专有名词翻译及名词解释

专有名词翻译及名词解释
专有名词翻译及名词解释

1.厌氧-缺氧-好氧A2/O A-anaerobic--厌氧A-anoxic—缺氧O-oxic—好氧

2.BAF—曝气生物滤池B-biological A—aerated F—filter

3.MBR—膜生物反应器Membrane Bio-Reactor

4.质量单位,NG-纳克1千克=1000克1克=1000毫克1毫克=1000微克1微克=1000纳

克1纳克=1000皮克1皮克=1000飞克1飞克=1000啊克

5.SBR是序列间歇式活性污泥法(Sequencing Batch Reactor Activated Sludge Process)的简

称,是一种按间歇曝气方式来运行的活性污泥污水处理技术,又称序批式活性污泥法。

是用来驯化活性污泥的。

6.MLSS(mixed liquid suspended solids)、SVI(污泥体积指数)

7.“aerobic–anoxic–anaerobic–anoxic–aerobic” 好氧-缺氧-厌氧-缺氧-好氧

厌氧、缺氧、好氧本质差别:

厌氧:无分子氧,无具备氧化性的化合态氧(H2O例外,下同),<0.2mg/L释放磷,进行部分有机物的氨化,同时也降解了COD,

缺氧:无分子氧,<0.5mg/L有具备氧化性的化合态氧(如硝酸根、亚硝酸根离子等),反硝化生成N2脱氮;

好氧:分子氧和化合态氧都可以有,但至少要有分子氧。COD降解,氨氮硝化成硝酸盐氮,聚磷菌过度吸收磷。

厌氧是厌氧菌参与的生化处理过程,厌氧环境中绝大多数细菌是严格厌氧的,氧气的存在抑制它们的生存和活性,因此要求系统内溶解氧接近于零同时厌氧环境中也有1%左右的兼性厌氧菌,它们能保护甲烷菌这样的严格厌氧菌免受氧的损害与抑制,这是最大的特点,另外,厌氧反应需要较高、较稳定的温度,厌氧反应需要严格控制pH值。

0.2和0.5的区别,是控制操作上的经验区别,并不是区分厌氧、缺氧工艺不同的

指标。实际工程中远远达不到理论上的要求,故溶解氧小于0.2即可认为达到厌氧,溶解氧小于0.5即可达到缺氧。

在工艺中,厌氧和缺氧所要达到的目的不同。厌氧和缺氧其实无所谓里面是否有什么氧,毕竟好氧回流,里面肯定有溶解氧,本质在于微生物生存的环境不同,即使有部分溶解氧带入,也改变不了这个前提

一般来讲,厌氧的阶段可以分为水解,产酸和脱氢,产甲烷阶段。由于厌氧阶段中,产甲烷阶段的速率影响了整厌氧消化速率,因此才说这个阶段是控制阶段。

第一阶段(水解阶段)──发酵细菌产生胞外水解酶水解大分子有机聚合物,即纤维素、半纤维素、果胶、淀粉、脂类以及蛋白质等非水溶性含碳化合物,经水解性细菌产生的一系列水解酶将其水解成较小分子的水溶性化合物,如糖、醇、酸等。参与这一过程的微生物主要是发酵性细菌(Fermentative bacteria),其种类和数量随有机物种类的不同而变化。通常按原料种类分为纤维素分解菌、脂肪分解菌、蛋白质分解菌等。

第二阶段(产酸阶段)──水解得到的各种水溶性产物进一步经微生物降解形成产甲细菌的底物,其产物主要是乙酸、氢和二氧化碳。参与这一过程的微生物种类主要是产氢产乙酸菌(The obligate H2-producing acetogenic bacteria)。

第三阶段(产甲烷阶段)──产甲烷细菌利用小分子物质转化生产甲烷和二氧化碳的过程。在这一阶段产甲烷细菌利用的基质范围相当窄,这类微生物只能利用甲酸、甲醇、甲胺、乙酸、乙醇、H2和CO2等。

缺氧一般可与反硝化联系在一起,主要用于反硝化还原高价态氮素,并不很严格,主要是是此过程需要硝化液的回流,不可能溶解氧控制到很低,一般小于0.5,这个条件下溶解氧的存在是对反硝化有很大的影响的,但不可避免,当然这个过程的溶解氧也是越低越好的,因为溶解氧比硝酸根等优先参与生物还原反应,前者电位高,使反硝化

受到很大的影响。

8.Nitrate [?na??tre?t] 硝酸盐nitrite [?naitrait] 亚硝酸盐nitrogen [?naitr?d??n] 氮气

氨ammonia [??m??nj?] ammonia nitrogen 氨氮

9.Quantitative[?kw?ntit?tiv] 定量qualitative [?kw?lit?tiv] 定性saturated

10.Hydraulic loading rate (HLR) 水力负荷

11.Porosity 空隙率Macrophyte 大型植物

12.Hydraulic loading rate 水力负荷水力负荷是单位体积滤料或单位面积每天可以处理的

废水水量(如果采用回流系统,则包括回流水量)。单位是立方米(废水)/立方米(滤料)·日或立方米(废水)/平方米(水池)·日。是沉淀池、生物滤池等设计和运行的重要参数。

13.水力停留时间(Hydraulic Retention Time)简写作HRT,水处理工艺名词,水力停留时

间是指待处理污水在反应器内的平均停留时间,也就是污水与生物反应器内微生物作用的平均反应时间。

14.Acclimation 驯化Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) 脂肪酸甲酯PCA 吡咯烷酮羧酸

翻译硕士 百科名词解释 整理

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英语翻译作业

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翻译硕士名词解释词条

绝对翻译a b s o l u t e t r a n s l a t i o n 摘要翻译abstract translation 滥译abusive translation 可接受性acceptibility 准确accuracy 译者行动translatorial action 充分性adequacy 改编adaptation 调整adjustment 美学诗体翻译aesthetic-poetic translation 经纪人agent 类同形式analogical form 分析analysis 感染型文本applied focused-texts 应用翻译研究applied translation studies 古词废词archaism 元译素architranseme

关于范围的翻译理论area-restricted theories of translation 听觉媒介型文本audio-medial texts 委托commission 自动翻译automatic translation 自立幅度autonomy spectrum 自译autotranslation 逆转换back-transformation 关于范围的翻译理论back-translation 双边传译bilateral interpreting 双语语料库bilingual corporal 双文本bi-text 空位blank spaces 无韵体翻译blank verse translation 借用borrowing 仿造calque 机助翻译MAT 范畴转换category shift

词汇学相关的一些名词解释 (1)

Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound Blending is a process of word formation by which a word is created by combining parts of other words. Words formed in this way are called blends. From morphological viewpoints, there are four types of blending: Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as lettersEEC: European Economic Community Acronyms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as words:OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Export Countries According to Leonard Bloomfield’s point of view, a word is a minimum free form, that is to say, the smallest form that may appear in isolation. There are two types of linguistic forms: one is the bound form, the other is the free form. A bound form is one which cannot occur on its own as a separate word, e.g. the various affixes: de-, -tion, -ize, etc. A free form is one which can occur as a separate word. For example, the word lovely contains the free form love and the suffix –ly. The suffix –ly in the word lovely, of course, i s not a free for m, because it cannot stand by itself. So we call it a bound form. A word is a minimum free form The morpheme can be considered as the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 1)Morphemes are commonly classified into two forms according to their character: one is free form, and the other is bound form. 2)Free morphemes自由词素are morphemes which can occur as separate words. That is to say, a free morpheme can stand alone as a word. 3)Bound morphemes粘着词素are morphemes which cannot stand alone as words. They are mainly affixes. That is to say, a bound morpheme is one that must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free in a word. 4)2) Morphemes may be classified into two categories according to their lexical and grammatical relationships: 5)lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemesLexical morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words Grammatical morphemes are morphemes used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context, such as plurality or past tense There are three types of words according to morphology:Simple words,Compound words,Complex words Conversion Conversion is a main type of word-formation assigning the base to a different word

英文翻译练习作业

英文翻译练习(一) The status of Philosophy in Chinese culture has always been regarded as a comparison with that of religion in other cultures. In China, Philosophy is the concerned field by each educated one. Long time ago in China, a person would firstly accept enlightened education in Philosophy if he could be given education. Children should read the Analects, Mencius, The great Learning, The Doctrine of mean once they entered school. The Four Books were regarded as the most important documents after Song(regarded as “new Confucianism”in west).When children began to learn words, the commonly used textbook is Three Words, in which every three words a group, every six words one sentence, and the even sentence rhyme has rhyme, easy to read aloud and easy to remember. In fact, this book is used to learn words for Chinese children. The first sentence of Three Words “Man’s nature is good at birth.” Is the basic idea of philosophy of Mencius.

翻译术语

Lecture 2 Basic Concepts in Translatology 翻译学基本用语: 源语/译出语source language(SL), original language 译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language 原作者SL author, original author 译者(笔译者)translator 译者(口译者)interpreter 读者/接受者reader, receptor, audience 文本text 原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work 译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition 译本/译著translated text/translational work 源语读者source-language reader/SL reader 源语文化source-language culture/source culture 译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience 译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving

culture 语境context 笔译written translation 口译oral interpretation/oral translation/interpreting 同声传译simultaneous interpreting 交替口译consecutive interpreting 翻译原则translation principle 标准translation criterion (复数形式为criteria) 翻译过程translation process 翻译程序/步骤translation procedures 反应/读者反应response/reader’s response 对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence 等值/对等equivalence 对等物(词语)equivalent 形式对等formal equivalence 功能对等functional equivalence 动态对等dynamic equivalence 等效equivalent effect 充分性adequacy 可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability) 可读性readability(readable)

完全版英语词汇学名词解释_共6页

第一章word 1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 第三章formation 1 1. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 2. Allomorph --- Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs. 3. Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes. 4. Bound Morphemes --- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 7. Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes. 8. Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word. 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12. Stem --- a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 第四章formation 2 1. Affixation --- affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. 2. Prefixation --- is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. 3. Compounding(Compositon)-- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. 4. Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 5. Blending-- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word. 6. Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remain instead.

MTI真题

南开大学 2010年南开大学MTI英语翻译基础(回忆版) 一词语翻译(每题1分,共30题)installment plan chenck and balance booned good commuter EU WTO USNE L/C TAO NASA CDED POD 外向型经济 政企分开 载人航天计划 优惠合同 关税总协定 占略伙伴关系 购货合同 报关 恶性循环 贸易顺差节能 安检 显示器 安理会常任理事国 自负盈亏 二英译汉(60分) 忘了 三汉译英(60分) 中国是一个人口众多的国家,历史悠久。是人类优秀文明的发源地,为人类发展做出了贡献。从19世纪中期开始逐渐沦为半殖民地半封建国家。中国人民为了维护国家独立,主权和团结,振兴中华,进行了英勇搏斗。于1949年获得胜利,建立了新中国。现在中国人民在建设中国特色社会主义道路上奋勇直前,集中精力发展经济,提高人民生活水平。中国人民是爱好和平的,渴望发展,乐于同世界各国建立发展友好合作关系,坚定不移地执行独立自主的和平外交政策 2010年南开大学MTI百科知识与汉语写作(雪人不哭回忆) 名词解释50分应用文40 作文60 详见https://www.360docs.net/doc/4c7086559.html,/t3083209p1 趁我今天还记得,补充一点吧。 百科的名词解释是5个句子,每句5个词。考到了气候变化,碳关税,节能减排,艾默生,孔子,希拉里. 克林顿,民主党,伊拉克战场,阿富汗战场,伊朗核计划,中东地区冲突,中国内战,台独,反分裂国家法等内容。 应用文:假设你叫张华,是南开大学外国语学院翻译专业硕士2010届毕业生,已经获得了人事部二级翻译证书,有贸易专业知识,知识面广,兴趣广泛,有秘书写作和计算机操作技能,申请某贸易公司的翻译一职,写一篇求职信,450字。 现代文: 吴冠中说了句什么不能重复,某人说要重复,用的是达芬奇画鸡蛋的例子。综合上述两句,写一篇关于学习和创新的议论文,800字。 我想到的就这些,有些不足的还望其他战友予以补充~ 华中师大

英语翻译作业

Americans are much more likely than citizens of other nations to believe that they live in a meritocracy, i.e. Government by people selected according to merit. But this self-image is a fantasy: America actually stands out as an advanced country in which it matters most who your parents were, the country in which those born on one of society’s lower rungs have the least chance of climbing to the top or even to the middle. And if you ask why America is more class-bound in practice than the rest of the Western world, a large part of the reason is that our government falls down on the job of creating equal opportunity. The failure starts early: in America, the holes in the social safety net mean that both low-income mothers and their children are all too likely to suffer from poor nutrition and receive inadequate health care. It continues once children reach school age, where they encounter a system in which the affluent send their kids to good, well-financed public schools or, if they choose, to private schools, while less-advantaged children get a far worse education. 美国人可能比任何其他国家的人都更相信他们生活在一个精英制度之下,人们推选的政府也是据其优势。然而,这个自我形象是一种幻想:作为先进国家,实际上美国的突出特点是出身至关重要,在这个国度里,来自社会底层的人几乎没有机会爬到社会中层,更不用说社会顶层。 如果你要问为什么实际上美国比其他西方国家都要阶级分明,主要原因就是我们的政府在创造公平机会方面的失败。 这种不公平很早以前就开始了:在美国,由于社会安全网存在漏洞,这就意味着低收入的母亲和他们的孩子完全有可能存在营养不良,得不到足够的医疗服务。孩子到了上学年龄这种情况也不会得到改观,他们所遇到的体制是富人可以送自己的孩子到资金充足的好的公立学校上学,如果愿意,还可以从送到私立学校上学,而穷人孩子接受的教育却非常差。

词汇学 名词解释(部分)

Types of meaning Types of lexical changes 1.Elevation:词义升格 Definition: words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance Some words early in their history signify something quite low or humble, but change as time goes by to designate something agreeable or pleasant. For example: nice: ignorant---foolish---delightful, pleasant Marshal: a keeper of horses---a high ranking army officer So elevation refers that the meaning of word changes from the neutral/negative to positive. 2.Old English:It refers to the English starting from 450 to 1100 AD. The old English is made up of different sources of languages spoken then –that of Anglo-Saxons, that of Celts, and that of Jutes, with a lot of Latin elements used for common peopl e’s life. 3.Bound morpheme: It is the smallest unit of grammar, a unit which cannot occur as separate words. They have no independent semantic meaning; instead, they have: Attached meaning E.g. un-kind, hope-ful Grammatical meaning E.g. cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-ed For an exact example, in the word “careful”, care is free morpheme, “-ful” is a bound morpheme. 4.Hyponymy: Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion, or to say, the relationship between general lexical items and specific lexical items. That is to say, when X is a kind of Y, the lower term X is the“hyponym”, and the upper term Y is the “superordinate”. For example, “fiction”is the superordinate of “novel”, “novelette”and “short story”, which are the hyponyms of “fiction”. Knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness in expression.

2017翻译硕士专业名词解释答题技巧

凯程考研,为学员服务,为学生引路! 第 1 页 共 1 页 2017翻译硕士专业名词解释答题技巧 现在有的学生还在为不知道如何得高分,复习到位成绩总是不见长,那么我要说方法很重要,下面就让我们看一看2017年翻译硕士考研冲刺复习点拨为大家解答。 翻硕英语 复习重点:在广度和深度上提高英语词汇的学习;加大对文章主旨和背景知识的了解和文章写作意图的理解力上。加强对近义词和反义词的区分和学习。高级英语要十分重视写作能力和阅读理解能力的提高。 凯程考研建议同学们单词记忆用英语专业四级的真题或模拟题中的单词考核部分,在比较重记忆,对单词深化记忆。同时,阅读部分,通过大量的真题练习和模拟练习来发现问题,学习的落脚点落在答题拿分上。要研究真题和练习,确定出题者的意图,梳理出清晰的答题思路。这个阶段写作是重点,有输入才会有输出,背诵英文范文,并一定要写,直至写出自己的模板来。单选题目现在做不好的继续练习专四词汇与语法专项,改错差就选择攻克专八改错,阅读推荐每天四篇专八阅读,总之要哪里不行练哪里。此外,这个阶段还要拿出以前做过的真题,分析错误的原因,积累词汇。注意:阅读始终要每天都练的,时间实在不够就每天减为两篇,因为你要始终保持住这种做题的感觉。 英语翻译基础 复习重点:研究考研历年的翻译真题和前期整理的笔记。真题可以解决考研翻译中的单词问题、句子结构问题、翻译考点问题;笔记可以将参考书由厚变薄,加快复习进度。 在翻译中,同学们经常出现的问题,表现为三点,单词的意思没有掌握,英语原文的词组没有掌握;对原文的逻辑结构和语法结构把握错了,弄错了修饰关系;汉语意思表达的时候不太符合汉语语言习惯。所以建议同学们,复习到了最后阶段就要讲策略了,有针对性的结合自身弱点攻坚,词汇翻译还是要坚持背,段落翻译还是要坚持练,但是需要讲方法,讲质量。在时间紧张的前提下,模拟考试,写出译文,要做到"可意会,也可言传。"其次注意精雕细琢,对原文的句子的逻辑和语法结构,需要完全把握。要记住翻译的原则:让句子更通顺,切不要改变原文的意义。 汉语百科知识与写作 复习重点:百度知识重在结合真题巩固以前背过的,在争取尽量多背的前提下适当舍弃,如一些比较偏的题。应用文与大作文是重点,可以买一些高考素材方面的书籍。 名词解释部分建议广大考试在这阶段重点查看历年真题,梳理出考试的常考点,将知识点精简化、成串化,在理解的基础上,学习用较为准确的语言表达出来。对于应用文,在研究历年真题的基础上,大家要掌握几种主流的应用文写作思路,非主流的至少要知道格式和大概内容。大作文考查学生的汉语文学功底和写作能力,大家要理清各类话题的基本写作思路。 以上就是2017年翻译硕士考研冲刺复习点拨的所有内容,我想对大家说复习要有方法,读书更要有技巧,我们不能一味的读死书,更要在复习中总结出属于自己的学习方法。

翻译硕士名词解释词条

绝对翻译absolute translation 摘要翻译abstract translation 滥译abusive translation 可接受性acceptibility 准确accuracy 译者行动translatorial action 充分性adequacy 改编adaptation 调整adjustment 美学诗体翻译aesthetic-poetic translation 经纪人agent 类同形式analogical form 分析analysis 感染型文本applied focused-texts 应用翻译研究applied translation studies 古词废词archaism 元译素architranseme 关于范围的翻译理论area-restricted theories of translation 听觉媒介型文本audio-medial texts 委托commission 自动翻译automatic translation 自立幅度autonomy spectrum

自译autotranslation 逆转换back-transformation 关于范围的翻译理论back-translation 双边传译bilateral interpreting 双语语料库bilingual corporal 双文本bi-text 空位blank spaces 无韵体翻译blank verse translation 借用borrowing 仿造calque 机助翻译MAT 范畴转换category shift 词类转换class shift 贴近翻译close translation 连贯coherence 委托commission 传意负荷communication load 传意翻译communicative translation 社群传译community interpreting 对换commutation 可比语料库comparable corpora 补偿compensation

《词汇学》名词解释总汇

《词汇学》名词解释总汇 1.Conversion(转换)is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation. 2.Neologisms(新词用法)are newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society. 3.Lexicology(词汇学)is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage. 4.the elevation of meaning(词义的升格)refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. 5.Acronyms(首字母拼音词)words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. They differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 6.Hyponymy(上下义关系)deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the species(specific lexical items). 7.Analogy(类比)is a process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language. 8.Motivation(理据)deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning. 9.Metaphor(隐喻)is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison. It is a simile without like or as. 10.Antonymy(反义关系)is concerned with semantic opposition. It can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. 11.Suffix(后缀): an affix attached to the end of a base (root or stem) 12. synecdoche(提喻)means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing, or vice versa, the whole for a part. 13. prefix(前缀): an affix attached to the beginning of a base (root or stem) 14. initialism(首字母连写词): a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter. 15.morpheme(词素): the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not dividable or analyzable into smaller forms. 16.the degradation of meaning(词义的降格): is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. 17.Derivational affixes (派生词缀)Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes。 18. back-formation(逆成法): is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation. 19. derivation(派生): the process by which noninfectional affixes are added to roots to form words. 20. compounding(复合): the process of joining together two linguistic forms which can function independently.

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