空间飞行器动力学与控制

Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Spacecraft Dynamics and Control Teacher：Han-qing Zhang

College of Astronautics

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Text book:

Spacecraft Dynamics and

Control：A Practical

Engineering Approach

https://www.360docs.net/doc/3f4689111.html,/s/1o6BF32U

(1) Wertz, J. R. Spacecraft Orbit and Attitude Systems, Springer. 2001

(2) 刘墩.空间飞行器动力学，哈尔滨工业大学出版社，2003.

(3) 章仁为.卫星轨道姿态动力学与控制，北京航空航天大学出版社，2006.

(4) 基于MATLAB/Simulink的系统仿真技术与应用，清华大学出版社，2002。

2014年4月22日星期二Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control 1. Introduction

Space technology is relatively young compared to other modern technologies, such as aircraft

technology.

In only forty years this novel domain has

achieved a tremendous level of complexity and

sophistication. The reason for this is simply

explained: most satellites, once in space, must rely heavily on the quality of their onboard

instrumentation and on the design ingenuity of the scientists and engineers.

2014年4月22日星期二Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control The desire of humans to conquer space within the solar system will surely encourage new

technological achievements that are not yet

imagined.

The technical fields in which satellites are used are numerous一telecommunications, scientific

research, meteorology, and others.

According to the specific task for which they are designed, satellites may be in orbits as low as

200 km or as high as 40,000 km above the earth;

other spacecraft leave the earth toward planets in the solar system

2014年4月22日星期二Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

In October 4, 1957, the former Soviet Union sent the world's first artificial satellite into space.

In March 11, 1960, the United States launched

a "pioneer" detector,and it was known as the

first deep-space probe.

2014年4月22日星期二Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

2014年4月22日星期二Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

In April 12, 1961,

the former Soviet

Union successfully

launched the first

manned spacecraft. 尤里·加加

林

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

In March 1965, the former Soviet Union realized the first human spacewalk.

“上升号”载人飞船2014年4月22日星期二Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

In January 1966, two spacecrafts completed the rendezvous and docking successfully for the first time in the former Soviet Union .

“联盟号”飞船2014年4月22日星期二Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

In July 1969, the United States landed on the moon for the first time.

N．A．阿姆斯特朗E．E．奥尔德林

2014年4月22日星期二Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

In April 19, 1971, the first space station was built successfully with regard to the former Soviet.

“和平号”轨道空间站

2014年4月22日星期二Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

In April 1981, the first space shuttle had the successful test flight.

“哥伦比亚号”航天飞机首飞记录片

2014年4月22日星期二Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

FengYun2

2014年4月22日星期二Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

北斗导航试验卫星定位原理图

2014年4月22日星期二Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Satellites may be very heavy: an inhabited space station, for example, could weigh several

tons or more. There also exist very light satellites, weighing 20 kg or less. Small satellites may be

relatively cheap.

Despite their differences, satellites possess fundamental features that are common to all. The physical laws that govern their motion in space

and their dynamics are the same for all spacecraft.

Hence, the fundamental technologies that evolved from these laws are common to all.

2014年4月22日星期二Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

A satellite's life begins with the specific

booster transferring it to some initial orbit,

called a transfer orbit, in which the satellite is already circling the earth.

For a satellite that will stay near earth, the next stage will be to "ameliorate" the

orbit. This means that the satellite must be

maneuvered to reach the precise orbit for

which the satellite was designed to fulfill its mission.

2014年4月22日星期二Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Next, the satellite's software must check for the proper functioning of its

instrumentation and its performance in

space, as well as calibrate some of the

instruments before they can be used to

control the satellite.

The final stage is the one for which the satellite was designed and manufactured.

2014年4月22日星期二Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Understanding the meaning of each stage will help one to understand the infrastructure of the

control system of any satellite.

Throughout the text, the terms "satellite" and "spacecraft" (s/c for short) will be used

interchangeably. The terms "geosynchronous"

and "geostationary" will be used interchangeably to describe the orbit of a satellite whose period can be made exactly equal to the time it takes the

earth to rotate once about its axis.

2014年4月22日星期二Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

2014年4月22日星期二

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

A geosynchronous communications satellite

will be described in its different life stages. A

common, medium-sized satellite is good example.

Satellite of this type consist of the following

main structural parts.

(1) A central body consisting of a cubelike

structure.

(2) Solar arrays extended in the N-S direction.

(3) An antenna tower directed toward the

earth.

(4) Controllers (such as reaction thrusters)

and attitude sensors (such as sun sensors).

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Attitude and orbit control system

The attitude and orbit control system (AOCS) may include:

(1) A reaction bipropellant (反应双组元)thrust

system.

(2) Two momentum wheels (one redundant).

2014年4月22日星期二Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

2014年4月22日星期二Spacecraft Dynamics and Control

Spacecraft Dynamics and Control (3) Two infrared horizon sensors. (one operating and one redundant) (4) Four fine sun sensors. (two redundant)(5)Twelve coarse sun sensors for safety reasons. (six redundant) (6)Two three-axis coarse rate gyros(陀螺仪).(7)Two three-axis integrating gyros.