跨文化交际重点梳理

跨文化交际重点梳理
跨文化交际重点梳理

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重点1Definition of culture

Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed through the generations in an identifiable group of people.

重点2Characteristics of culture(10)

1、Culture is shared

Culture is a system of shared values beliefs or patterns of behaviors held in a group ,organization or society.

It is not property of any individual.

2、culture is cumulative

Human beliefs, arts etc. are results of many generations.

Every generations can discover the new things.

The new knowledge are added to what was learned in previous generations.

3、culture is learned

Culture is not inherent with any people.

Culture can not be genetically and automatically passed down

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from previous generations.

And it should be taught and learned by people.

4、culture is adaptive

Culture is created by humans. Humans have to adapt the environment . thus is in development bears the trait of being adaptive 5、culture is dynamic

At the same time that new culture are added, and the old ones are lost because they are no longer useful.

6、culture is symbolic

Symbols generally serve as communicative tools for a multitude purposes, on a persons as well as culture level.

7 、culture is relational

Culture is an organic whole. All the components of culture are interlinked.

8 、culture is implicit and explicit

Some layers culture are easy to be observe, like eating , dressing, talking. But the ideas underlying the behaviors are generally hard to know. Many scholars label the culture as iceberg.

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culture is universal 9、culture is diversified

、10

Hall's dimensions3重点High context

High-context communication relies heavily on nonverbal, contextual and shared cultural meanings.

The meanings are not fully expressed.

re determined by “how”things are said , rather than “what”Meanings ais said.

阿拉伯欧洲东部和南部日本Collectivism

Low context

Verbal codes rather than the information implies

Clear straight and to-the-point communication

美国德国斯堪的纳维亚

Individualism

Monochromic culture

Do one thing at one time, Concentrate on the job, take time seriously, 文档Word

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low-context and need information, commit to the job, religiously to the plans, not disturbing others, seldom borrow or lend things, emphasize promptness

Polychromic culture

Do many things at once, subject to interruptions, consider time

commitments an objective to be achieved, high-context and already have

information. Change plans often. Emphasize the relationships.

重点4Triandis's individualism & collectivism

Individualism

Fosters independence and individual achievement,

Promotes self-expression ,personal choice, individual thinking Associated with egalitarian relationships and flexibility in roles Understand the physical world as knowable apart of human life Collectivism

Interdependence and group success

Promotes adherence to norms

Associated with stable, hierarchical roles

Shared property, group ownership

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重点5Elements of communication Source (sender)

Encoding

Message

Medium(channel)

Receiver

Decoding

Response

Feedback

重点6Grice's cooperative principle Quantity maxim

Make your contribute as informative as is required for the current purpose of exchange.

Do not make your contribution more information than is required. (量的准则——话语提供充分而不多余的信息)

Quality maxim

Make your contribution is ture

(质的准则——话语的容是真实的)

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Relation maxim

Be relevant

(关系准则——话语与话题有关,即与所要实现的意图有关)Manner maxim

Be perspicuous

Avoid obscurity of expression

Avoid ambiguity

浅谈跨文化交际在小学英语教学中重要性

浅谈跨文化交际在小学英语教学中的重要性 东方市第三小学符将娇 “跨文化交际”教学在英语教学中占有非常重要的地位,在小学阶段更是如此。在小学英语教学中,英语教师可根据小学生的认知水平、思维特点,以课堂教学作为“跨文化交际”教学的主要途径,在课堂教学过程中灵活运用各种教学方法;把课外活动作为实现文化教学的重要途径,充分利用生活中的各种资源来开展“跨文化交际”教学。 一、小学英语“跨文化交际”教学的重要性 传统的小学英语教学一般侧重于语音、词汇、语法的传授和机械的句型练习,往往忽视英美国家文化背景知识的渗透。重语言轻文化的教学方式导致学生不能灵活地运用英语语言。小学生只能记忆单词,了解课文内容,完成课后练习,但不理解其文化背景知识。语言是文化的载体,学习一个国家的语言,必须学习这个国家的文化背景知识。《英语课程标准》明确指出:语言有丰富的文化内涵。接触和了解英语国家文化有益于对英语的理解和使用,有益于加深对本国文化的理解与认识,有益于培养世界意识。因此,在教学中,教师应根据学生的年龄特点和认知能力,逐步扩展文化知识的内容和范围。 小学英语“跨文化交际”教学势在必行。因为我们必须要在小学这个打基础的重要阶段就把“跨文化交际”教学放在突出的地位,让学生从一开始就在有文化背景的环境下学到地道的英语。在小学英语教学中进行“跨文化交际”教学,也是新英语课程对小学英语教师提出的一个新要求。

二、小学英语“跨文化交际”教学的实现方式与途径 教学实践及理论告诉我们,小学英语“跨文化交际”教学的主要实现方式与途径应以课堂教学为主,而课外活动则可作为其重要的实现途径。 1.课堂教学是进行文化教学的主要方式 就目前而言,课堂教学依然是教学活动的主要方式,而且学生和教师在课堂上的时间也最长。课堂教学是进行文化教学的主要阵地,教师应把英语语言教学置于跨文化的环境中,把跨文化交际列为英语教学的一个不可或缺的重要组成部分。 (1)对比差异,激活教材。教材是学生学习英语的重要资源,然而小学英语教材的编撰对文化项目没有作分门别类系统的介绍,在教材中只是以零星、不完整的形式出现,这就需要教师结合具体教学内容,将教材中那些有关英语国家文化背景知识和社会风俗习惯的典型实例挖掘出来,让学生领会英汉文化的差异,以提高学生的语言交际能力。如课文中经常出现的打招呼用语,中西方的差别相当大。中国人通常用“去哪啊?”“忙吗?”“吃了吗?” 等等表示友好的问候,并不关心答语的实质内容。而在英国人看来,这些问题是非常奇怪的,也容易产生歧义甚至文化冲突。英国人见面问好通常用Hello / Hi / Good morning /How are you?等等。在教学过程中,教师应努力激活教材内容,进行文化比较,及时点拨学生领会文化异同现象。通过这样的教学方法,才能真正让学生了解语言背景知识,培养其跨文化交际,学以致用,有效地提高其在真实场景下的语言运用和交际能力。 (2)巧设悬念,激起探究。学源于思,思起于疑。教师要巧妙设疑,创设悬念,使学生产生求知欲和探索欲。在小学英语教学中,教师通过巧设悬念,能让学生更加深刻地理解中外文化的差异。

如何培养英语跨文化交际能力

如何培养英语跨文化交际能力 中宁五中张永宏 摘要:本文通过分析我国英语教学现状,探索英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的必要性,具体分析“跨文化交际能力”的三大组成,思考培养英语跨文化交际能力的具体方法。 关键词:跨文化交际语义文化语用文化 多年来,我国的英语教学主要采用传统的教学方法,即传统的听说法“with its end less and mind-numbing repetitive drills”和古老的以教师为中心的语法—翻译法。教师往往只注重学生语言形式的正确与否或使用是否流畅,而较少注重结合语言使用的场合来培养学生综合运用的能力。学生在这种教学模式下,经过十几年的英语学习,即使是有些成绩很好的学生也不能用所学的英语同外国人进行有效地交流。为了改变这种现状,人们必然对英语教学提出新的要求。而跨文化交际能力的培养却能在一定程度上弥补传统教学的这种缺陷。 首先,何为跨文化交际呢?“跨文化交际”的英语名称是“intercultural communication”或“cross-cultural communication”,它既指本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际,也指任何在语言和社会文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。由于不同的民族所处的生态、物质社会及宗教等环境的不同,因而各自的语言环境产生了不同的社会文化、风土人情和语言习惯等诸语境因素,造成人们不同的说话方式或习惯话语。这就可能使交际双方对对方的话语做出不准确地推论,从而产生冲突、误会或交际的故障。 跨文化交际能力就是针对文化冲突提出来的,它是一种在理解、掌握外国文化知识与交际技能的基础上,灵活处理跨文化交际中出现的实际问题的能力。 一、英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的必要性。 1、近年来, 随着改革开放步伐的加快, 对外交往日益频繁, 国与国之间的交流也越来越 广泛, 特别是社会信息化提高, 国际互联网的开通使更多的人足不出户便涉及到跨 文化交际。中国成功地加入WTO后,国际市场对能用英语熟练有效地交际的复合型人才的大量需求给外语教学提出了新的挑战,所以培养跨文化交际能力有其现实意义。 2、培养跨文化交际能力有助于我们要打破以往“就语言教语言”的模式,把交际因素引 进到英语教学中来,在英语教学过程中揭示那些隐伏在语言背后的,易引起误会和冲突的文化因素。掌握语言不只是掌握语法、音位和语义规则,还必须考虑到外国社会文化背景造成的语言之外的规则。 3、培养跨文化交际能力有利于处理好语言和文化的关系。语言和文化是不可分割的,二 者相互依存、相互影响。语言是文化的载体,又是文化的重要组成部分,也是文化的

跨文化交际与礼仪的重要性

跨文化交际与礼仪的重要性 随着经济全球化的发展,不同国家之间的交流和接触日益频繁,来自不同国家,有着不同文化背景的人们之间的交流成为人们普遍关注的问题。所谓的跨文化交际,是指来自不同文化背景的人从事交际活动、相互交流的过程。而跨文化交际与普通交际的差别就在于一个“跨”字,即交际双方来自不同的文化背景。然而,在跨文化交际中,由于交际双方的文化背景、习惯、习俗等的不同,交际者之间往往因不了解别国的风俗礼仪而产生误会甚至是冲突。因此,学习各国不同民族的文化礼仪、风俗习惯成为跨文化交际活动中一个不可忽视的重要内容。而跨文化的交际需要双方适当的礼仪作为连接的桥梁。是否能够在交流活动中成功地进行跨文化交际,最重要的一点是是否具备一定的跨文化礼仪知识。 荀子曰:“人无礼则不生,事无礼则不成,国无礼则不宁。”中国自古以来就有“礼仪之邦”的美誉。所谓“礼”,是教人尊敬与关心他人,使之合乎情理。所谓“节”是教人在言谈举止上要恰到其分,使之合乎事理。可见,小到人与人的交往,大到国家间的交往,都必须遵守社交礼仪规范,否则就会失礼失态。拥有长久历史的礼仪文化是古人留给我们的一笔丰厚财富,这对于跨文化的交际与礼仪的发展有着重要的作用。 下面,我们将从文化、涉外秘书工作、送礼习俗、商务交谈等角度阐释跨文化交际与礼仪的重要性。 一、跨文化交际与礼仪在文化方面的重要性 文化是人们行动的指南,指导人们的一切行动文化。在跨文化交际与礼仪中,文化是核心的部分。影响跨文化交际与礼仪的文化因素包括一个民族的历史传统、宗教、价值观念、社会组织、风俗习惯、社会所处的发展阶段和社会制度等。了解各国文化中存在的不同的文化模式和交往规则可以帮助交际者认识到文化差异对交际的影响,提高对跨文化现象的敏感度。它也可以帮助交际者理解跨文化交际语境中交际对象的行为取向。 二、跨文化交际与礼仪在涉外秘书工作中的重要性 涉外秘书往往会与不同国家的人员进行交流,这对于他们来时既是机遇也是挑战。由于不同的语言和文化背景而产生的跨文化交际的障碍比比皆是,作为秘书要处理好跨文化交际活动,避免跨文化交际障碍的出现,促进跨文化交际活动

跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照

跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照

Unit 1 Page 22 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of hi story that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent i nability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideol ogy, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of huma n civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of h umankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to i solationism or even armed conflict. It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it impe rative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understand peop le whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, thr ough increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neigh borhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peace. 纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰 和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是,人类文明在 发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折,既是个人的,又是全球性的;人类历史进程总是充 满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突,大大小小争端不绝。 很显然,文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了,这迫切要求我们共同努力,去 理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们,并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解,我 们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处;这不但有益于我们周遭环境的 安定,也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming,our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows:it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what to prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture

如何培养英语跨文化交际能力

如何培养英语跨文化交际能力 ( 草塔镇中杨柳慧 ) 摘要:本文通过分析我国英语教学现状,探索英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的必要性,具体分析“跨文化交际能力”的三大组成,思考培养英语跨文化交际能力的具体方法。 关键词:跨文化交际语义文化语用文化 多年来,我国的英语教学主要采用传统的教学方法,即传统的听说法“wit h its end less and mind-numbing repetitive drills”和古老的以教师为中心的语法—翻译法。教师往往只注重学生语言形式的正确与否或使用是否流畅,而较少注重结合语言使用的场合来培养学生综合运用的能力。学生在这种教学模式下,经过十几年的英语学习,即使是有些成绩很好的学生也不能用所学的英语同外国人进行有效地交流。为了改变这种现状,人们必然对英语教学提出新的要求。而跨文化交际能力的培养却能在一定程度上弥补传统教学的这种缺陷。 首先,何为跨文化交际呢?“跨文化交际”的英语名称是“intercultural communication”或“cross-cultural communication”,它既指本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际,也指任何在语言和社会文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。由于不同的民族所处的生态、物质社会及宗教等环境的不同,因而各自的语言环境产生了不同的社会文化、风土人情和语言习惯等诸语境因素,造成人们不同的说话方式或习惯话语。这就可能使交际双方对对方的话语做出不准确地推论,从而产生冲突、误会或交际的故障。 跨文化交际能力就是针对文化冲突提出来的,它是一种在理解、掌握外国文化知识与交际技能的基础上,灵活处理跨文化交际中出现的实际问题的能力。

大学生跨文化交际能力的培养

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跨文化交际重要性

The Importance of Studying Intercultural Communication

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