英文写作中的衔接与连贯

摘要在英语教学中，写作是一个难点。而我们老师根据传统的方法往往把重点集中在作者所写的词汇、语法方面,而对语篇方面衔接和连贯的问题注意不够。文章从语篇衔接、连贯理论出发, 就英语写作中如何使用衔接手段以取得文章连贯作一些探讨，分析其对英语写作的一些启示,目的是培养写作的衔接与连贯意识,提高写作水平。

关键词英语写作，衔接，连贯

一、引言

在传统的英语写作中，我们往往把重点集中在作者所写的词汇、语法方面,而对语篇方面的问题注意不够。那什么是语篇呢？语篇是指任何不完全受句子语法约束的在一定语境下表示完整语义的自然语言（胡壮麟，1994）。句子的衔接和连贯这两大语篇特征是相辅相成的，保证句子的衔接和连贯在英语写作中起着重要的作用。

简单地说，也就是写作意思要完整、主次要分明、前后要连贯。从语义上看，句子各部分应该是紧密联系在一起，表达一个完整的意思；从语法角度来看，正确的句子应该是结构严谨、关系一致、语序正确；从修辞角度来看，好的句子应该是中心突出、逻辑性强、准确简练。

二、衔接

衔接是一个语义概念，它是语篇内部两个不受句法结构制约的成分在意义上相互关联(Halliday，Hasan，2001)。英语的衔接手段主要分为三大类：过渡词衔接、词汇衔接和语法衔接。（章振邦，2000）

1.过渡词衔接

过渡词是使上下文的连接自然、紧凑的有效方法，同时也是英语写作中应注意的一个关键问题。本德（Bander）曾在《美国英语修辞》（American English Rhetoric）一书中高度概括了写作中使用过渡连接词的重要性，认为“有两个技巧比学任何其它的更能增强英语写作技能：其一是使用过渡连接词；其二是使用从属关系”（1978：203）。过渡词分为11类：举例、比较、对照、让步、原因、结果、强调、递进、结论、时间和空间。如：

I am ill, so I can not go to school. (我病了，所以我没去上学。“so”是表示因果关系的衔接词。)

2.词汇的衔接

语篇写作中的词汇选择关系有多种方式。我们把词汇衔接方式分为重复、泛指词、相似性、可分类性和搭配五大类。如：

Some of the animals are dead，but most of them are alive．（词汇的相似性。这句子若把“alive”改为“not dead”，重复使用“dead”会使句子显得呆板。现在以其“反义”出现，就会使文章的语言显得生动并富有变化。）

3.语法衔接

为了使语段或语篇的各个构成部分之间语义衔接得当，我们常用照应、替代和省略这三种语法手段来达到衔接的作用。

如：When my parents asked me why I had failed in the examination，I said I didn’t know （why I had failed）．

这个句子采用了省略的语法手段。前一个句子为后一个句子的理解提供省略

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