大学英语写作Unit 1

大学英语写作Unit 1
大学英语写作Unit 1

Unit 1英语文章结构特点

我们知道,一篇文章(这里指阐释性文章,如说明文和议论文)由三个要素组成:内容、结构和语言。内容是作者要表达的思想,如一段生活经历或对某个问题的看法。语言是思想的载体,作者通过语言使思想得以传达。而结构则是对思想表达顺序的安排,即先说什么,后说什么。也就是文章结构的开头、中间和结尾。

本单元从文章的第二个要素入手,着重讨论英语文章的宏观结构,即写作说明文或议论文的开头、中间和结尾。首先我们要对学生习作的体裁进行判断,即是说明文还是议论文,然后在与写作规则或惯例的比较中找出习作中的优缺点,指出文章结构的基本原则,使学生明了英语文章结构的特点。最后,对英美作家的范文进行分析。本单元主要回答以下问题:

1.英语文章的结构是由哪些部分组成的?

2.英语文章结构的每一个部分有那些功能?

3.什么是说明文和议论文?

首先,让我们来看以下的三篇大学生英文习作。作文是围绕同一个题目写的:“我为什么选修英语写作课?”

Student Essay 1

Why Did I Select the Course English Writing?

1 Nowadays English becomes more and more important.

2 If you open TV set [turn on a TV set] and pay a little attention to

the news,you will see that every citizen in Beijing is trying his

best to learn English well to support the government in its efforts

to hold the 28th Olympic Games in 2008.At that time,many

foreigners will come here to watch the games and the whole

world will focus their eyes on Beijing.Then undergraduates in

Beijing's universities can work as volunteers.We stand for the

whole country's youth.So we should learn English in order to

communicate with foreigners

3 Besides,I study economics.I know that there will be many

corporations [much cooperation] between China and foreign

countries after China enters WTO.According to the

international rules [international rules], contracts are often

written in English.If we don't know written English well,we

may find ourselves in an unfavorable position and serious

mistakes may often appear.

4 And why haven't we Chinese gained any Nobel Prize of [for]

literature up to now? We don't lack good works or writers,we

just lack good translates [translations of Chinese literature].

5 For another reason,if I want to publish my papers about

economics in magazines of authority, I have to write in English,

because such magazines are mostly published in English in

foreign countries.

6 So I choose [That's why I Chose] the course English Writing.

Maybe in future foreigners can realize [appreciate] the essence

of Chinese works and know our country better through my

efforts.

习作1分析

本文的题目决定了它的文体应该属于阐释性文章,即说明文(exposition)。因为作者的写作目的是向读者解释自己选修英语写作课的原因。从习作1我们可以看出,全文由六个自然段组成。第一段为开头部分,二、三、四、五段为中间部分,第六段为结尾部分。现在让我们来看开头部分。这一段只有一句话,即“如今英语变得越来越重要”。那么,用这一句话作为文章的开头合适吗?

Oxford & Pike-Baky (2000) 在一本写作教材中谈到文章“开头”(introductions)的四个特点。他们认为文章开头使用的语言要比其他段落更加抽象和具有概括力,其功能是迅速抓住读者的注意力,为读者提供写作背景以熟悉文章内容,文章的开头通常包括表示作者观点的论题句(thesis statement)。对照这

个定义我们发现习作1中的开头段存在一些缺点。尽管这个开头可以说给出了一点写作背景,但没有与标题联系进而引出论题句。况且,这一句话也不可能概括全文。因此,这不是一个好的开头。

也许有的同学会问,如果把习作1的第二自然段也归为开头部分是否就比较全面了? 理论上讲,开头部分可以由一至若干个自然段组成,但具体情况应该做具体分析。比如习作1中的第二自然段从表面上看与第一自然段联系紧密。但仔细分析我们可以发现在第二段中作者已经开始列举理由了,也就是说作者学习英语的第一个理由是为了交流。因为第三自然段的开头用了一个“Besides”引出第二个理由。这样,我们就不应该认为作者用了两个自然段作为本文的开头。

接着我们来看中间部分。一篇文章的中间部分是对作者观点的扩展,一般作者在这部分中要用具体的事实或抽象的推理来论证自己观点的正确性。习作1是一篇阐释性文章,作者用四个自然段(2至5段)列举了自己学习英语的理由:第一是为了口头交际,第二是为了笔头交际,第三是为了翻译,第四是为了做研究。尽管从文章的结构上讲习作1的第二部分合乎写作要求,即阐释自己学习英语的目的,但对照其标题来看我们又发现了问题,亦即个别理由的列举有些文不对题。如第一个理由是为了与国际友人进行口头交流,可是,本文的标题是写为什么选修英语写作课,而不是指英语口语学习,显然作者列举的这个理没有紧扣“写作”这个主题,因而应该予以纠正。同样,第三个原因也与主题不符。翻译和写作不是同一种技能,这里也需要修改。由此可见,我们写英语作文时不但要注意结构,还要注意写作内容是否时时围绕主题,因为文章的结构是为内容服务的。切忌落笔洋洋洒洒,但却离题万里。

最后让我们来讨论如何结束一篇文章。一般来说文章的虽后一段就是它的结尾部分。结尾的功能是总结全文,如用不同的语言重申文章的重点内容、向读者提出行动的要求或告诉读者自己的感受等(Oxford&Pike-Baky2000)。习作1的结尾部分是最后一个自然段。在这一段中作者用第一句回答了题目,并部分总结了全文。当然,如果作者再明确地说明正是由于以上四个原因自己才选修了这门课则更贴切。

以上我们从宏观角度分析了习作1的各个组成部分:开头、中间和结尾。根据写作规范指出习作中存在的不足之处和应该修正的地方。这里要特别强调的

是文章的中心议题是统领全文的灵魂。文章中的各个部分都不能脱离这个议题而讨论与其无关的话题。否则就犯了没有紧扣主题的毛病。下面让我们看习作2。Student Essay 2

Why Did I Select the Course English Writing?

1 Nowadays,English is very important and popular all over the

world.It is an essential tool especially to college students.I want

to improve my English and I'm glad that l have selected this

course.

2 There are five reasons for my selecting this course.First,I need

to improve my English.Because I haven't passed the Tsinghua

English Proficiency Test I. I must work hard on English.Many

famous professors of English that have written articles in

magazines say that writing is very important for English study

and it can improve one's various English abilities such as

speaking,listening and reading.So I want to have a try.Second,

I want to learn English well.Perhaps some people want to go

abroad and have a high grade in TOEFL or GRE,but I think

little of that.I only hope that I can use it in everyday life.For

example,I hope I can read English papers easily and listen to

English programs without much difficulty. Third, I have known

from my classmates that this coarse is very good and you will

get knowledge if you take this course seriously.Fourth,I am

interested in both Chinese and foreign literature.I am fond of

reading articles written by Lu Xun and Shakespeare.When I

read their works,I feel like taking a bath [being immersed] in

the sunshine.It is very comfortable.I have a dream that I can

write some good articles one day.But I must first learn to write

in English and make a firm foundation.Maybe I will become a

famous writer in future.Fifth, English writing is my only

selected English course.I can't give it up,or else I will have no

English class to enter [choose from].Many students around me

are not as lucky as me.I will treasure this chance.

3 Of course,I have another very important reason--I like English.

Maybe I was tired of learning English before,but I treat it like

an old friend now.I think that by taking this course I may make

great progress in English,make some friends and gain much

happiness.

习作2分析

习作2同属说明文,因为文章的中心议题也是在解释作者为何选修英语写作这门课。先看开头部分:第一段作者用了三个完整的句子概括地写出他选修这门英语课的背景、动机和目的。由英语在世界范围内的重要地位,谈到它是大学生必不可少的交流工具,最后将笔端落在选修英语写作这门课上。这是一个很好的开头。与第一篇习作相比,习作2的作者有一个明确的写作目的,他知道自己写的这篇文章的读者是谁。因此,开门见山,从英语是一个重要的交流工具引出自己学习此课程的目的。而习作1的作者则没有意识到作文的开头部分都应该包括哪些内容。

现在让我们来看习作2的中间部分。从结构上看作者只用了一个自然段作为中间部分,其中列举了五个理由。这部分的第一句是主题句(topic sentence),即“我选择这门课有五个原因”。将五个原因一并写在一个自然段里有些不妥。首先它的外观显得比其他段落长出许多。其次,从意义表达上看也显得过于拥挤,条理不很分明。改正的方法是将每一个原因写成一个自然段,这样外观并不显得臃肿,思想表达也有条理性。而这种用序数词举例的方法正是说明文开展段落的写作手段之一,称作“列举法”(enumeration)。

从内容上看,中间部分提出的五个理由除了第二个理由其余四个都比较切题,它们都与英语写作、提高英语技能有关,因此写得很好。而第二个理由则超出了英语写作的范围,谈到阅读和听力等其他英语学习能力。

最后是习作2的结尾部分。前面讲过,说明文和议论文的结尾一般要重申作者的主要观点,总结全文或提出希望。在习作2的结尾中,作者写了两个内容:

提出了一条学习英语写作的原因,对自己的学习作了展望。其中第一个内容放在这里不妥,应该前移至中间部分,作为第六条理由。因为在文章的结尾部分不能包含前面没有提到过的新内容,这是写作惯例。结尾的其余部分可以通过。

总之,习作2的开头段写得最好,中间部分应该按顺序将每个理由另起一段,结尾部分应将新的内容归入中间部分,其余的作为结尾应视为合适。

汉英写作在思维方式上存在着差别。汉语写作对文章结构的要求不是很高,如开头段应该包括什么,论题句什么时候出现,文章的结尾是否必须总结全文等等。汉语作者通常把注意力放在文章的内容上,只要内容是围绕主题,开头间和结尾部分的安排比较随意。而英语作者在写作时要求在文章结构的安排上十分严谨,文章中各个部分的功能十分清晰,开头、中间和结尾都有严格的要求。我们在学习英语写作时就应该按照它的写作习惯去做。下面让我们看习作3。Student Essay 3

Why did I Select the Course English Writing?

1 I selected the course English Writing simply because l think

writing skills is a necessity to me.And also, I’m not good at it, so

I’m badly in need of great improvement in this ability.

2 Above all, writing is one of the four basic skills of a language

course [language skills].Writing plays an important part in both

work and every day life.As far as I’m concerned,I have to pass

all kinds of English proficiency tests and composition takes a

great part in each of them.If we want to get more opportunities

such as a good Job or a chance to go abroad,a well-written

application may help us a lot.In our scientific work, writing is

also important.The quality of the expression of the research

report [a research report] to a great extent affects the report

[influences the quality of the report]. When Farady put out his

new theory, he came across great difficulties in convincing other

scientists Of his new idea jut because he wasn’t able to explain

everything clearly as he wanted. This is a serious 1esson in the

scientific history, and we should learn something from it.In

everyday life,we also can't go without [we also can’t do without] writing in communication.As we can’t communicate face to

face with people all the time,letters become useful.We

exchange our feelings,opinions and suggestions well through

letters.All of these depend on our writing skills.In a word,

writing really means a lot to us.

3 I selected this course also because it is a good way to improve

my 1anguage skills efficiently. Last semester, I’ve learned

thousands of words but I’m still not familiar with many of them.

I think writing is a good way to force to use [to force me to use]

as many words as possible.And further more,the knowledge of organization and expressions also helps me understand the

language better. That means I can read and speak more skillfully.4 Finally writing is no easy job,we need the help of teacher [help

of the teacher].Her experience without any doubt will help us a lot.I can also learn a lot from my classmates.As we are of the

same level,and as we are all Chinese,We must have some

shortcomings and experiences in common.We may have leaned massive vocabulary, idioms [vocabulary and idioms] but still we

can’t organize them perfectly. Sometimes we can write out

sentences fluently without grammar mistakes,which,however,sound strange to a native speaker.From communicating with

them,I’m sure I will benefit a lot.During the course,we shall get in touch with a lot of classics,which is a good chance for us

to understand Western culture, too.

5 I’m glad that I’ve got the chance to take this course.I hope we can

have a good chance [have a good try] during the semester and

have great harvest [have a great harvest] when we say goodbye.

习作3分析

读过习作3之后我们会发现,与前两篇习作相比这篇作文无论从内容上还是结构上都写得较为规范。作者在开头段概括地谈了他为什么要选修英语写作课:写作是自己必须掌握的技能,但自己在这方面还存在差距。接着作者用三个自然段围绕这两个观点列出了三点理由。第二自然段是针对第一个观点写的,即作英语四项技能的一种,英语写作在工作和日常生活中有着十分重要的作用。接着作者举了几个例子加以说明。为了强调自己理由的合理性,作者还引用法拉第的例子来支持自己的观点。第三、四两个自然段是针对面第二个观点的,即学习英语写作并不容易。在第三自然段中作者提到要在写作实践中学会运用学过的语言知识。在第四自然段中作者认为老师的帮助是必要的。在文章的结尾,作者表示他要好好利用这个机会,掌握真本领。全文条理清楚、结构合理,达到了作者同读者交流的目的。

写作指南

以上用三篇来自学生的习作,就文章的组成部分进行了分析。这里就写作过程介绍一些方法或称技巧。写作过程包括确定主题、拟定题目、安排结构、语言表述、修改以及定稿。在用英语写作的初期尤其应该强调的是修改这一重要环节。从以上的分析我们可以看出,每篇习作都存在这样或那样的十足之处,这就需要通过对初稿的反复修改才能学到写作方法。当我们写完初稿时要对照我们刚刚学到的有关文章组成部分的知识,检查是否有地方没有按照要求去写。我们知道,一篇阐释性文章的结构是由开头、中间和结尾三个部分组成。开头部分可以由一到两个自然段组成,其功能是向读者介绍写作背景、概括写作目的、提出文章的中心议题。开头部分的语言应该十分简练,并能够引起读者的阅读兴趣。文章的中间部分可由若干段落组成。每一个段落围绕一个中心思想,这个中心思想通常使用一个句子表示,这个句子称为主题句(topic sentence)。中间部分是对中心议题的扩展和具体化,因此,每个段落都应围绕开头段提出的主要议题或论题来写。结尾部分通常只需要一个自然段。它的作用是总结全文,重申作者的观点,结束全文。

对照以上规则,我们再来看怎样修改本单元中的前两篇习作。例如,习作1

的作者应该改写文章的开头部分,将必要的内容加上,如写作初衷、中心议题或作者观点等,并围绕“英语写作”这个中心来选择理由。习作2的作者应该将中间部分进行修改。把几个理由按不同的段落来写,将不切题的理由去掉,加上与论题相关的理由。修改过程是一个非常重要而且必不可少的步骤,我们一定要身体力行,直到文章令人满意为止。

Model Essay 1

What I Have Lived For

Bertrand Russell

1 Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have

governed my life:the longing for love,the search for knowledge,

and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.These passions,

like great winds,have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward

course,over a deep ocean of anguish,reaching to the very verge

of despair.

2 I have sought love,first, because it brings ecstasy---ecstasy so

great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a

few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next,because it relieves

loneliness--that terrible loneliness in which one shivering

consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold

unfathomable lifeless abyss.I have sought it,finally, because in

the union of love I have seen,in a mystic miniature,the

prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have

imagined.This is what I sought,and though it might seem too

good for human life,this is what—at last—I have found.

3 With equal passion I have sought knowledge.I have wished to

understand the hearts of men.I have wished to know why the

stars shine.And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean

power by which number holds sway above the flux.A little of

this,but not much,I have achieved.

4 Love and knowledge,so far as they were possible,led upward

toward the heavens.But always pity brought me back to earth.

Echoes Of cries of pain reverberate in my heart.Children in

famine,victims tortured by oppressors,helpless old people a

hated burden to their sons,and the whole world of loneliness,

poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be.

I long to alleviate the evil,but I cannot,and I too suffer.

5 This has been my life.I have found it worth living, and would

gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.

范文1分析

罗素这篇散文写得非常简单、洗练。全篇是针对标题而做出的回答,文章的类型可以说是说明文。现在让我们来看文章的结构。全篇共有五个自然段。第一段为开头段。第二、三、四自然段为中间部分,最后一段为结尾段。

在开头部分,作者用概括、简洁的语言将文章的中心内容做了介绍。这个中心内容就是针对标题给出的答案,可用一句话表示:作者是为了爱情、求知和怜悯而活在这个世上的。这是全文的中心议题,在以后的段落中作者将详细阐述这一论题。在这一论题中,“爱情、求知和怜悯”三个词语是全文的核心,也可以称作关键词(keywords)。

中间部分是由第二、三、四自然段构成的。作者针对开头部分提出的论题进行了扩展和具体解释。作者给出的第一个原因是为爱情而活着,因为爱情可以给他带来愉悦和幸福(第二段)。作者阐述的第二个原因是为追求知识而活着,因为好奇心是人类共有的特性(第三段)。作者活着的第3个原因是自己对普天下之人抱有的一颗同情的心。他对挨饿的儿童、受压迫的人们、无助的老人以及世界上存在的孤寂、贫穷和痛苦感到悲哀,他正是为了同情而活着。中间部分的这自然段简洁而有针对性地回答了标题中所提出的问题,也是对开头部分的扩展。

文章的结尾重申了中心议题,以此总结了全文。

罗素这篇散文可以说在结构上是阐释性文章的典范。整篇文章逻辑严谨、丝丝入扣、中心突出,没有一句多余的话。通过对这篇范文的分析,我们了解了文章中开头、中间和结尾各个部分的功能和作用。在以后的练习中我们就要按照这

些要求进行构思和写作。

因为本课程是针对说明文和议论文两种文章类型而言的,所以我们有必要弄懂说明文和议论文的含义,以便在接下来的单元中做到心中有数。

那么我们为什么说罗素这篇散文是说明文呢?从文章的内容上看,作者的目的是向读者解释自己活在这个世界上的原因。换句话说就是作者是在向读者传达信息,客观地告诉读者自己的生活目的。列举的三个原因都是客观存在的,是作者由生活中体验到的。这种把客观地向读者传达信息作为目的而写出的文章就称为说明文。假如作者的写作目的不是在告诉读者什么,而是要读者相信自己对生活的态度是高尚的和充满意义的,这样写出的文章就是议论文。议论文的特征是作者对某一事物有着鲜明的观点,并且希望读者接受自己的观点。这时的写作目的就是使读者信服作者进而接受作者所持有的观点。由此看来,说明文和议论文虽然都属于阐释性文章,但前者是在向读者传达信息,后者是试图说服读者赞成作者的观点。不同的写作目的决定文章的类型。与这篇范文一样,前三篇习作也属于说明文的范畴,因为三位学生作者的写作目的都是在向读者说明自己选修“英语写作”课的原因。

小结

本单元讨论了四个英语写作问题:1)文章的宏观结构:2)开头、中间和结尾的功能:3)评价学生习作结构的标准:4)说明

文和议论文的定义等。具体讲,开头的作用是向读者介绍文章的

中心内容,吸引读者的注意力,还要给出论题句(thesis statement)。

文章的中间部分是就论题进行展开的,如通过某些手段进一步阐

释扩展作者的观点。文章的结尾部分应重申作者的观点,总结全

文或提出希望。这三条规则可以作为评判一篇文章结构是否完整

的标准。罗素散文的特点在于结构完整、脉络清晰、中心议题明

确、衔接自然。全文简明流畅,很容易让读者抓住其中心思想。

在这一单元里我们还介绍了说明文,以及说明文和议论文的区别。简单讲,说明文或称阐释性文章是就某一个事物或现象做

的解释或说明。目的是向读者传达信息,使他了解以前并不了解

的东西或事物。如标题为“信息高速公路”的文章就是说明文。作者要在文中解释或定义什么是信息高速公路,它的内容、特点和性能等。又比如一篇题为“中国的教育改革”的文章很可能包括以下内容:教改的内容、现状、目前存在的问题和已经取得的成就等等。因此,说明文的写作目的是向读者传递信息,解释说明某种事物或现象的性质、外观或功能。在阐述的过程中,作者始终保持客观的态度,实事求是地讲解某事物的特性,而不会掺杂任何作者个人的观念。议论文则不同,它的目的是争取读者的认同,要求有很强的说服力。这就是说明文与议论文的区别所在。

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A NSWER KEY Part One: Essay Writing 1 An Introduction to Writing Activity (Point and Support in a Paragraph) , pages 5— Point: There are drawbacks to moviegoing. Support: 1. Inconvenience b. Long time to find parking spot and long walk to theater d. Sticky floor 3. Other moviegoers a. Running kids b. Laughing, shouting teenagers Activity (Introductory Paragraph) , 8 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. a. Inconvenience of going out b. Temptations of the theater c. Behavior of some patrons Activity (Body: Supporting Paragraphs) , 9-0 1. To begin with, I just don'tenjoy the general hassle of the evening. 2. b. Parking lot is always jammed d. Tickets may sell out, and theater is crowded e. Tickets cost up to $8 each 3. Second, the theater offers tempting snacks that I really do'ntneed. 4. b. 2) chocolate bars 3) Milk Duds 5. Many of the other patrons are even more of a problem than the concession stand. 6. a. Little kids race up and down the aisles b. Teenagers talk back to the screen, whistle, make funny noises Activity (Concluding Paragraph) , 10 1. a 2. c Review Activities, 18-20 Answers will vary. 2 The Writing Process Activities (Freewriting, Questioning, Making a List, Clustering, Scratch Outline ), 25-31 Answers will vary.

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一、标点符号的运用 1.引号的用法 (1用于引用某说话人或作者的话 1被引用的句子首字母需要大写e.g. Ben Franklin wrote, “To lengthen thy life lessen thy meals.” 2如果引用部分被隔开,后半部分的引用部分首字母不需要大些,除非前一部分的话已经说完整而引用的后半部分又是另一个新句子e.g. “Did you know,” said the nutrition expert, “that it’s healthier to be ten pounds overweight ?” “If I go with you to the dinner party,” my friend said, “you must promise not to discuss politics.” 3引用部分如需和句子其他部分隔开要使用逗号 4引号总位于句子标点符号的外面 (2用于标出短篇作品的名称文章标题、报纸、杂志、书名等一般需要用引号标出,也可以在名称下加下划线。在使用电脑写作时,可以用斜体字来表示这些名称。 e.g. the article “The Problem of Acid Rain” in the magazine Newsweek (3话里有话,或者话里需要引用使用单引号e.g. The physics professor said, “For class on Friday, do the problems at the end of the chapter titled ‘Work and Energy.’” 2.逗号的用法 (1在并列句中,连词(and, but, or, for, so, nor, yet的前面用逗号: He asked the question in a loud voice, but no one answered. Come early, or you’ll miss the show. (2状语从句或短语(介词短语、分词短语)在主语之前或在句子中间时,后面用逗号 e.g. When the bell rang, the teacher dismissed the class. The audience, interested in the topic, asked the speaker many questions. (3在句中起同样作用的一系列词语或短语要用逗号分开。e.g. The street vendor sold watches, necklaces, and earrings. The pitcher adjusted his cap, pawed the ground, and peered over his shoulder. Joe peered into the hot, still-smoking engine. *and前面的都好可以省去,不过一般都会使用逗号。 (4插入语的前后用逗号分开 T he director, in fact, has done very little work. Your work, I’m sorry to say, is not satisfactory. (5非限定性从句或短语和句子的主要部分之间要用逗号隔开 Wang Ling, who is the best singer of the class, will teach us to sing the song. 3. 冒号 (1引进解释e.g. Here’s a temporary solution to a dripping faucet: Tie a string to it, and let the drops slide down the string to the sink. Three causes have been given for the failure: poor planning, insufficient manpower, and the shortage of material. (2引进引语 e.g. My grandpa often mentions one saying b y Confucius:”To day you know when you know, and to say you do not when you do not, that is knowledge.” (3引进一个list e.g. The store

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