术语和定义解释

术语和定义解释
术语和定义解释

术语和定义解释

(一)安全生产隐患(简称隐患):是指在生产经营活动中存在的导致或可能导致事故发生的根源、条件或状态。它包括人的不安全行为、物的不安全状态、环境不安全因素和管理缺陷。人的不安全行为包括违章指挥、违章操作、违反劳动纪律。物的不安全状态包括材料、产品(半成品、成品)、工具、设备、设施存在的危险因素。环境不安全因素包括作业条件、作业场所、作业环境存在的危险状态和危险因素。管理缺陷包括安全第一思想不牢、安全意识淡漠和规章制度、安全技术措施的缺失、不完善和落实执行不到位等。

(二)本规定中直接责任人是指:对造成重大隐患、安全事故发生负有直接责任的责任人;主要责任人是指单位(包括原煤生产单位、地面生产经营单位,下同)的区队(科、车间)级干部;直接领导责任者是指单位分管副职;主要领导责任者是指单位党政正职。

(三)责任事故:指人们在生产、建设过程中不执行有关安全法规。违反规章制度而发生的事故。

(四)严重安全隐患:指危害和整改难度较大,可能造成重伤及以上人身事故或严重非伤亡事故,需要全部或局部停产,经过整改处理才能排除的隐患。

(五)轻微伤:是指造成人体局部组织器官结构的轻微损伤或短暂的功能障碍,达不到《轻伤鉴定标准》的失能伤害。

(六)轻伤:根据国标GB6441-86规定指损失工作日低于105日的失能伤害。

(七)重伤:指相当于表定损失工作日等于和超过105日的失能损害。(失能伤害:指被伤害者不能从事原岗位工作的伤害;损失工作日指被伤害者失能的工作时间)。

重伤事故的界定,依据《企业职工伤亡事故分类标准》(GB6441-86)和《事故伤害损失工作日标准》(GB/T15499-1995)。非伤亡事故的界定,依据《关于加强非伤亡事故管理的通知》(中煤总安字〔1988〕第57号)。

(八)凡符合下列情况之一者,为一级非伤亡事故。

1.发生的事故使全矿井停工8小时以上或采区停工3昼夜以上。

2.瓦斯煤尘燃烧、爆炸。

3.煤与瓦斯突出,其突出煤量超过50吨(含50吨)。

4.井下发火封闭采区或影响安全生产。

5.水灾使矿井全部或一翼停止生产。

6.采区通风不良,风流瓦斯超限或瓦斯积聚,造成停产。

7.采煤工作面冒顶长10米(含10米)以上。

8.掘进工作面冒顶5米(含5米)以上。

9.巷道冒顶10米(含10米)以上。

(九)凡符合下列情况之一者为二级非伤亡事故。

1.发生的事故使全矿井停工2小时以上,但不足8小时或采区停工8小时以上,但不足3昼夜。

2.井下发火封闭采掘工作面。

3.煤与瓦斯突出,其突出煤量超过10 吨(含10 吨)。

4.因水灾使采区停产。

5.采掘工作面通风不良,风流瓦斯超限或瓦斯积聚,造成停产。

6.采煤工作面冒顶长度超过5米(含5米)。

7.掘进工作面冒顶超过3米(含3米)。

8.巷道冒顶长度超过5米(含5米)。

(十)凡符合下列情况之一者,为三级非伤亡事故。

1.凡所发生的事故使全矿井停工30分钟至2小时或使采区停工2小时至8小时。

2.通风不良或局扇无计划停电,使风流中局部瓦斯聚集,瓦斯浓度超过3%。

3.煤与瓦斯突出,其突出煤量在10吨以下。

4.范围不大的井下发火。

5.因水灾使一个采掘面停止生产。

6.采煤工作面冒顶长度超过3米(含3米),低于5米。

7.掘进工作面冒顶长度3米以下。

8.巷道冒顶长度5米以下。

(十一)隐患排查“五定”是指:定时间、定标准、定措施、定资金、定责任人。“四签字”是指:隐患区队(车间)、业务科室、战线领导、安全部门签字。

(十二)制定、落实重大隐患治理措施“五到位”是指:治理措施、责任、资金、时限和预案。

(十三)对事故处理“四不放过”是指:事故原因没查清不放过,事故责任者得不到处理不放过,整改措施不落实不放过,干部职工得不到教育不放过。

(十四)行政处分的种类有:警告、记过、记大过、降级、撤职、开除留用查看和开除。

(十五)事故直接责任:指行为人的行为与事故之间有直接因果关系,对事故发生起决定性作用,指对造成严重隐患或事故发生负有直接责任的责任人。

(十六)间接责任:指与事故之间有间接联系,是造成事故的条件,起重要作用但不起决定性作用。

(十七)直接领导责任:指领导错误而直接导致重大安全隐患和事故发生。

(十八)主要领导责任:指领导过于疏忽而导致事故和重大安全隐患发生。

(十九)领导责任:对安全管理不严致使下属单位出现事故。

(二十)八条线是指:组干线、宣教线、纪检线、行政线、群监线、协管线、青年线、保卫线。

词汇学学习心得

现代汉语词汇学学习心得 本篇文章分为二个部分,第一部分主要来谈谈学习现代汉语词汇学课程的感想和收获,第二部分阐述我在学习了这门课程后对于如何进行对外汉语词汇教学的一些思考。 一.学习现代汉语词汇学课程的感想和收获 对于现代汉语词汇我们不是第一次接触了,早在大一的现代汉语课上就已经有所涉及。但那都是很笼统的讲到,并没有做具体的分析研究,到了大三下学期才单独开设了现代汉语词汇学这门课程。在上这门课程前,就听学姐学长讲过词汇学很难,在学了这门课之后深有体会。记得在一开始的练习中就碰到了困难,如分析哪些是词自己就有点糊涂了,原因是自己还没有弄清楚词的具体该概念,即确定词的的一般方法,尤其是在扩展法上会出现问题。但后来经过讨论,老师讲解,自己终于有所领悟。虽然在学习的当中会碰到很多难题,但通过一学期的学习,自己也有很多收获。 首先来谈谈教材,我们词汇学选符准青的《现代汉语词汇》增订本就是一本很好的教材。它的编订很合理,内容很详细,每章后都附有练习,有助于我们巩固我们所学的知识。除了解决词汇学中的一般问题,另外还提出了很多疑难问题让我们注意,这是其他教材很难做到的。例如第一章节疑难问题就提出具有争议的问题,如何确定述补结构(吃饱打倒)等是不是词的问题,这些疑难问题对于我们真正把握词的概念,拓展我们的思维有很大帮助。 其次,我也非常庆幸遇到一位优秀的老师来教授我们这么课程。老师

有着扎实的专业基础知识和丰富的对外汉语教学经验,所以知道怎样使我们很好的接受那些词汇学知识,更重要的是我们能够将学到的知识理论应用于实际。在学习的过程,老师并没有像填鸭子似地把知识抛给我们,而是时不时的给我们提一个问题,让我们去思考,虽然最后我们的答案并不尽人意,但至少给了我们一个锻炼思考能力及分析问题的机会。在学习过程中老师一直强调我们不要读死书,要学会思考,这本书固然有它的优点,也存在一定的缺点,我们要取其精华,剔其糟粕。例如在学习第七章词汇划分问题上,老师就告诉我们书上的词汇划分不科学,对于基本词汇和一般词汇的定义模糊,但在基本词汇的特点上有可取之处,基本词汇具有普遍性,稳固性和构成新词的基础,这一点很可取。 再者,学习这门课程后我认识到词汇学的重要性,词汇学最为一门单独的专业课程开设是很有必要的。现代汉语词汇是不断丰富发展变化着的。社会生活的发展,包括新事物的出现,旧事物消灭,阶级斗争的发展;人的思想意识的发展;语言内部各个因素的相互作用等等。现代汉语词汇是历代积累传承下来的大量词语和和不断产生的大量词语组合起来的整体。学习现代汉语词汇有着十分重要的意义,它让我们意识到词汇的重要性,提高我们的表达能力、语言能力,而且有助于语文教学,词汇教学在语文教学中占有重要位置。要引导学习者掌握丰富的词语,正确理解词语的意义,正确运用词语,就要利用现代汉语词汇学所学的各种知识。因此,一定要通过自身的努力学好掌握好这门学问。 最后,通过这门课程的学习,我对怎样才能学好现代汉语词汇学有了一些体会。虽然这门课程即将结束,但学问是无穷无尽的,这门课程只是为我们打开了学习词汇学的一个窗口,在平时我们还应当坚持课后自主学习,因此掌握一些学习词汇学的方法尤为重要。

词汇学相关的一些名词解释 (1)

Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound Blending is a process of word formation by which a word is created by combining parts of other words. Words formed in this way are called blends. From morphological viewpoints, there are four types of blending: Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as lettersEEC: European Economic Community Acronyms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as words:OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Export Countries According to Leonard Bloomfield’s point of view, a word is a minimum free form, that is to say, the smallest form that may appear in isolation. There are two types of linguistic forms: one is the bound form, the other is the free form. A bound form is one which cannot occur on its own as a separate word, e.g. the various affixes: de-, -tion, -ize, etc. A free form is one which can occur as a separate word. For example, the word lovely contains the free form love and the suffix –ly. The suffix –ly in the word lovely, of course, i s not a free for m, because it cannot stand by itself. So we call it a bound form. A word is a minimum free form The morpheme can be considered as the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 1)Morphemes are commonly classified into two forms according to their character: one is free form, and the other is bound form. 2)Free morphemes自由词素are morphemes which can occur as separate words. That is to say, a free morpheme can stand alone as a word. 3)Bound morphemes粘着词素are morphemes which cannot stand alone as words. They are mainly affixes. That is to say, a bound morpheme is one that must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free in a word. 4)2) Morphemes may be classified into two categories according to their lexical and grammatical relationships: 5)lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemesLexical morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words Grammatical morphemes are morphemes used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context, such as plurality or past tense There are three types of words according to morphology:Simple words,Compound words,Complex words Conversion Conversion is a main type of word-formation assigning the base to a different word

词汇学1

总,再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。区分两个词的区别,主要还是指明其各自的定义。 第一章 1. Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. ―woman‖ means ’Frau’ in German,’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand,the same sound /rait/ can mean right,rite and write,though denoting different things,yet have the same sound. 3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors. (At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns) a). the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. b). Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling c). Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500 d). Borrowing of foreign language 4. Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect,a given book,a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history. The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words. 5.Classification of Words—by use frequency,by notion,by origin 1). Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary. 1. all national character (most important)– natural phenomena most common things and phenomena of the human body and relations world around us names of plants and animals action,size,domain,state numerals,pronouns,prep. ,conj. 2. stability – they donate the commonest thing necessary to life,they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative,some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow. e.g. arrow,bow,chariot,knight – past electricity,machine,car,plane —— now 3. productivity – they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words,they can form new words with other roots and affixes. e.g. foot – football,footage,footpath,footer 4. polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous. e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove 5. collocability – quite a number of set expressions,idiomatic usages,proverbial saying and others e.g. heart – a change of heart, a heart of gold Non-basic vocabulary —— 1. terminology – technical terms photoscanning,hepatitis,indigestion,penicillin,algebra,trigonometry,calculus 2. jargon – specialized vocabulary in certain professions. Bottom line,ballpark figures,bargaining chips,hold him back,hold him in,paranoid 3. slang —— substandard words often used in informal occasions dough and bread,grass and pot,beaver,smoky,bear,catch,holler,Roger,X-rays, Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage. 4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groups can-opener,dip,persuader cant,jargon ,argot are associated with,or most available to,specific groups of the population. 5. dialectal words – only by speakers of the dialect beauty,chook,cocky,station,auld,build,coo,hame,lough,bog 6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems,legal document and religious writing or speech. 7. neologism – newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics,futurology,AIDS,internet,E-mail old meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse,monitor 2). Content word (notional word)– denote clear notions. Functional word (empty word,form word)– do not have notions of their own,express the relation between notions,words and sentences. a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous. Functional words are in a small number.

最全商业地产专业术语及解释

商业地产是一个综合的领域,涉及商业、经济、建筑、设计等多方面的知识。刚入门的小白常常会被一些专业术语弄得一头雾水。小编在这里整理了一份商业地产相关术语及解释,助你快速掌握该领域,给你最全面的指引。 商业地产概念 商业地产: 作为商业用途的地产,用于各种零售、批发、餐饮、娱乐、健身、休闲等经营用途的房地产形式,国外用的比较多的词汇是零售地产的概念。 1.商圈:是指商业中心以其所在地点为圆心,沿着一定的方向和距离扩展,吸引顾客的辐射范围。 2. 所有权:是所有人依法对自己财产所享有的占有,使用,收益和处分的权利。 3.产权:产权是经济所有制关系的法律表现形式。它包括财产的所有权、占有权、支配权、使用权、收益权和处置权。 4. 经营权:经营者对其经营财产的一种占有、使用和收益的权利。 5.零售业:是一种交易形式,可定义为将商品或劳务直接出售给最终消费者的销售活动,也是向消费者提供销售商品的一种商业活动环境,直接关系到居民的生活质量和生活方式,商业行为的最后一步。 6. 开发商:开发项目,做为项目的第一承担人、所有人。 7.商业用地:商业用地是指规划部门根据城市规划所规定该宗地块的用地性质是用于建设商业用房屋,出让后用地的使用年限为40年。

8. 国内一线城市:指对本国经济、政治具有重要作用的大都市。在城市规模、基建、财政收入、消费、对人才吸引力等各层面,领先于其他城市。如:上海、北京、广州、深圳、天津 9. 国内二线城市:指除一线城市以外,省会、旅游城市,京广、京沪等主要干线旁边的城市等,如:成都、重庆、武汉、南京、苏州、无锡、济南、长沙、 郑州、西安、哈尔滨、杭州、沈阳、青岛、大连、宁波、厦门等 10. 国内三线城市:昆山、江阴、常熟、张家港、义乌、洛阳、柳州、株洲、 长春、温州、佛山、东莞等其它较发达城市。 11. 五证一书:“五证一书”指的是商品房屋预售许可证、建设工程规划许可证、建设用地许可证、国有土地使用规划许可证、建筑工程施工许可证及项目 选址意见书。 商业建筑 1.占地面积:占地面积是指建筑物所占有或使用的土地水平投影面积,计算一般按底层建筑面积。 2. 建筑面积:建筑展开面积,它是指建筑外墙外围线测定的各层平面面积之和。它是表示一个建筑物建筑规模大小的经济指标。 3. 经营面积(实用面积、柜台面积):它是“建筑面积”扣除公共分摊面积后的余额。

词汇学 名词解释(部分)

Types of meaning Types of lexical changes 1.Elevation:词义升格 Definition: words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance Some words early in their history signify something quite low or humble, but change as time goes by to designate something agreeable or pleasant. For example: nice: ignorant---foolish---delightful, pleasant Marshal: a keeper of horses---a high ranking army officer So elevation refers that the meaning of word changes from the neutral/negative to positive. 2.Old English:It refers to the English starting from 450 to 1100 AD. The old English is made up of different sources of languages spoken then –that of Anglo-Saxons, that of Celts, and that of Jutes, with a lot of Latin elements used for common peopl e’s life. 3.Bound morpheme: It is the smallest unit of grammar, a unit which cannot occur as separate words. They have no independent semantic meaning; instead, they have: Attached meaning E.g. un-kind, hope-ful Grammatical meaning E.g. cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-ed For an exact example, in the word “careful”, care is free morpheme, “-ful” is a bound morpheme. 4.Hyponymy: Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion, or to say, the relationship between general lexical items and specific lexical items. That is to say, when X is a kind of Y, the lower term X is the“hyponym”, and the upper term Y is the “superordinate”. For example, “fiction”is the superordinate of “novel”, “novelette”and “short story”, which are the hyponyms of “fiction”. Knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness in expression.

完全版英语词汇学名词解释_共6页

第一章word 1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 第三章formation 1 1. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 2. Allomorph --- Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs. 3. Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes. 4. Bound Morphemes --- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 7. Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes. 8. Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word. 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12. Stem --- a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 第四章formation 2 1. Affixation --- affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. 2. Prefixation --- is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. 3. Compounding(Compositon)-- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. 4. Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 5. Blending-- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word. 6. Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remain instead.

词汇学

lexicology 题型: 1.填空(30*1=30) 2.解释(10*1=10) 3.主观题(2*10=20) 4.分析词汇学现象(10) 5.翻译(15*2=30) 考点: Chapter 2 Language proper 1.Genetic classification p15: English belongs to the Low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. 2.Structural classification: synthetic language & analytic language p22 A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections(变音,转调). An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections. Old English (OE 450-1100)synthetic language The history of English begins with the conquest and settlement of what is now England by the Angles, Saxons and the Jutes from about 450 AD. Characteristics of Old English: 1)They had complex inflectional systems for nouns, pronouns, articles, verbs, and adverbs. 2)They had great flexibility in sentence word order made possible by the extensive sets of inflections. Middle English (ME 1100-1500) The transitional period from Old English to Modern English is know as Middle English (ME 1100-1500), which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066. Middle English developed rapidly toward becoming an analytic language. Modern English analytic language The English language from 1500 to the present is called Modern English. Characteristics of Modern English 1)Great Vowel Shift ※ 2)Inflections continued to disappear, making Modern English an analytic language. 3)The word order of English sentences became more and more firmly fixed.

房地产行业常见专业术语解释word版本

房地产行业常见专业 术语解释

房地产专业术语大全 1、房地产:房产与地产的合称,是不动产。 2、五证二书:《建设用地规划许可证》、《国土使用证》、《建设工程规划许可证》、《施工许可证》、《预售许可证》、《商品房质量保证书》、《商品房使用说明书》﹙营业执照﹚ 3、商品房:专门用以买卖的房屋。有产权保障,可自由出租抵押。 4、商住房:即可用于住家使用,也可以用于办公的商品房。 5、集资房:由单位统一筹集各需要住房的客户资金,而建造之房屋,通常仅有一整栋的一张产权证,客户没有单独的产权证。 4、安居房:﹙经济实用房=安居房﹚是指以中低收入家庭住房困难户为供应对象,并按国家住宅建设标准﹙不含别墅、高级公寓、外销住宅﹚建设的普通住宅。﹙其实行的是土地无偿划拔,住户只拥有该土地的使用权,如需办理国土证,则要另外出资,并享受政府扶持税费减半征收。其房价由政府部门核定,利润只能在3%以下。﹚ 5、跃层:是一套住宅占两个楼层,有内部楼梯联系上下层。﹙一般在首层安排起居室、厨房、餐厅、卫生间,二层安排卧室、书房、卫生间。﹚ 6、复式:概念上是一层,并不具备完整的两层空间,但层高比普通住宅高,可在局部分出夹层,安排卧室或书房等,用楼梯联系上下。﹙夹层在底层的投影面积只占底层面积的一部分,夹层和底层之间有视线上的交流和空间上的流通。﹚ 7、错层:纵向或横向剖面中,楼层的几部分之间楼地面高低错开。 8、标准层:平面布置相同的住宅楼层。 9、高层:8层以上,带有电梯,钢筋混凝土结构 10、多层:7层以下,一般不带电梯,砖混结构 11、骑楼:有雨遮之一楼直道部分 12、裙楼:指建筑体底部较庞大之建筑体,常用于商业、办公 13、承重墙:承受房屋重力的墙,不可任意拆改、破坏 14、非承重墙:一般情况下仅承受自重的墙。

《词汇学》名词解释总汇

《词汇学》名词解释总汇 1.Conversion(转换)is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation. 2.Neologisms(新词用法)are newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society. 3.Lexicology(词汇学)is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage. 4.the elevation of meaning(词义的升格)refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. 5.Acronyms(首字母拼音词)words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. They differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 6.Hyponymy(上下义关系)deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the species(specific lexical items). 7.Analogy(类比)is a process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language. 8.Motivation(理据)deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning. 9.Metaphor(隐喻)is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison. It is a simile without like or as. 10.Antonymy(反义关系)is concerned with semantic opposition. It can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. 11.Suffix(后缀): an affix attached to the end of a base (root or stem) 12. synecdoche(提喻)means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing, or vice versa, the whole for a part. 13. prefix(前缀): an affix attached to the beginning of a base (root or stem) 14. initialism(首字母连写词): a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter. 15.morpheme(词素): the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not dividable or analyzable into smaller forms. 16.the degradation of meaning(词义的降格): is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. 17.Derivational affixes (派生词缀)Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes。 18. back-formation(逆成法): is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation. 19. derivation(派生): the process by which noninfectional affixes are added to roots to form words. 20. compounding(复合): the process of joining together two linguistic forms which can function independently.

词汇学复习重点

第一章 1.word : 1简单意义:a word is a minimal unit/form in/of a sentence 2.完整意义:a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. 2.vocabulary定义四个要素:1.refer to the total number of the words in a language.2.it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. 3.refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. 4个要素:language, time, space, person. 3.sound and form 1.关系:the symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional.2.more and more different 原因:1,the number of alphabet cannot describe the English sounds one by one.2, sounds develop faster than the written form.3.the scribes deliberately change the written form for being easily recognized. 4.the printing machine fixed the written form. 5.borrowed words make the gap wider. 4.motivation分类:1.onomatopec motivation.(Refers to the motivated aspect of motivation which means the words are created by imitation the natural sounds or noise. 2. morphological motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation which means the words created by using existing language materials ,as roots, affixes, etc).3.semantic motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation in which the new meanings are given to existing words by mental

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