经济学交通拥堵 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献

外文出处：Li, Jin, Jin, Ning, Tian, & Yanbao. (2005). Thinking of Traffic Crowding in Economic View. 第五届交通运输领域国际学术会议

Thinking of Traffic Crowding in Economic View

Abstract：Traffic is an important resource ．Within many reasons of traffic crowding．The arrangement of property right of roads is of primary importance．Illegibility of property right is the fundamental reason of roads crowding．Due to traffic crowding，the volume in deed is more than that of in need. And there exists excessive using of roads．Crowding is resulted from the failure to allocate road resource The loss due to traffic crowding appears as waste of traffic resource and reduction of benefit of economy．To solve the problem．it needs not only construction of road but also controlling the traffic demand．It is of most importance that the property right of roads should be arranged renewed in the case of system．Economically．This paper explains the traffic crowding and analyses traffic crowding problems．It tries to find a reasonable way for solving the problem of crowding accordingly．

Key words：Traffic crowding；System of property right；Management of demand；Strategy

Economic Explanation and Analysis on Road Traffic Crowding

Economic Explanation of Road Traffic Crowding

Taking urban traffic crowding as all example．The average time that the residents take on the bus to their working places is 10 minutes．if few people take cars．there will be no affect to the ones who take buses．But if too many cars go to the roads in the rush hours，which will cause traffic crowding on the roads，then the time they spend in the cars on their way to their working places will not only be shortened，but be prolonged and longer than taking buses，that is，15 minutes，while the time for taking buses on their way to the working places will be 25 minutes．

From this simple example．we can analyze the prerequisites and reasons for the traffic crowding．The basic reason lies in the arrangement of the road property right．As long as the road property right belongs to the government，the road property right will not be clearly determined．The obscure property system is the basic reason of the traffic crowding on the road．When the property right is not determined．the road are absolutely public articles，so the fee collection for the public articles will become very difficult．The biggest difficulty is that they cannot consider the cost when they are using the roads，and they need not bear any responsibility for using the roads. Furthermore, they need not consider the long-term development issues of the roads，such as capital payback，maintenance and re—production．To each owner of the automobile．This motive and behavior caused by the road property right arrangement obviously embodied on the point of view of the cost．

Economic Analysis of traffic Crowding

To the drivers，they cannot see the whole cost for driving out，and neglect the fact that it is because of their joining in the driving flow that makes the other vehicles lower their speed the owners of the cars just calculate their marginal personal cost，and they never consider the extra cost to other ear owners due to the increasing of road crowding level．As long as the personal driving benefit is than the marginal personal cost，the individuals will continuously join in the driving flows．In the eyes of each individual，the marginal personal cost(MPC)of himself is always lower than the actual expenses occurred to others due to the joining of his car，that is，the marginal social cost(MSC)，so the cost for the crowding equals to the balance obtained by MSC minus MPC．

The characteristic of the urban traffic demand causes the road resource to be un-sufficiently used in the non—rush hours and over-crowded in the rush hours．Actually, the traffic volume in the rush hours that is determined by traffic demand curve and marginal personal cost make it impossible to make the urban traffic reach the best economic benefit．

After the simple analysis on the traffic crowding．we can get down to the discussion on the arrangement of the property right．As above stated，the over-use of the roads is resulted from the arrangement of the road property right，and the arrangement of road property right will inevitably cause the non—cooperation of the road users，which is embodied as the difference between marginal social cost and marginal personal cost．So，to solve the crowding problem is to overcome the difference between personal cost and social cost and to change the arrangement of the property right of the roads from the system．To clearly determine the property right is the sufficient prerequisite for removing the crowding．When the road property right belongs to the government．But the government does not collect fees from the road users，thus the rare road resource is offered free of charge，the road will be crowded and even jammed．

Solving methods of the traffic crowding

According the above analysis，We must collect extra pass fees from the road users in order to solve the problem of road crowding，letting them bear another kind of fees Oil the basis of marginal personal cost．This part of fees shall be equal to the difference between marginal social cost and marginal personal cost，that is，the outer effect of the crowding．This part of fees is usually called crowding fees．

Fees for Using the Road

Many economists have ever advocated 801ving the traffic crowding problem by collecting fees for the use of the road．The so-called policy of road usage fees refer8 to the fees collected by the government，which is equivalent to C1-C2，thus increasing the marginal personal fees to the level of the marginal social fees and decreasing the driving flow rate from Q2 to Q1．

It will face some policy limitation problems to solve traffic crowding problem with road tinge fees．Firstly the road usage fees come into being in the transportation market structure in which the private cars occupy a large proportion．Through the way of traffic demand transfer or substitute，that is，by increasing the driving fees，to make part of the private car owners give up private traffic and change to take public traffic buses．In the developing countries, Such as China，the proportion of private cars is low，so it is very limited to solve the traffic crowding by just collecting road usage fees from the private car owners，furthermore，it will also be criticized and opposed by public opinions．In China，the collection of road usage fees shall be mainly focused on the vehicles of enterprises and public institution．By increasing the car usage fees，the economic advantage for using cars in these units will be eliminated. Thus making them so]re the traffic demand by taking public transportation vehicles or specialized transportation companies．

The road usage fee is used to solve traffic crowding problem with pricing lever. Which may drive away the people with lower income from the road and make driving as a privilege of the rich．Thus a problem related to social fairness will occur．When the traffic demand has a lower flexibility，the traffic paupers will occur．Obviously，how to use road user fee is a crucial problem．The ideal result is to give a certain subsidy to the traffic paupers，making up the loss from being driven away from the road，meanwhile not making them go back to drive Oil the road．So the economists suggest the government u8e this part of tax Oil the improvement of public communication system，thus the people with lower income will utilize the public communications system offered by the government，and the people with higher income will maintain the road usage right by paying a certain cost．

To increase the fees for road usage，making MPC move upwards to determine the reasonable driving flow rate，which can not only solve the problem of over-load of the road to some extent，prolong the service life of the roads，make the traffic volume move to the best level Q1，but also let the car owners pay reasonable driving fees including reasonable road usage fee，thus reducing the financial burden of the city and achieving double economic benefits．At the same time．the decreasing of driving flow rate will also produce such effect as reducing environmental pollution(such as noises and exhaust gas)．

Levying traffic Crowding Tax

The traffic crowding usually comes up in a certain period of time when large amount of traffic demand 0ccurs. In order to solve the traffic crowding problem resulted from the uneven of time. Some economists proposal to adopt the method of levy traffic crowding tax, the core of which is to solve the time contradiction of the traffic demand by adjusting the traffic fees of the rush hours and non—rush hours，thus guiding the travelers to use the traffic devices in non-rush hours more frequently．

By levying traffic crowding tax from the vehicles running in the rush hours，some of the vehicles that run in rush hours will choose to run in the non—rash

hours.In this way．the traffic tension in rush hours will be reduced to some extent，at the same time，the roads will be sufficiently used in the non-rush hours，thus making the economic efficiency as highest as possible．After the vehicles run in the rush hours are levied the traffic crowding tax，the net gains responding to a certain traffic volume will be decreased，consequently the traffic demand in the rush hours will decrease．the demand curve will move leftward；if the total traffic demand does not change，the traffic demand in the non-rush hours will accordingly increase，then the traffic demand difference between the rush hours and non．rush hours will be reduced．It should be noted that，if the demand in rush hours and non—rush hours is equal，it will have a cross point with time cost curve at point E，each time traffic volume is indicated as Q0，the largest economic benefit will be achieved．

But，as a kind of time difference pricing policy，the traffic crowding tax will also face many problems in practice．The crowding tax is levied from the traffic users crowded the traffic is. The higher the tax will be levied. While traffic crowding is produced by the behavior of traveling to work，so it will cause abuse from the working people．But if the traffic fees are born by the enterprises and the public institutions，the condition will be chased essentially and in practice this method is very popular．

The traffic crowding tax levied from the vehicles run in rush hours can be levied directly from the vehicles traveling in the rush hours，or collect higher license fees from the vehicles traveling in rush hours than from those traveling in non—rush hours．As to the former condition，stations for collecting fees shall be set up at the crucial places where the vehicles must pass through．But obviously it needs some cost for collecting the fees. Such as the cost for setting up the stations，salaries for the staff and time cost for paying the fees for the vehicles etc, sometimes it will increase traffic crowding level．In the latter condition, no corresponding fees collecting cost is needed，but a certain of traffic monitoring technology must be prepared in order to distinguish and inspect the plates of the vehicles in different periods．The prerequisite for the implementation of crowding tax is that the travelers must have reasonable prediction on the road traffic status and the cost of different traveling routes．In order to effectively implement traffic crowding tax policy，all intellectual communications system must be established and perfected，and the traffic information broadcasting system must be perfected．thus the travelers can choose the economical traveling route in advance．

基于经济学的交通拥挤问题的思考

摘要：交通是一种重要的资源。其中道路产权的管理是造成交通拥挤的众多原因中最主要的一个，模糊的道路产权观念是造成交通拥挤的最根本原因。由于交通拥挤，道路需求量比实际道路要多，存在着对道路的过度使用，不能合理分配道路资源造成拥挤。交通拥挤造成的损失表现为交通资源的浪费和经济效益的减少，为了解决该问题不仅要筑路而且要控制交通需求，最重要的是能够重新系统的道路的产权进行分配。本文从经济学角度解释了交通拥挤并对拥挤问题进行分析，试图找到一个相应的合理的方法解决交通拥堵问题。

关键词:交通拥挤;系统的产权制度；管理需求; 政策。

交通拥挤现象是由于交通供给与需求不均衡所造成。城市交通拥挤的影响体现在很多方面: 它降低了居民的旅行速度，导致高的出行费用，严重的环境污染和频繁的交通事故，从而降低整个城市的节奏，甚至影响相关行业的发展如汽车和旅游业。因此我们必须找出交通拥堵的经济方面的起因，并尽可能找到一个相应的合理的方法来解决交通拥堵问题。

从经济学角度解释和分析道路的交通拥挤

从经济学角度解释道路的交通拥挤

以城市交通拥挤为例，市民乘公交上班平均每天花费十分钟，如果他们开车，可以缩短为5分钟。如果没有人开车，那些乘公交车的人将不会受到影响。但是如果在交通高峰期有太多的轿车,这将造成交通拥挤,这样他们开车去工作场所的时间不仅会被缩短反而被延长，会比乘公交车上班花的时间还要多, 要15分钟,而乘公交车上班的时间将要25分钟。

从这个简单的例子，我们能够分析造成交通拥挤的先决条件和原因，最根本的原因在于道路产权的管理.只要道路产权属于政府,这条道路德产权就会划分不清楚。模糊的产权制度是交通拥挤的基本原因。当道路的产权不能确定它就属于绝对的公共财产,所以对公共资源进行收费会变的很困难，最大的问题是, 他们正在使用的道路时没有考虑到成本，而且他们使用道路不需要承担任何责任。此

外,他们不需要考虑道路的长期使用问题,如资金回收、维修和再生产。每个汽车拥有者对道路成本的看法，是道路的产权管理所造成动机和行为的直接的体现。交通拥挤经济分析

对司机来说,他们没有看到开车外出全部成本,而且忽略了这样一个事实,即

因他们加入车流,从而使其他的驾驶者行车速度降低。他们只考虑私人边际成本,从不考虑由于增加的道路拥挤程度而对其他驾驶者所带来的额外费用。只要个人驾驶利润比个人边际效益高，就不断加入驾车行列.对每个人来说，个人实际花费低于和他们一起开车对他们产生的实际费用。也就是说,这是边际社会成本(MSC),因此为拥挤成本等于MSC减去MPC。

城市交通需求的特点使道路资源在非高峰期不能充分利用和在交通高峰期过于拥挤。事实上，在交通高峰期交通量取决于交通需求曲线，并且边际私人成本使城市交通不可能达到最佳的经济效益。

简单分析交通拥挤后，我们可以着手探讨对产权的分配。如上所述，道路过度使用的原因是道路的产权的管理。道路的产权的管理会不可避免的带来道路使用者的不合作，这在区别边际社会成本和边际个人成本之间的差异中已经体现出来。因此解决目前交通拥挤问题就是要克服的私人成本之间和社会成本的差异，并系统的改变道路产权的管理。明确道路产权是解决交通拥挤的先决条件。当道路的产权属于政府，而政府又不向使用者收费，这样有限的道路资源免费的提供使用，道路一定会拥挤甚至堵塞。

交通拥挤问题解决办法

根据以上分析, 为解决道路拥挤这一问题，我们必须从道路使用者收取额外通过费用, 在此边际私人成本基础上的承担另一部分费用，数额应相当于边际社会成本和边际私人成本的差值,也就是拥挤的影响，通常被称为拥挤附加费。

过路费

许多经济学家倡导要通过征收过路费来解决交通拥挤的问题，所谓道路使用费政策是指通过政府收取的过路费,相当于C1-C2的差值。这样使边际个人费用水平提高到边际社会费用，从而降低车流量。

通过征收道路使用费用解决交通拥挤问题会面临一些政策局限性问题，首先道路使用费要在一个私家车占有分大份额的交通运输市场结构中实施。通过交通

需求方式的转移或替代,即通过增加驾驶费用的一部分,使私人车主放弃私人交通而改为公共交通。在发展中国家，例如中国，私家车的比例较低,所以仅仅通过对私人车主收集道路使用费的方式来解决交通拥是非常有限的。此外,还将受到公众的争议和反对。在中国,征收道路使用费应当以企业和公共机构为主，通过提高费用，在这些单位私人用车的经济优势就受到限制。这样就会使他们通过公共交通或专业运输企业解决交通问题。

道路使用费是通过定价杠杆来解决交通拥挤问题。这可能会把较低的收入的人排除到道路使用之外,使开车成为富人的一种特权的.一个问题涉及到社会公平的问题会出现.当交通需求的灵活性较低,交通穷光蛋就会产生.很明显，如何利用道路使用费用是一个非常重要的问题，理想的效果是给交通穷光蛋一定的补贴, 来弥补他们被从马路上赶跑的损失，同时不让他们回到道路开车。因此经济学家建议政府应该用这一部分税来提高公众交通系统,从而使较低的收入的人能够利用政府提供的公众交通系统,同时较高收入的人通过支付一定的费用保持道路的使用权利。

提高道路使用费用,使MPC提高以至确定合理的车流量。不仅在某种程度上能解决道路的过载这一问题,延长道路的使用寿命,使交通量出于最佳水平,还

让车主支付合理费用,包括合理的道路使用费。这样减少了城市的经济负担,实现经济双赢。同时驾驶流量的减少也会减少环境污染(如噪声、废气)这样的效应。征收交通拥挤税

交通拥挤常出现在有大量的交通需求一段的时期内。为了解决在特定时间内出现的交通拥挤问题，一些经济学家建议采取征收交通拥挤税的方法,其核心是解决交通需求时间上的矛盾,通过调整交通高峰和空闲期的费用,从而引导旅行者常在较空闲的时候使用交通工具。

通过征收车辆运行在交通高峰期的交通拥挤税,有些车辆会选择在交通空

闲期出行。用这种方式，在某种程度上交通的高峰期的交通紧张将会减少, 与此同时, 在交通空闲期就会满足需求,从而带来最多的经济效益。交通高峰期征收交通拥挤税,使相应的运输净增加量将减小,交通需求曲线会向左移动，如果总交通需求不会发生改变,交通需求在空闲期将随之增加,然后高峰期空闲期之间的交通需求之间的差距也会缩小。应注意到的是,如果需求在交通的高峰期和空闲期达

到均衡,这将在点E与时间成本曲线有叉点，每次都控制在Q0交通量，那么最大的经济效益一定能实现。

但是,作为一种时间差别定价政策,交通拥挤税在实际中还将面对许多问题。拥挤税征收对象是交通使用者，越拥挤征税越多。而交通拥挤产生的原因是为工作乘车,所以它将引起工薪阶层的谩骂。但如果交通费用针对企业和公共机构,这种情况将从本质上被改变，在实践中这这种方法也很受欢迎。

交通拥挤费可以直接从高峰期运行的车辆征收,或者对高峰期运行车辆比空闲期运行车辆收取更高的牌照费。至于前种情况，应当在车辆必须通过的关键地方建立取费站,但是显然征收费用需要一些成本，例如建收费站成本，收费员的薪水，运行车辆缴费消耗的时间，有时甚至增加拥堵程度。后一种情况，不需要相应的收费成本，但相应的交通监控技术必须到位，以辨别和检查不同的时间段车辆的牌照。

实施拥挤税的前提和条件是旅行者能够对交通状况和不同旅行方式有合理的预测。为了有效地实施交通拥挤税政策, 必须建立和完善智能交通系统,交通信息广播系统必须完备，以便出行者提前选择经济的出行方式。