高考英语定语从句专项讲解

高考英语定语从句专项讲解

一、考点分析

在上海高考英语中，定语从句的考点主要体现在语法填空、阅读、翻译和作文等题型里。

二、专题详解

I、概念

1、先行词：被从句所修饰的或，尤其在非限制性定语从句中，先行词不仅仅是一个词还有可能是。

Keys:定语、名词、代词、一整个句子。

2、关系代词

3、关系副词

4、介词+which/whom

它们的常见结构有：

(1) 介词+which/whom

This is the famous singer about whom we have often talked.

(2) 名词+of+ which/whom

Please pass me the book the cover of which is blue.

(3) 数词+of+ which/whom

She’s got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses.

(4) 代词+of +which/whom

In the basket I find many apples, some of which have gone bad.

(5) 最高级+of + which/whom

China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.

介词的选择根据介词与定语从句中动词的搭配关系；根据介词与前面的名词先行词的搭配关系；同时考虑与动词和名词的搭配关系。还有关系副词的改写。

5、非限制性定语从句

形式上与主句被隔开，关系上是对主句内容 ,限制性的关系词除和外，其他都能应用于非限制定语从句中，特殊的是，which和as的先行词不仅能是一个词或一个短语，还有可能是。

Keys:逗号、补充说明、that、why、一整个句子。

II、定语从句中的特殊情况。

1、只用that不用which的情况。

(1) 当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something也可用which), few, little, all, none, the one, some, much, any等不定代词时，或者是由all，every，each，few，little，much，no，some，any等修饰时用that：

1) Please tell me anything that you know about the matter.

2) You can take any seat that is free.

注意：当先行词为all指人或anyone，everyone，No one，anybody，everybody，somebody 时用who

(2) 当先行词是序数词或是被序数词修饰，包括the last, the next：

1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.

2) When people talk about the cities of China, the first that comes to my mind is Beijing.

(3) 当先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时

1) This is the best film that I have seen.

2) The best that I could do was to apologize.

(4) 当先行词被the very，the only，the just，the same，one of等修饰时

1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.

2) The only thing that we could do was to wait.

3) This is the same book that I’m looking for.

注意：先行词被the same修饰时，关系代词也可用as, 但是意义不同。

(5) 当先行词是疑问代词who，which，what或主句以这些词开头时。

1) Who is the man that is standing there?

2) Which is the star that is nearer to the earth？

(6) 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时，或先行词是集体名词时。

1) Can you remember the scientist and his story that we have learned?

2) They are talking of the heroes that interest them.

(7) 当先行词为主句表语或关系代词为从句表语时，不管先行词是人还是物一律用that。

1) Mary is not the girl that she used to be.

2) That’s a good book that will help you a lot.

3) Our school is no longer the place that it used to be.

2、as

(1) as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思:As is known to all; as has been said before; as is often the case; as often happens, as has been pointed out

1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.

2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.

3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.

(2) 当先行词受such, the same修饰时，常用as

1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.

2) He is not such a fool as he looks.

3) This is the same book as I lost last week.

注意：当先行次由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同

4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.

她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。

5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。

3、抽象名词在定语从句中作抽象地点和抽象时间状语。

一些特殊的先行词如situation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等要注意具体情况具体分析。这些词基本上都是表示时间、地点的词，做具体题目时，要判断他们在定语从句充当的成分来决定关联词。主语、宾语和表语用that/which，状语用where/when/介词+which。如：

（1）抽象名词point

You reach a point where medicine can’t he lp. 你已到了药物无法治疗的地步。

The crisis has reached a point where the receiver will have to be called in. 危机已达到非把破产管理人叫来不可的地步。

We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。

注：有时point也可以是具体的地点：

Let the point where AB cuts CD be called E. 设AB线与CD线的相交点为E。

The accident happened at the point where the A15 joins the M1. 事故发生在A15与M1交叉的十字路口。

（2）抽象名词case

There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb.

在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。

Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of En glish fail to use the language properly.

今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的问题。

（3）抽象名词activity

Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing.

那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为，舞蹈是一种让人看胜过让人听的活动。

（4）抽象名词situation

He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.

他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。

If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it.

你如果拿重要的东西去冒险，那你就是将它置于一种可能会失去它的危险境地。

（5）抽象名词position

It’s put me in a position where I can’t afford to take the job.

这使我陷入一种不能接受此工作的境地。

（6）抽象名词job

She wants a job where her management skills can be put to good use.

她想找一份能将她的管理技能派上用场的工作。

I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day.

我不想找一份整天坐在办公桌前的工作。

（7）抽象名词period

We went through a period when communications were very difficult in the rural areas.

（8）抽象名词occasion

Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.

4、特殊先行词way、time

way的用法

（1）the way后面的定语从句缺少the way这样的主语，则关系代词可以使用which或that。

Do you understand the way which/that was explained by me just now?

你理解了刚才被我解释的那个方法吗？

（2）way在定语从句中做宾语，可用which或that或不填。

The way that / which/不填he explained to us is quite simple

（3）the way后面的定语从句缺少in the way这样的状语时，则关系词可以使用in which 或that 或省略不用关系词。

I dislike the way you speak to me.

= I dislike the way in which you speak to me.

= I dislike the way that you speak to me.

Time的用法

（1）当先行词是time时,若time表示次数时,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可以省略;

This is the second time that I have been here.

（2）若time表示”一段时间”讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during + which引导定语从句

Can you remember the time when we spent together in our childhood?

三、课堂练习

1、单选

1. Students should involve themselves in community activities they can gain experience for growth.

A. who

B. when

C. which

D. where

2. I am looking forward to the day my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.

A. as

B. why

C. when

D. where

3. Among the many dangers sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.

A. which

B. what

C. where

D. when

4. A company ______profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.

A. which

B. whose

C. who

D. why

5. Please send us all the information _________ you have about the candidate for the position.

A. that

B. which

C. as

D. what

6. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _________ uses it differently.

A. all of which

B. each of which

C. all of them

D. each of them

7. I don’t become a serious climber until the fifth grade, ______ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.

A. when

B. where

C. which

D. why

8. We'll reach the sales targets in a month ____we set at the beginning of the year.

A. which

B. where

C. when

D. what

9. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon______ school education depends.

A. it

B. that

C. whose

D. which

10. China Today attracts a worldwide readership, _______ shows that more and more people all

over the world want to learn about China.

A. who

B. whom

C. that

D. which

11. The number of smokers, _____ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.

A. it

B. which

C. what

D. as

12. As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time ____ he should be able

to be independent.

A. which

B. where

C. whom

D. when

13. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ______ his employees enjoy

their work.

A. where

B. which

C. when

D. who

14. He wrote many children’s books, nearly half of____ were published in the 1990s.

A. whom

B. which

C. them

D. that

15.I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, ______ my classmates

recommended to me.

A. who

B. which

C. when

D. Where

Keys:1-5D C A B A 6-10B A A D D 11-15D D A B B

2、填空

1. All the neighbors admire this family，the parents are treating their child like a friend.

2. Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.

3. She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before.

4. My friend showed me round the town, was very kind of him.

5. That’s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen.

6. Wind power is an ancient source of energy___ ___we may return in the near future.

7. I refuse to accept the blame for something ________was someone else’s fault.

8. The days are gone ____ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.

9. The air quality in the city, _____ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.

10. We live in an age ___ more information is available with greater ease than ever before. Keys:

1.where

2.where

3.whom

4.which

5.whose

6.to which

7.that

8.when

9.as10.when

3、翻译

1.是要药有副作用，这是每个人都应该有的医学常识。（which）

2.我开会迟到的原因是我的手表慢了10分钟。(the reason)

3.他们决定组织一次演出来为失学儿童筹款。(raise)

4.我觉得很有必要记住一些代代相传的谚语。(memorize)

5.一个遇到困难就退缩的人是永远不会成功的。(give up)

Keys:

1. All medicine has side effects, which is medical knowledge everyone should have.

2. The reason why I was late for the meeting was that my watch was ten minutes slow.

3. They decided to organize a performance to raise money for the children who could not afford to go to school.

4. I find it necessary to memorize some proverbs that have been passed on from generation to generation.

5. A person who will give up when meeting with difficulties will never succeed.

4、长难句分析

1.Beat-them-ups are the games which have caused concern over their violent content.

2.Playing computer games involves feelings of intense frustration and anger which often

expresses itself in aggressive ‘yells’ at the screen.

3.Some of the concern over the violence of computer games has been about children who are

unable to tell the difference between fiction and reality and who act out the violent moves of the games in fight on the playground.

4.For example, a recent study found that math-anxious parents who help their children with

math homework actually weaken their children’s math achievement.

5.Families were given an iPad installed with a version of the Bedtime Math app, with which

parents and their children read stories and answer questions involving math, including topics like counting, shapes and problem-solving.