doing much schoolwork every day. It is a great waste of time to do so. Now more and more Chinese parents have recognized that they should pay attention to developing the potential of their children. I hope that leaders in Chinese educational circles should take some measures to develop the potential of their children. I am very confident about it. （1）From the passage, we know the American parents pay much more attention to . A. the social skills than Chinese parents B. their children's studying hard and well C. what their children want but they can't D. extra activities than schoolwork （2）According to the passage, Chinese parents . A. know more than American parents to educate their children B. owning ambition and confidence is necessary and important C. pay much more attention to their children's fine future D. don't encourage their children to participate in extra activities （3）From the passage, we can infer . A. American children are brave and adventurous B. American children are more active in their studies C. Chinese children have the ability to communicate effectively D. something should be done to develop the potential of the children in China （4）What's the writer's attitude towards Chinese education reform? A. Neutral. B. Indifferent. C. Positive. D. Negative. 【答案】（1）A
高考英语阅读理解推理判断题的解题技巧
推理判断题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到的或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类旨在考查考生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属深层理解题。此类试题的设计常常包括infer, imply, suggest, conclude等词。 这类题的设问方式主要有： (1)We can infer from the passage that ______. (2)What can be inferred from the passage? (3)Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? (4)It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ______. (5)The author suggest in this passage that ______. (6)The writer implies that ______. (7)It can be inferred that ______. (8)It can be concluded from the passage that ______. (9)On the whole, we can conclude that ______. (10)From the text we can conclude that ______. (11)After reading the passage we may conclude that ______. (12)What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? (13)The author is inclined to think that ______. (14)When the writer talks about..., what he really means is that______. (15)What's the writer's attitude towards...? (16)What's the author's feeling towards...?
2017年高考英语阅读题
2017年高考英语阅读题 第二部分：阅读理解（共两节,满分40分） 第一节（共15小题；每小题2分,满分30分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A Attending college can be expensive, and applying to college can be costly as well. With today’s college application fees averaging around $ 80, you can expect to spend hundreds of dollars on college before you are even accepted into a school. One of the easiest ways to save money on college application fees before you begin applying is to narrow down your list of schools. To save money, try to limit the schools to which you apply to about 2- reach schools and 2- safety schools. At some schools, being a relative of a graduate can secure you a free application. If you are applying to a school where one of your parents or grandparents is a former graduate, check to see if you’re qualified for it. Research the preferred method of applying for each school on your list. Some schools offer free online applications, yet charge a fee for paper submissions. This is because online applications save schools the cost of employing a staff member to physically enter the application information. Several states, such as Michigan and North Carolina, take part in College Application Week, where many schools in the participating states cancel their application fee for the week. Be sure to contact the schools to I j which you are applying to see if they participate in College Application Week and when the program takes place in that state. Apply for early admission. If you have already decided on which college is your top choice, consider applying under an Early Action or Early Decision admission program. If you are accepted, you won’t have to submit application fees to other schools. For more information regarding college applications and the fees associated with them, contact your high I school advisor or the admissions department at your school(s) of interest. 21.The passage is mainly written to______. A.introduce famous universities in the United Stales B.show some practical ways to apply an ideal college C.advertise for successful applications and advisors D.offer tips to save money on college application fees
2017年高考英语全国卷1
徐老师 2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 英语 (考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：150分) 注意事项： 1.答卷前,考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。 2.回答选择题时,选出每小题答案后,用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号 涂黑。如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。回答非选择题时,将答案写在答题卡上,写在本试卷上无效。 3.考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 第一部分听力(共两节,满分30分) 做题时,先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。 第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分,满分7.5分) 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 例：How much is the shirt? A. ￡ 19.15. B. ￡ 9.18. C. ￡ 9.15. 答案是C。 1. What does the woman think of the movie? A. It’s amusing. B. It’s exciting. C.It’s disappointing. 2. How will Susan spend most of her time in France? A. Traveling around. B. Studying at a school. C. Looking after her aunt. 第1页
3. What are the speakers talking about? A. Going out. B. Ordering drinks. C. Preparing for a party. 4. Where are the speakers? A. In a classroom. B. In a library. C. In a bookstore. 5. What is the man going to do? A. Go on the Internet. B. Make a phone call. C. Take a train trip. 第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分,满分22.5分) 听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟；听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。 听第6段材料,回答第6、7题。 6. What is the woman looking for? A. An information office. B. A police station C. A shoe repair shop. 7. What is the Town Guide according to the man? A. A brochure. B. A newspaper. C. A map. 听第7段材料,回答第8、9题。 8. What does the man say about the restaurant? A. It’s the biggest one around. B. It offers many tasty dishes. C. It’s famous for its seafood. 9. What will the woman probably order? A. Fried fish. B. Roast chicken. C. Beef steak. 听第8段材料,回答第10至12题。 10. Where will Mr. White be at 11 o’clock? A. At the office. B. At the airport. C. At the restaurant. 11. What will Mr. White probably do at one in the afternoon? A. Receive a guest. B. Have a meeting. C. Read a report. 第2页
高三英语阅读理解(带详解)
I watched from a distance as the homeless man quarreled with those who did not leave money for him – the majority. I walked up to him and right on queue he asked me for a quarter. ―I’ll give you a quarter if you tell me your story.‖ He laughed, ―You’ll give me a quarter for my story?‖ I lay the quarter in front of him and corrected myself –―Nah, here’s the quarter but it would be nice to hear your story.‖ I followed his eyes to the quarter and for a brief moment I saw a glimmer of reflection. I sat down next to him and waited. ―I was in the army,‖ he said. ―I was a sniper(狙击手)and was supposed to shoot down the enemy from the distance.‖ I listened carefully to his grizzly voice as he went deeper into the story. He wore dirty old torn clothes and smelled like a dead rat left in a mouse trap. He told me how he used to hunt with his family and was really good at it. He had his own way of respecting animals by not wasting what he killed for food and not killing more than he needed. When the army came knocking on his door, he felt pride and joined up. All those years of polishing his hunting skills could now serve a larger purpose—to defend us from the bad guys. He set out to fight in Iraq. It wasn’t long before he realized his ideals and expectations were just a shadow of the truth. He became disillusioned with the killings, which he felt were of innocent people. ―I was a sniper but I never really killed anyone,‖ he said. ―One day I had to do it. They asked me to shoot this lady from the distance. I saw kids near that lady and my hands were on the trigger (扳机). Man, I was tearing up ... I couldn’t do it. She wasn’t doing anything to anyone and she was with the kids—I couldn’t see through my tears. It just didn’t make any sense to me.‖ The story goes on as he describes eventually being put into prison for 180 days for refusing to follow orders. He told me how he was black listed so that he couldn’t get a job. All the rights we take for granted were taken away from him. Why? Here was a man who was being punished—and for what? For refusing to kill the lady? For being a hero? ―I have no regrets,‖ the homeless man said. ―I may be homeless now, but I never killed that lady. I never killed anyone in the army. It didn’t feel right. I didn’t go there to do that. I went there to save people.‖ He continued, ―I can live with being homeless—that’s okay. But I wouldn’t be able to live with killing innocent people.‖ On that lonely Friday night, I met a hero. It just never occurred to me that a hero could be a smelly old man left on streets. 1. It can be learned from the passage that the homeless man_______. （） A. never killed animals B. had a strong respect for life C. deserved the punishment he received D. felt guilty about disobeying the order
行测-演绎推理题型分析及解题技巧总结
1、演绎推理题型分析及解题技巧总结 所谓推理，是指由一个或几个已知的判断推导出另外一个新的判断的思维形式。一切推理都必须由前提和结论两部分组成。一般来说，作为推理依据的已知判断称为前提，所推导出的新的判断则称为结论。推理大体分为直接推理和间接推理。 只有一个前提的推理叫直接推理。例如：有的高三学生是共产党员，所以有的共产党员是高三学生。 一般有两个或两个以上前提的推理就是间接推理。例如：贪赃枉法的人必会受到惩罚，你们一贯贪赃枉法，所以今天你们终于受到法律的制裁和人民的惩罚。 一般说，间接推理又可以分为演绎推理、归纳推理和类比推理等三种形式。 1、演绎推理及其分类 所谓演绎推理，是指从一般性的前提得出了特殊性的结论的推理。例如：贪赃枉法的人是必定会受到惩罚的，你们一贯贪赃枉法，所以，你们今天是必定要受到法律的制裁、人民的惩罚的。这里，“贪赃枉法的人是必定会受到惩罚的”是一般性前提，“你们一贯贪赃枉法”是特殊性前提。根据这两个前提推出”你们今天是必定要受到法律的制裁和人民的惩罚的”这个特殊性的结论。 演绎推理可分为三段论、假言推理和选言推理。 1、三段论 (1)所谓三段论是推理中最普通的一种形式。它由三个简单判断组成，其中两个是前提，一个是结论。例如：不法分子都害怕法律的制裁（大前提）；杀人犯是不法分子（小前提）；所以杀人犯害怕法律的制裁（结论）。 (2)三段论的推理一般有三个特点： ①有三个判断； ②每个判断都有两个概念，整个推理共有三个不同的概念，每个概念都出现两次； ③在前提中都有一个概念起媒介的作用。 在逻辑学中，阐述三段论时，概念和判断都有一定的名称。即，在作结论的判断中的谓项称为大项（P）；作主项的称为小项（S）；在结论中不出现，在前提中起媒介作用的称为中项（M）。一般，包含大项的判断称为大前提，包含小项的判断称为小前提。 (3)我们在运用三段论时，还要遵守三个原则： ①一个三段论必须（也只能）有三个概念，特别是中项必须是同一概念，否则就会产生错误（通常把这种错误说为“偷换概念”）。例如：茅盾著作不是几天可以读完的；《白杨礼赞》是茅盾著作；所以，《白杨礼赞》不是几天可以读完的。 这里，在大前提中的“茅盾著作”指所有茅盾著作构成的总体，而小前提中的“茅盾著作”则是茅盾许多著作中的一种具体的著作，两者含义不同，已经不是三个概念，而是变成了四个概念，致使推理产生了错误。 ②中项在前提中至少周延一次。周延是在一个判断中对于主项和谓项是否全部断定，如全部断定就是周延，否则就是不周延。如果违反这条规则，就会犯“中项不周延”的错误。例如：劳模都参加了这次代表大会；刘波参加了这次代表大会；所以，刘波是劳模。 在这个推理中，大前提里，中项并没有全部断定，因为参加代表大会的并不一定都是劳模。在小前提里，中项也没有完全断定，因为出席代表大会的肯定不是只有刘波一个人。由于在大小前提中，中项都是不周延，所以，这个推理犯了“中项不周延”的错误（逻辑错误）。 ③在大前提中不周延的概念，在结论中也不能周延。否则就会造成“不当周延”的错误。例如：书记是做人的思想工作的；她不是书记；所以，她不是做人的思想工作的。在这个推理