高中英语:名词性从句语法知识点

高中英语:名词性从句语法知识点
高中英语:名词性从句语法知识点

高中英语:名词性从句语法知识点

易错点1 主语从句中连接词的误用

作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由下列词引导:

1. 从属连词that,whether,if等;

2. 连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever,whom 等;

3. 连接副词how,when,where,why 等。

that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义,又起连接作用,在从句中充当句子成分。

*What caused the accident is a complete mystery. 是什么导致该事故完全是个谜。*Whoever comes to the party will receive a present. 所有参加晚会的人都将收到一份礼物。

【特别注意】

有时候会用it作形式主语,连接词引导的从句才是真正的主语。

易错点2 宾语从句中连接词的误用

在句子中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句、表语从句的连接词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词、介词及非谓语动词的宾语。

复习宾语从句应着重注意以下两点:

1. 在宾语从句中,引导词whether和if基本一样,但介词后的宾语从句多用whether。*It all depends upon whether we can get their cooperation.

这完全取决于我们是否能取得他们的合作。

2. 动词doubt若用于肯定句,其后的宾语从句常用if/whether引导;若用于否定句或疑问句,则宾语从句用that引导。

*I doubt if/whether our football team will win the match.

我怀疑我们这支足球队是否会赢得比赛。

*I don’t doubt that he’ll succeed. 我不怀疑他会成功。

易错点3 表语从句中连接词的误用

在复合句中,位于系动词之后作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于系动词后,有时用as if,as though引导。其基本结构为:主语+系动词+ that从句。

1. that 引导表语从句,无词义,只起连接作用,不可省。

2. 系动词可以是be, look, seem, sound, appear等。

3. 主语可以是名词fact, truth, cause, question, explanation, trouble, assumption, belief等,或者代词this, that, these, those, it等。

易错点4 同位语从句中连接词的误用

同位语从句是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、介宾从句)中的主要从句之一,从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容,它的作

用相当于名词,对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释。

一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面,用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。

*I heard the news that our team had won. 我听到了我们队获胜的消息。

二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,words(消息),possibility等(一般的"抽象"名词均可)。

*I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon. 我从王先生那里来,他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。

三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that,whether,连接代词what,who,连接副词how,when,where等。

*He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。

四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开,即构成"分隔式同位语从句"。

*The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the cit. 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。

【特别注意】

1. 引导同位语从句的that不能省略。

*The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong. 你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。(that从句作idea的同位语)2. 在某些名词(如demand,wish,suggestion,resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。

*There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一项建议是布朗应该离队。

3. 引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略,但在非正式文体中也可以省去。

*He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱,给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。

4. whether 可引导同位语从句,但if不能引导同位语从句,which也不引导同位语从句。

*The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor. 我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定。

易错点5 连接代词与连接副词的误用

解答名词性从句的一个关键点是判断选用何种连接词,这要看连接词在从句中所作的成分:

通常连接代词在从句中作主语(what, which, who, whatever, whichever, whoever)、表语(what, which, who, whatever, whichever, whoever)、定语(what, which, whose)

和宾语(which, what, whom, whichever, whatever, whomever),而连接副词(when, where, how, why)通常作相应的状语。when作时间状语,where作地点状语,how作方式状语,why作原因状语。

【名师点睛】

"疑问词+ever"与"no matter+疑问词"的区别:

"疑问词+ever"可引导名词性从句,还可引导让步状语从句;"no matter+疑问词"只能引导让步状语从句,不能用于引导名词性从句。

易错点6 名词性从句与其他结构判断错误

1. that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别

(1)从句所修饰词的不同:

同位语从句所修饰的词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词,如belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, possibility, thought, order, suggestion, wish, answer, information, conclusion, decision, discovery, knowledge, law, opinion, problem, promise, proof, question, report, truth, risk 等。

定语从句的先行词可以指人、物等。

(2)连接词的作用不同:

引导同位语从句的that只起连接作用,不在从句中担任任何句子成分。whether 和 how 可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句。

定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语);而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当从句中的任何成分。

(3)从句的作用不同:

定语从句具有形容词或副词的特点,对先行词起修饰、限定作用,描述先行词的性质或特征,与先行词之间是所属关系。

同位语从句具有名词的特点,对中心词作进一步补充、解释,是中心词的具体内容。

*The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。 (同位语从句, 补充说明news到底是一个什么消息;that不可代替,一般不省略)

*The news that had spread all over the world made the man famous.那个已经传遍全世界的消息使得那个人出名了。(定语从句, news在从句中作had spread的主语;引导定语从句时,that很多时候可以用which / who/whom等来代替,作宾语时可省略)

2. that引导的同位语从句与强调句型的区别

that引导的同位语从句用于进一步解释说明中心名词的内容,从句本身是一个非常完整的句子,that起引导作用,在从句中可能不作成分,也可能作一定成分,去掉that 后句子不完整;而强调句型是一个句型结构,去掉强调句型的基本框架It is…that…后,句子仍然完整,that是用于强调除人之外的部分(主语、宾语、状语)。

1 主语从句

一、主语从句的概念与连接词

作主语的从句叫主语从句,它是名词性从句之一。引导主语从句的连接词有:

1. 从属连词that,whether。

*That they were true sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显,她们的确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似。

*Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。

2. 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever。

*What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。

*Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。

3. 连接副词 where, when, how, why。

*How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。

*How and why he suddenly disappeared remains a mystery. 他怎么又为什么突然消失仍然是个迷。

【特别注意】

?连词that引导的主语从句,通常用形式主语it代替主语从句。

?连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句,可以用形式主语it代替主语从句,也可直接放在句首使用主语从句。

主语从句通常都是放在句首,但有时为了使句子结构平衡,避免"头重脚轻",常用it作形式主语,而把从句放在后面。这样就构成了下面一些常用句型:

(1)It is + n. / adj. +从句

It is a pity/shame that... 遗憾的是……

It is possible that... 很可能……

It is unlikely that... 不可能……

*It is a pity that she has made such a mistake. 她犯了这样一个错误,真是遗憾。

(2)It +不及物动词+从句

It seems/appears that... 似乎……

It happened that... 碰巧……

*It seems that they have won the game. 似乎他们赢得了比赛。

(3)It + be +过去分词+从句

It is said that... 据说……

It is known to all that... 众所周知……

It is reported that... 据报道……

It is believed that... 据信……;人们相信……

It is suggested that... 有人建议……

It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……

It has been proved that... 已证明……

*It is believed that at least 20 buildings were damaged or destroyed. 据信,至少有二十座楼房遭到破坏或彻底毁掉。

*It is suggested that the meeting should be put off. 有人建议会议延期召开。*It’s reported that thr ee people were killed in the accident and five were hurt badly. 据报道,事故中三人丧生,五人重伤。

*It is known to all that Taiwan is an inseparable part of China. 众所周知,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。

二、主语从句三要素

1. 从句用陈述语序

*How he became a great scientist is known to us all. 众所周知他是如何成为一名伟大的科学家的。

2. 谓语动词一般用单数。当主语是从句时,主句谓语一般用单数。

*Whatever he says is of no importance. 无论他说什么都不重要。

*Whoever says that is wrong. 无论谁说这话都不对。

【特别提醒】

但谓语动词用单数还是复数,不可一概而论,而要视句子的意义而定。

*What I need is money. 我需要的是钱。

*What I need are books. 我需要的是书。

3. 通常不能省略关联词

*That he is the best student in the class is obvious. 很明显,他是班里最好的学生。

三、学习主语从句应该注意的几个问题

1. 引导词that与what

what既有引导主语从句的作用,同时又在从句中作句子成分(主语、宾语、表语等)。这时what相当于all that/everything that...,常译成"所……的(东西、事情、话等)";而that只起连接作用,本身无实际意义,在从句中也不担当任何句子成分。但that引导的主语从句放在句首时,不能省略that。

*Wh at is done can’t be undone. 已成定局,无可挽回。

*What we can’t get seems better than what we have. 我们得不到的东西似乎比已得到的要好。

*That we should work out a plan to deal with the present serious situation is important. 我们应该制订一个计划来应付目前严峻的形势,这一点非常重要。

*That a new teacher will come to teach us geography is true. 一位新老师将来教我们地理,这是真的。

2. 引导词if和whether

(1)whether之后可以直接跟or not,而if 则不能。

*I don’t care whether or not your car breaks down. 我不知道你的车是不是坏了。

但是不可以说:

I don’t care if or not your car breaks down.

(2)whether引导的从句一般不可以为否定结构(选择问句的后一部分除外);而if则可以跟否定结构。

*I don’t care if she doesn’t come. 我不在乎她来不来。

但是,在某些动词或形容词之后,则可以用whether引导一个否定结构的句子,这种结构往往表示肯定的含义。

*I wonder whether he doesn’t think too much of himself.=I think he does think too much of himself. 我想他没有为自己考虑太多。

(3)在个别动词之后,如discuss 等,只跟用whether引导的宾语从句。

*They discussed whether they should close the shop. 他们讨论是否应该关掉商店。

(4)whether 可以引导从句作介词的宾语,而if则不能。

*I’m not interested in whether they’ll go or not. 我对他们会不会去不感兴趣。

(5)whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用,而if则不能。

*I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry. 我不知道是要笑还是哭。

(6)引导主语从句(包括从句在句首的位置)应当用whether,不用if。

*Whether it is true remains a problem. 这是不是真的还是一个问题。

3. 其他引导词

连接代词who, which, whom, whose有各自的意义,起连接作用,并在从句中充当语、宾语、表语、定语等;连接副词when, where, why, how等有各自的意义,起连接作用,并在从句中充当状语。

三、语气

在It is necessary / natural / important / strange...+ that-clause这类句型里,that所引导的主语从句中谓语动词用"should +原形",表虚拟语气。

*It is necessary that the problem should be settled at once. 这个问题必须马上解决。

*It’s strange that he should have gone away without telling us. 他竟然没向我们说一声就走了,真是奇怪。

四、以it作形式主语的主语从句与强调句型的区别

"It be + adj./n. + that-clause"与强调句型均有It be...that...之类的语言标志,但不同的是:(1)前者中的that从句是主语从句。若删掉其中的It be和that,则剩余部分不论结构还是语意都不能成为一个句子;但若将后者中的It be和that去掉,则剩余部分的结构和语意仍能构成一个完整的句子。(2)强调句型译为汉语时可加上"正是……"或"就是……"之类的字眼,而主语从句则不可以。请比较下面两个

句子:

*It is surprising that Mary should have won first place. 令人惊奇的是玛莉竟然获得了第一名。

*It is Mary that has won first place. 正是玛莉得了第一名。

第一句话中的It是形式主语,that引导的是主语从句,句中的It is和that无法删除,一旦删除,句子就不成立;第二句是强调句型,其中的It is和that可以去掉,因为没有It is和that句子仍然完整。

2 宾语从句

一、宾语从句

宾语从句在复合句中起宾语的作用,既可作动词的宾语,也可作介词的宾语(作介词的宾语时必须由wh-疑问词引导)。引导宾语从句的连词有that,if,whether;连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which;连接副词when,where,how,why。从句引导词的使用:

1. 连词that(引导从句,但是在从句中不作成分,that常可省略)

*He knows that Jim will work hard. 他知道吉姆会努力工作的。

2. 连词if, whether(表示"是否",引导从句,但是在从句中不作成分)

【特别提醒】

whether和if都有"是否"的意思,一般情况下两者可以换用,但在介词之后、不定式之前、与or not连用、在句首或在引导表语从句同位语从句时,只能用whether。*I want to know if/whether the news is true. 我想知道这个消息是不是真的。*He doesn’t know whether to stay or not. 他不知道改不该留下来。

【名师点睛】

动词 doubt 用在疑问句或否定句中时,其后宾语从句常用 that 作连接词;用在肯定句中时,连接词用 whether 或 if 皆可,而不用 that。

*Do you doubt that he will win? 你怀疑他会赢吗?

*I don’t doubt that your proposition is wrong. 我不怀疑你的提议是错的。

*He doubts whether/if I know it. 他怀疑我是否知道这件事。

3. 连接代词who, whom, which等

*Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for? 你知道他们在等谁吗?

*Do you know which dress fits her best? 你知道哪件连衣裙最适合她吗?

4. 连接副词when, where, how, why

*Could you tell me how we can get to the station? 你能告诉我我们怎样才能去车站吗?

学习宾语从句要把握三个要点:连接词、语序和时态。

1. 使用宾语从句,连接词的选择至关重要。有关连接词的选择可遵循以下规则:(1)如果宾语从句为陈述句,连接词用that。that本身既没有实际意思,也不在从句中作成分,所以口语中常省略。

*I hope (that) you will write to me as soon as possible. 我希望你尽快给我写信。

(2)宾语从句为一般疑问句时,连接词用if或whether,可译为"是否"。

*He asked me if(whether) I would go to Beijing by air. 他问我是否乘飞机去北京。

(3)宾语从句为特殊疑问句时,连接词用原疑问词。

*He didn’t know how he could get across the river. 我不知道他是怎么过了河的。

2. 从句的语序

无论原句是陈述句、一般疑问句,还是特殊疑问句,在宾语从句中一律使用陈述语序。*The teacher asked if you had finished your homework. 老师问你是否做完作业了。

*Can you tell us when the sports meeting will begin? 你能告诉我们运动会何时举行吗?

3. 时态的选择

(1)如果主句是一般现在时,宾语从句可以是任何所需要的时态。

*I hear a new restaurant will be opened in the city next month. 我听说这个城市下个月将开一个新饭店。

(2)如果主句是一般过去时,宾语从句要用与其相应的过去的某种时态。

*She told us she had borrowed the book from the library. 她告诉我们她从图书馆借的这本书。

*He never told me when he would leave. 他从未告诉我他何时离开。

【特别注意】

当宾语从句表示的是一个真理或一个永久性的事实时,其时态可不受主句时态的限制,仍用一般现在时。

*The teacher said millions of other stars are even bigger and brighter than the sun. 老师说数百万行星都比太阳更大、更亮。

3 表语从句

表语从句在复合句中作句子的表语,通常用在连系动词be,look,seem后。引导表语从句的连词有that,as if,as though,whether;连接代词who,what,which;连接副词when,where,how,why等。需要注意的是表语从句也要用陈述语序。

1. 从属连词that(一般不省略为好),whether(不用if),as if(though)等引导的表语从句。

*The reason (why) she hasn’t come is that (此处不可用because) she has to take her mother to a hospital. 她没来是因为她必须送母亲去医院。

2. 连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose等引导的表语从句。

*This is what I want to say. 这就是我想说的。

3. 连接副词when, where, how, why等引导的表语从句。

*This is how we overcome the difficulties. 这就是我们克服困难的方法。

*The question is where we shall have the sports meeting. 问题是我们在哪里开运动会。

*It looked as if he had lost something. 看起来他好像丢失了什么东西。

*His trouble is how he can get the help he needs.

他的麻烦是如何得到所需要的帮助。

*His car broke down on the way. That’s why he is late.

他的车坏了,那就是他迟到的原因。

4 同位语从句

一、定义

在复合句中作名词的同位语的从句叫同位语从句。同位语从句一般放在某些抽象名词的后面,用以解释或说明名词所表示的具体内容。

二、同位语从句的引导词

*The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. 很多人对于电脑能够识别人的声音感到非常吃惊。

*The question who should go abroad required consideration.谁出国这个问题还要考虑。

*I’ve got a pretty good idea why they quarrel every day.我很了解他们为什么天天吵架。

*There is no doubt that the prices of computers will go down. 毫无疑问电脑的价格会下降。

*They usually write exact instructions how the music is to be played.他们通

常还要为如何演奏他们的音乐而写出精确的说明。

*I have no idea which one is the best. 我不知道哪一个最好。

*The question where we should have the sports meeting has not been discussed.还没有决定好我们在哪里召开会议。

【特别注意】

1. 如同位语从句意义、结构完整,应用that引导同位语从句。(即that不充当任何成分,只起连接作用)

2. 如同位语从句意义不完整,结构完整,需增加"是否"的含义,应用whether引导同位语从句。(if不能引导同位语从句)。

3. 如同位语从句意义不完整,需增加"什么时候"、"什么地点"、"什么方式"等含义,应用连接副词when, where, how等引导同位语从句。

4. 为了保持句子平衡,同位语从句和名词有时候会被别的词分隔开。

5. 若被同位语说明的名词是表示建议(如advice, suggestion, proposal)、要求(如demand, request, requirement)、命令(如order)时,同位语从句中的谓语用"should+动词原型"。

*He made the suggestion that we (should) start at once. 他建议我们立即开始做。

*Soon we received the order that we (should )stop fighting at once. 不久我们接到命令说立刻停止争斗。

【拓展延伸】

1. whether可以引导同位语从句,if不能。

*I have no idea whether they will give us enough help. 我不知道他们能否给我们足够的帮助。

2.what在同位语从句中要作主语或宾语等成分,that不作成分。

*I have no idea what he will give me. 我不知道他要给我什么。

3. advice, suggestion, proposal, request, requirement, decision, order等表示命令、建议和要求的词后的同位语从句的谓语用"should+do",should可以省略。*The commander gave an order that the troops (should) advance 10 miles. 司令官下达命令让军队前进10英里。

4.名词doubt(怀疑)后的同位语从句用whether 引导;no doubt(不怀疑)后的同位语从句用that 引导。

*We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time. 我们怀疑他们是否能按时完成任务。

*We have no doubt that they can complete the task on time. 我们毫不怀疑他们能按时完成任务。

【技巧点拨】

名词性从句中连词的选择往往是测试的热点。考生若不认真分析,没有一定的方法,常常造成判断上的失误,最终错选了连词。如果考生能采取"一分二划三看"三步法

对试题加以分析,则会收到良效。

一、"一分"即分清从句类型

四种从句:

①主语从句——从句位于动词前作主语;

②宾语从句——从句位于动词后作宾语;

③表语从句——从句位于系动词之后作表语;

④同位语从句——从句位于特殊的名词,如idea,fact,news 等后补充说明前面的名词。

二、"二划"即划分出从句

用括号表示从句(主语从句/宾语从句/表语从句/同位语从句)

三、"三看"即看从句句意是否完整

1. 句意不完整→缺连接代词

①人——who,whoever主语;whom,whomever宾语;

②物——what,whatever主语、宾语;which,whichever主语、宾语。

2. 句意完整→缺连接副词

①时间——when;

②地点——where,wherever;

③原因——why;

④方式——how。

3. 缺不作成份的连词

①有含义——if, wherther是否;

②无含义——that。

【巧学妙记】

主语从句口诀

主语从句来学习,连、代、副词为语序;

whether、that 要熟记,连词if要除外;

连接代词也好记,what、who、which要用对,主宾成分要熟记;

连接副词更好背,how、why、when、where 一起记,用作状语需翻译。

宾语从句口诀

口诀1:

宾语从句三注意,时态、语序、连接词;

主句一般现在时,从句时态随句意;

主句若是过去时,主从时态要一致;

宾从表达是真理,一般现在带过去;

连接词也不难,陈述要用that连;

一般问句表"是否",if/whether来引导;

特殊问句作宾从,疑问词引导就能行;

还有一点要说明,陈述语序要记清;

主句动词"猜想"词,"否定转移"莫忘记;

特殊用法记心间,学好宾从不一般。

口诀2:

宾语从句多方面,多看多记多训练;

陈用that特词连,if一般to祈现;

do去助词主后边,一主二宾三不变;

疑to变简否疑前,时态呼应是关键。

表语从句口诀

表语从句来学习,三个连词特殊记;

as if、whether、that 同一类,不作成分不省去;

连词if还除外,三个连代是一类;

who 和 what 与 which ,仍作主宾需熟记;

四个连副一次背,how、why、when、where 相同记,用作状语陈述序。同位语从句口诀

whether、that很简单,不能省去不能换,连代有无不用管,

how, when, where只有三,用作状语需要翻。

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