英国国旗演变简史
英国国旗演变简史
英国国旗，俗称“米字旗”，正式称呼是“the Union Flag"，也常常称为“the Union Jack"。Jack 是海军用语，指悬挂在舰首的旗帜，英国军舰舰首都悬挂国旗，因而得名。Union Flag是意为“联合旗帜”。
它是深蓝底色的红白米字旗。这面旗帜由英格兰的白底红色正十字旗，苏格兰的蓝底白色斜十字旗和爱尔兰的白底红色斜十字旗合一而成。后来爱尔兰岛的一部分脱离了英国，国旗也未再改变。国旗上没有代表威尔士地区的形象，因为设计时，威尔士早已与英格兰合并了。英国国旗上的十字分别代表英格兰守护神圣乔治、苏格兰守护神圣安德鲁以及爱尔兰守护神圣帕特里克。
英格兰圣乔治的白地红十字旗产生于1200年，随后被英格兰采纳为国旗。苏格兰的圣安德鲁的蓝地白色“X”型十字旗，最早于8世纪时出现，但直至13世纪时才被苏格兰正式用作国旗。1606年，詹姆斯一世统一英格兰和苏格兰时，将这两面旗帜图案重叠起来，作为大不列颠的国旗。爱尔兰的圣帕特里克的白地红色“x"型十字旗，最早是爱尔兰菲茨诺德家族的旗帜；1801年，爱尔兰与大不列颠联合组成王国后，这面旗帜又与大不列颠国旗重叠，最后形成了大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国的这面构图奇特的“米字旗”
刘炳善《英国文学简史》完整版笔记(免费)
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英美文学知识点总结(适用于英语专八)
Old English Literature 古英语文学 （450-1066年） Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic 中世纪英语文学（1066-1500） Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture―英国文学之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴（16-17世纪） William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night‘s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》. 18世纪文学和新古典主义 Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》 Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones. Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver‘s Travels《格列佛游记》. Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）. Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》) Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a
英美文学考试复习点重点整理
1.现实主义、批判现实主义（代表人物、作品，以及每部作品讲了什么故事）P276—比如《匹克威克外传》主要讲什么？P281 《双城记》主要讲什么？P298 《大卫科波菲尔》主要讲什么？P292 2.其中自传体形式的作品有哪些？ 3.傲慢与偏见的第一个名字：first impression(Pride and prejudice现) 4.三姐妹指的是？ 5.19世纪有名小说名利场副标题：“A Novel Without a Hero”作者：William Makepeace Thackeray P303 6.18th浪漫主义作家、代表作P211 反对什么,反抗什么思想？ 7.Pop代表作有哪些？P134 剪发记？ 8.玄学诗派有哪些人物组成？Leading Feature? P116 9.乌托邦is written in form of ?P33 10.Universal Wicks大学才子是谁？P50 11.中世纪文学流行的是? 主题特征骑马精神P8？ 12.最著名作家：乔叟P19 13.对于三次征服的概念（1）罗马征服P1 （2）英国人征服P2（3）诺曼征服P5 14.人民大宪章什么时候出现？时间：1837年
1.John Milton He was born in London in 1608. He is a master of the blank verse, and a great stylist. And he is famous for his grand style.But his style is never exactly natural. He devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer. His famous works are Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes. 2.Romance Romance was the most prevailing kind of literature of the upper class in feudal England in the Medieval Ages. It is a long composition in verse or in prose which describes the life and chivalric adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapon. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances. 3.the Enlightenment It is the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the nineteenth century. It was an optimistic belief that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reasons to all things. Typically, these enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule what they felt illogical errors in government, social
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英国文学简史问答题期末考试复习提纲教学教材
1. How much do you know about the English literature in the Romantic Age? ①The Romantic Age in England was like the Elizabethan Age, distinctively an age of poetry. It was regarded as the second great age in English literary history; for poetry is the highest form of literary expression, and seems to have been most in harmony with the noblest powers of the English genius. The glory of the age is in the poetry of Scott, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly, Keats, Moore, and Southey； ②Women novelists appeared in this age. It was during this period that women assumed for the first time, an important place in English literature. Mrs. Anne Radcliff was one of the most successful writers of the school of exaggerated romance. Jane Austen offered us her charming descriptions of everyday life in her enduring work her masterpiece----Pride and Prejudice; ③The greatest historical novelist Walter Scott also appeared in this period. His historical novels combine a romantic atmosphere with a realistic description of historical background and common people life. Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it; ④Romantic prose was represented by Lamb, Hazlitt, De Quincey and Hume. Lamb was the best essayist, whose familiar essays are very famous. 3.What are the major features of Dickens’ novels? ①Dickens’ novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. His novels tell much of the unhappy experiences of his own childhood. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation, and criticize the vices of capitalist society. ② The success of Dickens novels also lies in his character-portrayal. Not only are the major characters in his novels very carefully delineated and given distinctive individual characteristics but also his minor figures create in the readers’ mind strong impressions of their personalities. Some of Dickens’characters are really such “typical characters under typical circumstances”that they become proverbial or are representative of a whole group of similar persons. ③Dickens is a great humorist and satirist. His novels are full of humor and satire ④Dickens is not especially known for the construction of plot in his novels. There is in his novels often more than one minor thread of story beside the major one, and these threads are generally very loosely woven together. He seems to love a complicated and involved plot. ⑤In almost every one of Dickens’ novels there is a happy ending, which points to the author’s optimism which is an admirable thing for a critical realist because that means his still has his hopes after seeing the gloomy world all around him and one hand, and as a petty-bourgeois intellectual, could not overstep the limits of his class on the other hand. ⑥Another feature in Dickens’novels is his adroit use of language. On the whole Dickens has a richness of expressions and generally succeeds in using the right words and phrases at the right moments for the right characters to attain the right effects. 12. What are the characteristics of Dickens’ novels?(同第三题)
英美文学欣赏知识点
英美文学欣赏知识点100句 1.The work that presented,for the first time in English literature,a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales. 首次在英国文学，中世纪英国社会的全面逼真的画面，创造了从各行各业生动的人物整体画廊是杰弗里·乔叟的坎特伯雷故事集。 2. Geoffrey Chaucer is regarded as the father of English poetry. 乔叟被看作是英国诗歌之父。 3. The verse form of heroic couplet was introduced into English poetry and employed in the poem with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature by Geoffrey Chaucer. 3.英雄对联的诗体被引入英国诗歌和诗与真正的轻松和魅力，第一次在英国文学的杰弗里·乔叟的历史就业。 4. The Canterbury Tales presents a whole gallery of vivid characters,the team of pilgrims,people from all walks of life,including 31 members altogether. 4.坎特伯雷故事呈现生动的人物整体画廊，朝圣者的队伍，来自各行各业，其中包括31名成员共有人。 5. Generally,Renaissance refers to the intellectual movement during the period between 14th and mid-17th centuries,its essence was humanism. 5.一般来说，文艺复兴是指智力运动在14和中17世纪之间的时期，它的本质是人文精神。 6. English Renaissance Period was an age of poetry and drama.
英国文学简史复习资料
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扬州大学2016年英国文学简史考点
Three conquests（时间+意义）: 1)The Roman conquest, 55 BC, civilized, Christianized 2)The English conquest,5th century, old English, starting point of English literature 3)The Norman conquest, 1066, Mid-English, establishment of feudalism. 2.P3选择，填空，判断 Beowulf, the national epic of English people. 3.P4 诗歌翻译 “ThusmadetheirmourningthemenofGeatland,坟墓周围，勇士们骑着战马， Fortheirhero’spassing,hishearth-companions为逝去的国王唱起挽歌， Quoththatofallthekingsofearth,高赞你的懿德，分享你的恩泽，哀叹你的陨落， Ofmenhewasthemildestandmostbeloved,人们称你为最可亲最可敬的国王， Tohiskinthekindest,keenesttopraise.” 你对人们总是最仁爱最热心， 你最渴望的就是人们对你的赞扬。 4.P5 名词解释，问答 Features of Beowulf: 1)The use of alliteration. (头韵) (定义：in alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound.) 2)The use of metaphors and of understatements（隐喻） (Grendel represents forest, she-monster represents water, fire-dragon represents sky) 5.P8 选择填空判断 英国Romance代表作:adventures ofKing Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （《亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士》，同时也是骑士文学代表作）
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英美文学复习资料 English Literary History 1. Beowulf is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. 2. Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period. 3. Geoffrey Chaucer has been called the father of English poetry. His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales. 4. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 5. Edmund Spenser is known as “the poets’ poet”. Masterpiece the Faerie Queene is a great poem of its age. 6. Christopher Marlowe is the most gifted of the “University Wits”. His masterpieces are T amburlaine, Dr. Faustus, the Jew of Malta and Edward II. Marlowe’s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama and the creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama. 7. William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets. His greatest tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. The Merchant of Venice is the most important play among the comedies. 8. Francis Bacon is a well-known Renaissance philosopher, scientist and essayist. 9. John Donne is the leading figure of the “Metaphysical school.” 10. The neoclassical period,that is the eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of enlightenment or the Age of Reason. Enlightenment Movement brought about in reviving the interest in old classical works is known as neoclassicism. 11. The mid-century was predominated by a newly rising literary form – the modern English novel. 12. John Bunyan was a devout Christian, and a firm non-conformist of the Anglican Church. His masterpiece is the Pilgrim’s Progress. (最成功的宗教寓言诗) 13. Alexander Pope’s best satiric work is The Dunciad (愚人志). 14. Daniel Defoe’s works are the first literary writings devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people. 15. Jonathan S wift was a master satirist. His “A Modest Proposal” is generally taken as a perfect model. 16. Henry Fielding is regarded as “father of the English Novel”. He was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”, the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. 17. Samuel Johnson, as a lexicographer, distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman –A Dictionary of the English Language. 18. Richard Brinsley Sheridan is the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. His plays, especially the Rivals and the School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as the true classics in English comedy. 19. Thomas Gray’s masterpiece, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,” establishes his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially “the Graveyard School.” 20. English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with publication of
国际化分工与经济全球化的联系
国际化分工与经济全球化的联系 [摘要]国际分工格局是一个有关国家发展空间和发展定位的重要问题,系统地了解和把握国际分工格局的新变化，必将有助于我们找到融入世界经济一体化格局的最佳切入点 ,能更好地解决经济规模和经济竞争力之间 协调发展的问题。经济全球化是当前国际分工新格局最突出的特点之一,它对国际分工新格局产生了一系列直接或间接的影响 ,国际分工从产业 分工向产品分工转化 ,并呈现出要素分工的新趋势。在此背景下 ,作为发展中国家的中国应该积极转变经济增长方式和贸易增长方式 ,以更好的 姿态融入国际分工新体系 ,进入国际分工的核心区 ,力图在国际分工新 体系中确立长久的竞争优势。 [关键词 ]经济全球化;国际分工;新格局 一、国际分工的历史演化进程 纵观全球经济发展史 ,国际分工的历史演化进程大体可以划分为以下几个阶段: (1)国际分工的萌芽阶段:大致发生在17世纪到18世纪中期 ,主要表现为宗主国与殖民地半殖民地国家之间的垂直型分工 ,但这种分工是以军事打击、强权政治和殖民统治为基础的 ,具有一定的历史约束性。 (2)国际分工的形成阶段:大约从18世纪60年代到19世纪60年代。这一时期发生了第一次工业革命，资本主义生产方式得以确立，工业从农业中完全分离出来，并发展成为独立的产业部门。不过此时国际分工的门类相对单一，主要是工业生产与农业生产之间的垂直型分工，而且仅体现为英、法、德、美等主要资本主义国家之间的商品贸易。(3)国际分工的初步发展阶段：大约从19世纪中叶到第二次工业革命，它促进了新兴工业的建立，发展了交通运输业，自由竞争的资本主义逐步走向垄断资本主义 ,资本输出开始代替商品输出 ,日益成为资本主义对外经济扩张的主要手段。这个时期 ,国际分工的中心已从英国一国变成一组国家 ,而处于国际分工中心之外的广大落后国家 ,则努力在适应中心国家的全球战略的主导利益中寻找自身的发展空间 ,国际分工迅速发展 ,新的体系正在酝酿形成。(4)国际分工的深化发展阶段:大约从二战以后到 20世纪 90年代。这一新的发展阶段是与以微电子、生物工程、空间技术、海洋工业、新能源等新兴工业
英国文学简史期末考试复习要点 刘炳善版
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages