2020北京高考英语一模考试阅读C篇汇总带答案 精校版

2020城区高三英语一模C篇阅读汇总

2020西城一模

C

Store owners have been inventing new tricks to get consumers into their stores and purchasing their goods. Even as we find new strategies to resist, neuroscientists (神经科学家) are employed at marketing agencies across the country to best figure out what is going through a consumer’s brain at each point in the decision process.

We consumers overspend due to the fact that we have a fear of missing the really good deal or having to pay more for the same thing and lose money. Normally, the prefrontal cortex ( 前额皮层) controls our emotional reactions to things, and keeps us from acting unreasonably by calming down our fears. But an advertiser can disturb our prefrontal cortex just by displaying flashy deal signs, encouraging it to do math on how much money we might save now by buying more of something we don’t actually need yet.

Nostalgia, that regretful affection for past events, is another strong influencer during the holiday season, and it’s shaped by emotion. Emotion—whether good or bad—enhances the formation of memories, engaging more parts of the brain. So hearing a nephew singing a carol, for instance, might reawaken memories associated with that particular song in a much more powerful way than hearing that same nephew sing another song. These kinds of memories are brought back even more easily by sensory input. This might be why we are often greeted by a sensory reminder everywhere we go in a month.

Wherever you purchase gifts, there are social influences on what you buy as well. The holidays are a time when we are especially conditioned to pay more for the label because we’re buying gifts. Receiving a brand-name gift sends the message that “this person has spent more on me, so he or she must value me more.” And it makes sense. If two things seem pretty much the same, how do I know which to choose? Humans have survived as a social species, and we have to rely on each other. So when our brains are trying to make decisions, one of the shortcuts is to assume that if a lot of other people prefer something (and higher cost is often a predictor of that), then there must be a reason.

Much of our holiday spending is driven by unplanned purchases. Plan ahead, resist the urge to purchase in the moment, make notes for comparison shopping, and if the deal is actually good, then it will hold up to inspection and you’ll feel good about your purchases

later. Before you blow your budget this season, remember that your brain might be fooling you into that next purchase.

38.From Paragraph 2, we learn that .

A.the prefrontal cortex is the calculation center

B.the common consumers always act unreasonably

C.the sight of flashy deal signs may fill consumers with fear

D.the advertisers make consumers pay more for the same thing

39.According to Paragraph 3, which of the following can work on consumers?

A. Creating a festival atmosphere.

B. Following the current fashion.

C. Preparing more free samples.

D. Offering a bigger discount.

40. Why do we buy brand-name gifts during the holiday?

A. They are more reliable.

B. They are a sign of social status.

C. They make people feel valued.

D. They are favored by most people.

41. To avoid overspending, the author suggests we .

A. buy in the moment

B. reduce our budget

C. return unnecessary products

D. make a plan in advance

答案：

38．C39．A40．C 41．D

2020海淀一模

C

There is certainly evidence that actors experience a blending of their real self with their assumed characters. For instance, Benedict Cumberbatch said, "My mum says I'm much more impatient with her when I'm filming Sherlock.

Mark Seton, a researcher at the University of Sydney, has even coined the term "post-dramatic stress disorder,, to describe the lasting effects experienced by actors who lose themselves in a role. “Actors may often prolong habits of the characters they have embodied," he writes.

A recent finding doesn't involve acting, and it indicates that merely spending some time thinking about another person seemed to rub off on the volunteers’ sense of self led by Meghan Meyer at Princeton University. Across several studies, these researchers asked volunteers to first rate their own personalities, memories or physical attributes, and then to perform the same task from the perspective of another person. For instance, they might score the emotionality of various

personal memories, and then rate how a friend or relative would have experienced those same events.

After taking the perspective of another, the volunteers scored themselves once again: the consistent finding was that their self-knowledge was now changed—their self-scores had shifted to become more similar to those they'd given for someone else. For instance, if they had initially said the trait term "confident" was only moderately related to themselves and then rated the term as being strongly related to a friend's personality, when they came to rescore themselves, they now tended to see themselves as more confident. Remarkably, this morphing of the self with another was still apparent even if a 24-hour gap was left between taking someone else's perspective and re-rating oneself.

"By simply thinking about another person, we may adapt our self to take the shape of that person said Meyer and her colleagues. That our sense of self should have this quality might be a little discouraging, especially for anyone who has struggled to establish a firm sense of identity. Yet there is an optimistic message here, too. The challenge of improving ourselves---or at least seeing ourselves in a more positive light—might be a little easier than we thought. By role-playing or acting out the kind of person we would like to become, or merely by thinking about and spending time with people who embody the kind of attributes we would like to see in ourselves, we can find that our sense of self changes in desirable ways.

“As each of us chooses who to befriend, who to model, and who to ignore’’ write Meyer and her colleagues, “we must make these decisions aware of how they shape not only the fabric of our social networks, but even our sense of who we are."

38.The first two paragraphs mainly .

A.state that acting requires skills

B.explain the stress that an actor faces

C.show that a role leaves a mark on the actor

D.stress the importance of devoting oneself to a role

39.What does the underlined phrase "rub off on” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?

A.Influence.

B. Strengthen.

C. Confuse.

D. Determine.

40.According to the study, taking the perspective of another person .

A.brings changes to one's self-knowledge

B.motivates one to better understand himself

C.helps people deal with their identity problems

D.produces temporary effects on one's character

41.What is the significance of the study?

A.It offers instructions on making friends.

B.It proposes a means to improve ourselves.

C.It gives advice on adjusting one's emotions.

D.It presents a way to deal with stress disorder.

答案：38. C 39. A 40. A 41. B

2020朝阳一模

C

A butterfly’s wings can have many jobs besides keeping the insect

high up in the air. They may be used to attract mates, or to warn potential

attackers to stay away. All of these roles, though, depend on their

unchanging colouration. This plays into the idea that butterfly wings are

dead tissue, like a bird’s feathers. In fact, that’s not true. For example, in

some species males’ wings have special cells releasing some chemicals which attract females.

Nanfang Y u, a physicist at Columbia University, in New York, has been looking into the matter. Together with Naomi Pierce, a butterfly specialist at Harvard University, he has now shown, in a paper published in Nature Communications in February, 2020, that butterfly wings are, indeed, very much alive.

In their experiments, the two researchers used a laser(激光) to heat up spots on the wings of dozens of butterfly species. When the temperature of the area under the laser reached 40°C or so, the insects responded within seconds by doing things that stopped their wings heating up further. These actions included a butterfly turning around to minimize its profile to the laser, moving its wings up and down or simply walking away.

Butterflies engaged in all of these heat-minimising activities even when the researchers blindfolded them. That suggested the relevant sensors were on the wings themselves. Dr Y u and Dr Pierce therefore searched those wings for likely looking sensory cells. They found some, in the form of neurons(神经元) that were similar to heat detectors known from other insects. They also uncovered disc-shaped cells that appeared to be similar to pressure-sensitive neurons. They guess that these are there to detect deformation of the wing—information an insect could use to control its flight pattern.

The third discovery they made to contradict the “dead wing” idea was that some butterfly wings have a heartbeat. A butterfly’s wings have veins(静脉). These carry a bloodlike liquid which, researchers have now found in males, shows a pulse(脉搏) of several dozen beats per minute. The source of this pulse appears to be the scent(气味) pad, a dark spot on the wings that produces the female-attracting chemicals. Apparently, this “wing heart” acts as a pump that helps bloodlike liquid through the scent pad.

In all their experiments simulating different environmental conditions, Dr Y u and Dr Pierce consistently found that, different parts of the wing are covered by different sorts of scales(鳞屑). In particular, tubes pass through scales over the scent pads. This improves their ability to spread heat away and helps keep the living parts of a butterfly’s wings alive.

38. A bird’s feathers are mentioned in Paragraph 1 to.

A. introduce the latest research findings on a bird

B. highlight the special feature of a bird’s feathers

C. show common knowledge about butterfly wings

D. stress the difference between a butterfly and a bird

39. What can we learn from Dr Y u and Dr Pierce’s experiments?

A. Butterfly wings are complicated living organs.

B. Butterfly wings have little reaction to external heat.

C. The scent pads on some male butterfly wings are their hearts.

D. Heat-minimising activities help detect deformation of the wings.

40. What is the function of scales over the scent pads?

A. Attracting mates.

B. Increasing blood flow.

C. Covering powerful tubes.

D. Producing the cooling effect.

41. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

A. Seeing Is Believing

B. More Than Meets The Eye

C. Nothing Seek, Nothing Find

D. Fine Feathers Make Fine Birds

答案：38．C39．A40．D 41．B

2020丰台一模

C

In industry and medicine, robots routinely build, break down and inspect things; they also assist in surgery and pharmacies. Neither they nor “social” robots—which are designed to engage with people and to establish an emotional connection—behave like The Jetsons’ maid, Rosie, or other beloved robots of fiction. Even so, expect social robots to become more complicated and popular in the next few years.

Like most robots, social robots use artificial intelligence (AI) to decide how to act on

information received through cameras and other sensors. The ability to respond in ways that seem lifelike has been informed by research into such issues as how perceptions (认知) form, what constitutes social and emotional intelligence, and how people understand others’ thoughts and feelings. Advances in AI have enabled designers to translate such psychological and neuroscientific (神经学的) insights into algorithms (演算) that allow robots to recognize voices, faces and emotions; interpret speech and gestures; respond appropriately to complex verbal and nonverbal cues; make eye contact; speak conversationally; and adapt to people’s needs by learning from feedback, rewards and criticisms.

In consequence, social robots are filling an ever expanding variety of roles. A 47-inch humanoid called Pepper (from SoftBank Robotics), for instance, recognizes faces and basic human emotions and engages in conversations via a touch screen in its “chest.” About 15,000 Peppers worldwide perform such services as hotel check-ins, airport customer service, shopping assistance and fast-food checkout. Social robots have particular appeal for assisting the world’s growing elderly population. Japan’s PARO Therapeutic (治疗的) Robot, which looks like a lovely seal (海豹), is meant to stimulate and reduce stress for those with Alzheimer’s disease and other patients. Mabu (Catalia Health) engages patients, particularly the elderly, reminding them to take walks and medication. Social robots are also gaining popularity with consumers as toys. Early attempts to incorporate social behavior in toys, such as Hasbro’s Baby Alive and Sony’s AIBO robotic dog, had limited success. But both are resurging, and the most recent version of AIBO has complicated voice and gesture recognition, can be taught tricks and develops new behaviors based on previous interactions.

Worldwide sales of consumer robots reached an estimated $5.6 billion in 2018, and the market is expected to grow to $19 billion by the end of 2025. This trend may seem surprising given that multiple well-funded consumer robot companies, such as Jibo and Anki, have failed. But a wave of robots is lining up to take the place of defunct robots, including BUDDY (Blue Frog Robotics), a big-eyed mobile device that plays games in addition to acting as a personal assistant and providing home automation and security.

38. Paragraph 2 mainly tells us ________.

A. what the features of social robots are

B. what promotes social robots’ engagement with people

C. how algorithms are improved to adapt to people’s needs

D. how psychological and neuroscientific insights are translated

39. According to Paragraph 3, social robots ________.

A. have a wide range of applications