《跨文化交际》_名词解释

The Ethical Principles of Confucianism

Confucianism had been regarded as an ethic-political system in ancient China. For more than two thousand years it has moulded and shaped the civilization of China and exerted a profound influence upon almost one fourth pf the human race.

Confucianism has left us a rich literary heritage known as the Four Books and Five Classics; Analects (《论语》), Mencius (《孟子》)，The Mean (《中庸》),The Great Learning (《大学》) ; and Book of Change（《易经》）, Book of History (《尚书》), Book of Rites (《礼记》) ，Book of Odes (《诗经》), and Spring and Autumn Anna ls(《春秋》)。 For six centuries (1313—1905) these four texts became the elementary requirements of Chinese education in the feudal society and served as the basis of the civil service examination (科举考试) by which scholars were selected for official posts at various levels of the government.

The ethical principle of Confucianism is its discovery of the ultimate in the moral character of human relationships in which Confucius offered the solution for the ills and evils of his day. That is the well-known Five Relationships: father-son, husband-wife, elder-and-younger brother, friend-friend and ruler-minister. The responsibilities ensuing from these relationships are mutual and reciprocal. A minister owes loyalty to his ruler, and a child filial respect to his parent. But the ruler must care for his subjects, and the parent for the child. Just as Confucius said of the doctrine of reciprocity and neighborliness: "Within the four seas all men are brothers. " ( 四海之内皆兄弟) " Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you. " (己所不欲，勿施于人)

Confucius' central doctrine is that of the virtue of ren (仁). What is ren? Ren is translated variously as goodness, benevolence, humanity, and human-heartedness. In short, ren means affection and love. "A man of ren loves others" (仁者爱人) .Fan Chi asked about " ren". Confucius said, "Love all men. " (樊迟问任，子曰“爱人”)

The ethical thought of Confucius can be summed up as the following five cardinal virtues;

1. ren (仁), the will to show benevolence to others (the root)

2. yi (义), righteousness by justice (the trunk)

3. li ( 礼), moral ways of conduct (the branches)

4. zhi (智), wisdom (the flower)

5. xin (信), faithfulness (the fruit)

In my opinion Confucianism's greatest contribution to the Chinese nation is its shaping and moulding of the Chinese character and national soul and its founding of the complete system of knowledge. Just as Dr. Sun Yat-sen said; "Therefore the old morals of loyalty (忠) and piety (孝), affection and love (仁爱), faithfulness and righteousness（信义）, are superior to those of the foreign countries, let alone that of peace and harmony (和平). These high standards of morals are our national spirit. "（所以中国从前的忠孝、仁爱、信义种种就倒地，固然是驾乎外国人，说到和平的道德，更是驾乎外国人。这种特别好的道德，便是我们的民族精神。《孙中山选集》684页）

The complete system of knowledge is laid down in the book of Great Learning：

The way of the Great Learning lies in illustrating virtue, rejuvenating the people, and reaching perfection. ... The ancients who wished to illustrate virtue throughout the world would first govern well their own state. To govern their state well, they would first regulate their families. To regulate their families, they would first cultivate their own personality. To cultivate their personality they would rectify their minds. To rectify their minds, they would first strive to be sincere in their thoughts. Wishing for sincerity in their thoughts, they would expand their knowledge. The expansion of knowledge lay in the investigation of things. (The Text of Confucius)

【原文】大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善。……

古之君子欲明明德于天下者，先治其国。欲治其国者，先齐其家。欲齐其家者，先修其身。欲修其身者，先正其心。欲正其心者，先诚其意。欲诚其意者，先致其知。致知在格物。[《大学》·孔经]

【今译】最大的学问，在于弘扬道德，是人们革故鼎新，从而达到至善至美的理想境界。……古之君子要想发扬光大美德于天下，想要治理好自己的国家；要想治理好自己的国家；想要治理好自己的家庭；要想治理好自己的家庭，想要修养好自己的本身；要想修养好自己的本身，先端正自己的思想；要想端正自己的思想，想要使自己的意念诚实，先要获得知识。获得知识的目的，在于懂得事物的道理。

Introduction

1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business

operations.

经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。

2.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one

large society.

宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。

3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and

nationlities.

熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。

4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures

微观文化：文化中的文化

5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture

perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.

跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

Chapter 1

6.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect

the behavior of a relatively large group of people.

文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

7.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.

文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。

8.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and

distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.

亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。

9.Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has

communication problems.

亚群体:与主流文化不一致，并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。

10.Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior.

规则:社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。

11.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if

broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.

规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。

Chapter 2

12.Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society.

社会文化适应：人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。

13.Acculturation refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the

new host culture.

文化适应：人们学习适应新文化的社会规范和价值观的过程。

14.分隔和隔离separation and segregation refer to maintaining one’s original culture and not

participating in the new culture.

在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和习得新文化。

15.融合Integration takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture

while maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture.

在文化适应中人们成为新文化的一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性。

16.同化Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for

another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.

人们放弃原有文化，接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化，人们就失去了原有的文化。

17.边缘化Marginalization or deculturation, refers to losing one’s cultural identity and not

having any psychological contact with the larger society.人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且与广大社会失去了心理联系。

18.文化震荡Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter

when entering a different culture.人们在进入一种新文化环境时，遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。

Chapter 3

19.信息源source is the person with an idea he orshe desires to communicate.

是具有交际需要和愿望的具体的人。

20.编码encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.

是指将思想转换成代码的行为过程。

21.信息message is the resulting object.

是交流的内容，编码的结果。

22.渠道channel是信息传递的手段。

23.干扰noise指任何会曲解信息源所要表达的信息的事情。

24.解码decoing信息接收者在积极参与交流的过程中对所接收到的符号信息赋予意义的过

程。

25.反馈feedback 指信息接收者的反应被信息源所了解的那一部分反应。

26.情境context交际发生的环境并且有助于解释交际内容的含义。

Chapter 4

27.人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interacting

exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。

28.内文化交际intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among

members of the same culture .指同一文化内某成员之间的交际，总的来说，同一种族，政治倾向宗教，或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际。

29.国家间交际internation communication指国家和政府而非个人之间的交际，此种交际

非常正式和仪式化。

30.跨民族交际interthnic communication：refers to communication between people of the

same race ,but different ethnic backgrounds . 指同一种族，不同民族背景的人们之间的交际。

31.跨种族交际interracial communication:occurs when the sender and the receiver

exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.

指信息源和信息来自不同的种族，种族具有不同的身体特征。

32.跨地区交际interregional communication:refers to the exchange of messages between

members of the dominant culture within a country.指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交换过程。

Chapter 5

33.世界观worldview:is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God,the nature of

humanityand nature.指我们持有的对宇宙，神，人本质及自然的最根本的看法。

34.个人主义individualism:个人利益胜于集体利益，集体主义collectivism：个人融入集体。

35.对不确定因素的回避态度：uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s tolerance for

uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man’s search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍程度。

36.权利距离power distance：组织或机构里边，没有权力的成员对于权力不均等分配接受

和期望的程度。

Chapter 6

37.感觉sensation：is the neurological process by which people become aware of their

environmnent .人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。

38.低语境low context：交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载，只有少

量的信息蕴含在隐性的环境和情景中。

39.高语境high versus：在人们交际时，有较多的信息量蕴含在社会文化环境和情景中，

明显的语码负载较少的信息量。

Chapter 7

40.定势stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on

any observable or believed group membership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。

41.偏见Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular

group,race,religion,or sexual orientation.

偏见是指对于某一特定群体，种类，宗教或性取向的无端的憎恶和怀疑。

42.种族主义是基于种族Racism isany policy,practice,belief,or attitude that attributes

characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任意政策、做法、信仰或态度。

43.言语交际Verbal intercultural communications happens when people from different

cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.当来自不同文化背景的人们用语言进行交流时言语交际就发生了。

44.禁忌语：Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of

people，or in certain for religious or social reasons.在特定文化中出于宗教或社会原因被一特定群体所避免使用的一些词语或行为。

45.委婉语：Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague term for one

considered harsh,blunt,or offensive.指用温和的，间接的方式来代替严厉的，生硬的或冒犯的言语。

电影《推手》中的跨文化交际(英文)

Intercultural Communication in Pushing Hands Pushing Hands is a maiden work of Ang Lee, one of the greatest Chinese directors. It is a film about culture shock and adaption. To some extent, the cultural differences between China and America are presented from different angles in the movie. It’s the movie I have watched by chance that impressed me and inspired my interest in intercultural communication. So I will show what I gained from my own perspective. The main plot of the film will be introduced as follow: Mr. Zhu, a retired Chinese Taichi professor went to America to live with his son, a computer doctor. Conflicts between the Chinese father and his American daughter-in-law, Marsha, a novelist, appeared and arose in their daily life. Finally, the two sides gradually understood each other’s culture after a painful process. Many comments and opinions about the film focus on culture shock and adaption that brings about the main contradiction in the movie. Nevertheless, I want to show the contrasts in family values between Chinese and Americans and a new analogy for intercultural communication. If it was a movie that describes a Chinese student studying abroad, the contradiction couldn’t be the same. What matters is just the identity of Mr. Zhu. He is an old man rooted in the Chinese traditional culture and

跨文化交际期末复习资料

Part 1 Comprehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习A Part 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章 Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习C Part 4 Term-matching（10*1） Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。 Terms/questions: 1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2. Barber system –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception 7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation 9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. 10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 12. Components of Communication： Source交际邀请 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息 The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object. Channel交际渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.

国际经济学之名词解释

国际经济学之名词解释 Chapter 3 1.Absolute advantage（绝对优势）:A country has an absolute advantage in a production of a good if it has a lower unit labor requirement(aLW 单位产品劳动投入) than the foreign country in this good. https://www.360docs.net/doc/481178698.html,parative Advantage（相对优势）: A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries. 3.Opportunity Cost（机会成本）：The opportunity cost of roses in terms of computers is the number of computers that could be produced with the same resources as a given number of roses. 4.The unit labor requirement： the number of hours of labor required to produce one unit of output, such as aLW (wine) and aLC (cheese) 5.Production Possibilities frontier（生产可能性边界）： The production possibility frontier (PPF) of an economy shows the maximum amount of a good (say wine) that can be produced for any given amount of another (say cheese). Chapter 4 1.Abundant factor: the resource of which a country has a relatively large supply(labor in home,land in foreign) 2.Biased expansion of production possibilities: when the production possibility frontier shifts out much more in one direction than in the other. 3.Equalization of factor prices: when Home and Foreign trade, the relatives prices of goods converge. This convergence, in turn, causes convergence of the relative prices of land and labor. 4.Heckscher-Ohlin theory: It shows that comparative advantage is influenced by Relative factor abundance (refers to countries) and Relative factor intensity (refers to goods)It is also referred to as the factor-proportions theory. 5.Scarce factor: in that country, and the resource of which it has a relatively small supply( land in Home, labor in foreign)

(完整版)从跨文化交际的角度看英语影视字幕的翻译

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跨文化交际复习资料

国际经济学名词解释

名词解释 2、罗伯津斯基定理：指在商品相对价格不变的前提下，某一要素的增加会导致密集使用该要素部门的生产增加，而另一部门的生产则下降。 3、产品生命周期：是指产品从进入市场开始，直到最终退出市场为止所经历的市场生命循环过程。 4、购买力平价：货币的价值在于其具有的购买力，因此不同货币之间的兑换比率取决于它们各自具有的购买力的对比，也就是汇率与各国的价格水平之间具有直接的联系。 6、贸易条件：指该国出口商品和进口商品价格的比。 7、幼稚产业理论：对于某些产业，当其还处于最适度规模的初创时期时，可能经不起外国的竞争。如果通过对该产业采取适当的保护政策，提高其竞争能力，将来可以具有比较优势，能够出口并对国民经济发展作出贡献的，就应采取过渡性的保护、扶植政策。 9、跨国银行：也称为多国银行。一般是指拥有广泛的国外分行或附属机构，在一些不同的国家和地区经营存放款及其他业务的国际性银行。 10、国际收支：国际收支是一个国家在一定时期全部对外经济往来的系统记录。 11、单一价格定律：完全竞争市场均衡存在价格歧视前提是很少或几乎不存在套利 12、倾销：是指一国出口商以低于该国国内价格或成本向外国销售商品的行为 13、重商主义 :一国药使财富的绝对量增加，必须进行国际贸易，并且在这种对外贸易中保持出口大于进口。 14、进口配额：是指政府在特定时期内对特定商品的进口数量或者金额给予直接限制的政策措施。 15、最惠国待遇：它通常指的是缔约国双方在通商、航海、关税、公民法律地位等方面相互给予的不低于现时或将来给予任何第三国的优惠、特权或豁免待遇。 16、里昂惕夫之迷：根据H-O理论，里昂惕夫用美国1947年200个行业的统计数据对其进出口贸易结构进行验证时，结果却得出了与H-O理论完全相反的结论。 17、关税壁垒：是指用征收高额进口税和各种进口附加税的办法，以限制和阻止外国商品进口的一种手段。 18、非关税壁垒：指一国政府采取除关税以外的各种办法，来对本国的对外贸易活动进行调节、管理和控制的一切政策与手段的总和，其目的就是试图在一定程度上限制进口，以保护国内市场和国内产业的发展。

英语跨文化交际小论文——电影《撞车》

Racial Discrimination from the Crash 【Abstract】As we all know that there are many differences between two different cultures. Through the film Crash, we can see the conflicts between blacks and whites. This paper will centers on the ethnic conflict in this movie. 【摘要】众所周知，不同的文化之间有许多差异。从电影《撞车》，我们可以看到白人与黑人之间发生的冲突。本文将以电影中的种族冲突为中心点展开论述。【Key Words】culture; difference; crash; discrimination; race 【关键词】文化；差异；撞车; 歧视; 种族 1.Introduction The movie Crash mainly tells us several stories occurred in Los Angeles among some leading roles participating in a car crash about the topic of racial discrimination. It is a film linked with the backgrounds of the Los Angeles’s culture closely. As we all know, Los Angeles is covered with immigrants from various countries. Different cultures bump into each other and this may make big influence on our daily life. There are many conflicts between the blacks and whites, or even the Asian people. 2.Body The racial discrimination in this film is obvious. Crash is a film linked with the background of the Los Angeles’ culture. As we all know that Los

跨文化交际复习

1、A new broom sweeps clean、新官上任三把火。 2、Many hands make light work、人多好办事。 3、Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today、今日事，今日毕。 4、Kill two birds with one stone、一箭双雕/一石二鸟。 5、Haste makes waste、欲速则不达。 6、Where there’s smoke there’s fire、无风不起浪。 7、The grass is always greener on the other side of the stone、这山望着那山高。 8、Beauty is only skin deep、美貌就是肤浅得。 9、Spare the rod and spoil the child、玉不琢，不成器。 10、Give a person a dose of his own medicine、以其人之道还治其人之身。 11、Frank’s advice is like good herbal medicine: hard to take, but ultimately beneficial、良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。 12、Even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor、一人得道，鸡犬升天。 13、You can’t have your cake and eat it too、鱼与熊掌不可兼得。 14、Speak the devil (and he will appear)、说曹操，曹操到。 15、The same knife cuts bread and fingers、水能载舟，亦能覆舟。 16、Teach fish to swim、班门弄斧。 17、Beat the dog before the lion、杀鸡儆猴。 18、Man proposes, God disposes、谋事在人，成事在天。 19、Everybody’s business is nobody’s business、三个与尚无水喝。 20、Many kiss the baby for the nurse’s sake、醉翁之意不在酒。 21、Don’t count the chicken before they are hatched、不要盲目乐观。 22、A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit、吃一堑，长一智。 23、Love me, love my dog、爱屋及乌。 24、Facts speak louder than words、事实胜于雄辩。 25、Misfortunes never come alone、祸不单行。 Case study one If in the dining hall, a fly was seen in a glass of beer, an Englishman would say, “May I have another, please?”; a Frenchman would pour a beer out; a Spanish man would put the money on the table and leave without a word; a Japanese would summon the manager and criticize, “Do you do all your business like this?”; an Arab would give the beer to the waiter and say, “I’ll buy you a drink、”; and the more humorous American would say to the waiter, “Please serve the fly and beer separately、”Question: What do their different reactions toward a fly in a beer reflect? Answer: The case above shows that social interactions may vary greatly owing to different cultural backgrounds、In this case, people’s different reactions toward a fly in a beer reveal not only their individual personality but also the orientation of their nation’s mainstream culture, e、g、the English’s seriousness, the French’s arrogance, the Spanish’s generosity, the Japanese’s critical approach, the Arab’s sarcasm and the American’s humor、 Case study two Bart Rapson had brought his family to the Philippines on a job assignment for a multinational corporation、Since the Philippines is largely Catholic, it was easy for Bart to place his 7-year-old daughter in a Sunday school class that would prepare her

国际经济学名词解释重点

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以避免本国贵金属的流失，鼓励出口以增加贵金属的流入。重商主义反映了资本原始积累时期，商业资本家对货币或贵金属的认识。国际贸易：通常从狭义上讲，国际贸易指商品（或货物）的跨国流动，而在广义上，国际贸易既包括商品贸易也包括要素贸易。生产可能性边界：它表示在一定的技术条件下，一国的全部资源所能生产的各种物品或者劳务的最大产量。边际技术替代率：在维持产量水平不变的条件下，增加一单位某种生产要素投入量时所减少的另一种要素的投入量，在只有两种要素劳动L和资本K的情况下，边际技术替代率MRTS可以记做：MRTSLK=-△K/△L 等产量曲线上某一点的边际技术替代率就是等产量曲线在该点斜率的绝对值，此外，边际技术替代率还可以表示为两要素的边际产量之比。对于单一厂商来说，均衡时，即厂商达到利润最大化时，要素的边际替代率等于要素价格之比，MRTS=w/r。机会成本：机会成本是指在一国资源达到充分利用时，要增加某一产品的生产，必须放弃另一种产品生产的数量。一般情况下，生产中的机会成本包括：机会成本递增，机会成本不变和机会成本递减三种情况。当生产可能性边界向外凸/凹向原点时，机会成本递增；当生产可能性边界为直线时，机会成本不变，根据前面的假设，机会成本用-△Y/△X来表示。

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跨文化交际复习资料汇编

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国际经济学名词解释

第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础相对价格：Px/Py为X的相对价格，含义是用Y代替货币作为X的计价单位，表示用一个单位的X与Y进行交换，所能得到的Y的数量。相对价格曲线又可以表示国民收入预算线。贸易条件：（对出口X的国家来说）。贸易后的国际均衡价格与贸易前的均衡价格差距越大，贸易后的社会无差异曲线的位置越高，贸易利益越大。贸易条件的改善（贸易条件变大）意味着一国可以从贸易中获得更多的利益。交换利益：如果个体之间或国家之间拥有不同的资源禀赋或者不同的偏好，通过相互之间的商品交易，他们均可以改善各自的福利。（图示：生产者来不及调整产量条件下，消费者福利的改善）专业化利益：个体或国家可以通过专门从事其效率相对较高的生产来获得额外的利益。第二章古典贸易理论重商主义：强调国库和王室成员所拥有的贵重金属的多寡是衡量国家是否繁荣昌盛的最重要标志。故主张取消进口、鼓励出口。比较优势：如果，则称A国在X商品的生产上具有比较优势。第三章要素禀赋理论要素禀赋：指一国所拥有的两种生产要素的相对比例。如果一国的要素禀赋（K/L）大于他国，则称该国为资本（相对）丰富或劳动（相对）稀缺的国家；反过来，他国为劳动丰富或资本稀缺的国家人均资本存量：是要素禀赋实际衡量的估算值。要素密集度：指生产某种产品所投入的两种生产要素的比例。两种商品的资本劳

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