2018届上海市各高中学校高三英语试题分类汇编--阅读理解A篇--学生版(精确校对)

Section B

Directions：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

(A)

The Paris climate agreement finalized in December last year heralded a new era for climate action. For the first time, the world’s nations agreed to keep global warming well below2℃.

This is vital for climate-vulnerable nations. Fewer than 4% of countries are responsible for more than half of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. In a study published in Nature Scientific Reports, we reveal just how deep this injustice runs.

Developed nations such as Australia, the United States, Canada, and European countries are essentially climate “free-riders”: causing the majority of the problems through high greenhouse gas emissions, while incurring few of the costs such as climate change’s impact on food and water. In other words, a few countries are benefiting enormously from the consumption of fossil fuels, while at the same time contributing disproportionately to the global burden of climate change.

On the flip side, there are many “forced riders”, who are suffering from the climate change impacts despite having scarcely contributed to the problem. Many of the world’s most climate-vulnerable countries, the majority of which are African of small island states, produce a very small quantity of emissions. This is much like a non-smoker getting cancer from second-hand smoke, while the heavy smoker is fortunate enough to smoke in good health.

The Pairs agreement has been widely hailed as a positive step forward in addressing climate change for all, although the details on addressing “climate justice” can be best described as sketchy.

The goal of keeping global temperature rise “well below”2℃is commendable but the emissions-reduction pledges submitted by countries leading up to the Pairs talks are very unlikely to deliver on this.

More than $100 billion in funding has been put on the table for supporting developing nations to reduce emissions. However, the agreement specifies that there is no formal distinction between developed and developing nations in their responsibility to cut emissions, effectively ignoring historical emissions. There is also very little detail on who will provide the funds or,

importantly, who is responsible for their provision. Securing these funds, and establishing who is responsible for raising them will also be vital for the future of climate-vulnerable countries.

The most climate-vulnerable countries in the world have contributed very little to creating the global disease from which they now suffer the most. There must urgently be a meaningful mobilization of the polices outlined in the agreement if we are to achieve national emission reductions while helping the most vulnerable countries adapt to climate change.

And it is clearly up to the current generation of leaders from high-emitting nations to decide whether they want to be remembered as climate change tyrants or pioneers.

56. The author is critical of the Paris climate agreement because_____________.

A) it is unfair to those climate-vulnerable nations

B) it aims to keep temperature rise below 2℃ only

C) it is beneficial to only fewer than 4% of countries

D) it burdens developed countries with the sole responsibility.

57.Why does the author compare the “forced riders” to second-hand smokers?

A) They have little responsibility for public health problems.

B) They are vulnerable to unhealthy environmental conditions.

C) They have to bear consequences they are not responsible for.

D) They are unaware of the potential risks they are confronting.

58.What does the author say about the $100 billion funding?

A) It will motivate all nations to reduce carbon emissions.

B) There is no final agreement on where it will come from.

C) There is no clarification of how the money will be spent.

D) It will effectively reduce greenhouse emissions worldwide.

59. What urgent action must be taken to realize the Paris climate agreement?

A) Encouraging high-emitting nations to take the initiative.

B) Calling on all the nations concerned to make joint efforts.

C) Pushing the current world leaders to come to a consensus.

D) Putting in effect the policies in the agreement at once.

Section B

Directions：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

(A)

Away from home, and eating is more than just a way to keep your stomach full. It is a language all its own, and no words can say ?“Glad to meet you…glad to be doing business with you…” quite like sharing a meal offered by your heart.

Clearly, mealtime is not the time for you to say. “ Thanks, but no thanks.” Acceptance of the host, country, and company. So, no matter how difficult it may be to swallow, swallow. Or, as one experienced traveler says, “Travel with a cast-iron stomach and eat everything everywhere.”

Often, the food offered represents proudly your host country’s proudest cooking achievement .What would America think of a French person who refused to take a bite of homemade apple pie or sizzling steak? Our discomfort comes not so much from the thing itself; it comes from our unfamiliarity with it. After all, an oyster has remarkably the same look as a sheep’s eye, and a first something you dip in butter and eat. By the way, in Saudi Arabia sheep’s eyes are a delicacy, in par ts of China it’s bear’s paw soup.

Can you refuse such food without being rude? Most experienced business travelers say no, at least not before taking at least a few bites. It helps, though, to slice any item very thin. This way, you minimize the texture—gristly（软骨的）,slimy（粘滑的）and so on---and the reminder of where it came from. Or, “Swallow it quickly.” as one traveler recommends, “I still can’t tell you what sheep’s eyeballs taste like.” As for dealing with taste, the old line that “it tastes just like chicken” is often thankfully true. Even when “it” is really rat or snake.

Another useful piece of advice is not knowing what you are eating. What’s for dinner? Don’t ask. Avoid glancing into the kitchen or looking at English-language menus. Your host will be pleased that you are eating the food he offers, and who knows? Maybe it really is the chicken in that soup.

56. Who is the passage most probably written for?

A. Those who are going to have trip abroad.

B. Those who want to cook food from another country

C. Those who are going to teach people from different countries

D. Those who want to take part in an international cooking contest

57. The phrase “a cast-iron stomach” probably refers to a stomach_____________.

A. equipped with iron devices

B. never failing you

C. sensitive to various tastes

D. not allergic to iron

58. Which of the following is NOT suggested by the passage when you are offered some food you

don’t like?

A. Cutting it into small pieces

B. Swallowing it without hesitation

C. Avoid figuring out what it is

D. Pleasing the host while eating

59. Which of the following can be served as a conclusion for the passage?

A. Chicken is a delicacy for everyone.

B. “It tastes like chicken” may help.

C. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

D. Eating various things can keep you fit.

Section B

Directions：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

(A)

Conventional wisdom has it that concern for the environment is a luxury only the rich world can afford; that only people whose basic needs for food and shelter have been met can start worrying about the health of the planet. This survey will argue that developing countries, too, should be thinking about the environment. True, in the rich countries a strong environmental movement did not emerge until long after they had become industrialized, a stage that many developing countries have yet to reach. And true, many of the developed world's environmental concerns have little to do with immediate threats to its inhabitants' wall-being. People worry about whether carbon-dioxide emissions might lead to a warmer climate next century, or whether genetically engineered crops might have unforeseen consequences for the ecosystem. That is why, when rich world environmentalists' campaign against pollution in poor countries, they are often accused of naivety. Such countries, the critics say, have more pressing concerns, such as getting their people out of poverty.

But the environmental problems that developing countries should worry about are different from those that western pundits have fashionable arguments over. They are not about potential problems in the next century, but about indisputable harm being caused to conventional wisdom, solving such problems need not hurt economic growth; indeed dealing with them now will generally be cheaper than leaving them to cause further harm.

In most developing countries pollution seems to be getting worse, not better. Most big cities in Latin America, for example, are suffering rising levels of air pollution. Populations in these countries are growing so fast that improvements in water supply have failed to keep up with the number of extra people. Worldwide, about a billion people still have no access to clean water, and water contaminated by sewage is estimated to kill some 2 million children every year. Throughout Latin America, Asia, Africa, forests are disappearing, causing not just long-term concern about climate change but also immediate economic damage. Forest fires in Indonesia in 1997 produced a huge blanket of smog that enveloped much of South-East Asia and kept the tourists away. It could happen again, and probably will.

Recent research suggests that pollution in developing countries is far more than a minor irritation: it imposes a heavy economic cost. A Word Bank study put the cost of air and water pollution in China at $54 billion a year, equivalent to an astonishing 8% of the country's GDP. Another study estimated the health costs of air pollution in Jakarta and Bangkok in the early 1990s at around 10% of these cities' income. These are no more than educated guesses, but whichever way the sums are done, the cost is not negligible.

56. T he critics of rich world environmentalists’ campaign against pollution in poor countries hold that poor countries should be more concerned about_____________.

A. The potential greenhouse effect

B. The bad consequences of genetically engineered crops

C. How to get rid of poverty

D. How to develop education

57. which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. Developing countries should worry about the harm caused by polluted water and air.

B. Developing countries’ economy will develop more rapidly if they deal with environmental

problems right now.

C. The conventional wisdom holds that dealing with environmental problems now will

generally cost less.

D. The conventional wisdom has it that solving environment problems may hurt economic

growth.

58. The underlined word “pundits” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _____________.

A. experts

B. politicians

C. institute’s

D. educators

59. What’s the writer’s purpose of writing the passage?

A. To analyze the difference between the environmental problems in rich and poor countries.

B. To explain why developing countries should handle the environmental problems

immediately.

C. To demonstrate what serious damage pollution can do to a country’s economic

development.

D. To explain why rich countries’ environmental concerns have little to do immediate threats.

Section B

Directions：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

(A)

Pacific Science Center Guide

◆Visit Pacific Science Center’s Store

Don’t forget to stop by Pacific Science Center’s Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or remember your visit. The store is located upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laster Dome.

◆Hungry

Our exhibits will feed your mind but what about your body? Our café offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonals. The café is located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour before Pacific Science Center closes.