园艺专业英语期末考试资料

1.A Chinese greenhouse

中国式的温室包含一条东西走向的厚墙，在它南面有一根与地面成30°-40°夹角的竹竿，且竹竿上表面覆盖了一层透明的油纸。

2.As a result of evaporation

蒸腾作用，光合作用和呼吸作用的结果是影响作物二氧化碳质量的平衡和大气水蒸气压及能量平衡。

3.At full cover，the growth rate of field crops 总体来说，田间作物生长速率典型的在150-300Kg/公顷/d的干物质积累量，这些被认为潜在的生物速率和产量有关。

4.Any severe imbalance or

对于一种营养元素，无论是严重的不平衡还是缺乏，都会阻碍植物的正常发育。

5.Appearance components include size

外观品质的内容包括大小，形态，整齐度，颜色，光泽和少许由于物理和机械损伤造成的瑕疵，生理失调，或者昆虫和微生物的附着。

6.But because of an expanding root system

但是因为根系的伸长，持续对P的吸收和对其需要量的减少，P不再是限制的因素，植物生长最终的限制因素是它们从土壤中能吸收的缺乏。

7.Biological factors involved

使采后农产品质量下降的生物因素包括呼吸作用，乙烯的生成，成份的改变，水分的损失，物理损伤，生理衰竭和病理损害。

https://www.360docs.net/doc/4d3513827.html,post can be

不仅农家肥而且植物的残枝败叶都可以形成堆肥，并且有时加入化学肥料为了增加对植物生长的影响。

9.Controlled environment agriculture has gained in 受控环境下农业已经被增加在园艺生产上的重要性，不仅在蔬菜和观赏作物生产中，而且在用种子或组织培养形成的幼苗生产过程中也很重要。

10.Crop growth rate may be limited by low

作物的生长速率可能被限制，因为低的过磷酸钙的供应和土壤中其他矿质营养的缺乏，至少在生长季节和水分缺少或者其他因素。

11.Conventional and organic greenhouse

普通温室和有机温室生产上的不同在于盆栽基质的类型，施肥措施和它们所使用的虫害防治方法。

12.Due to plastics and better environment control 因为塑料薄膜使用和更好的控制环境系统，包括新的品种和生物控制技术，将来的溶液培养比过去50年的任何时间都会好的！

13.Distored expression of these genes at the wrong 这些基因的异常表达在错误的地方和时间能导致改变花器官的一致性。14.During the fall, winter, and spring

在秋天冬天和春天，当大多数的温室番茄在生长，高温和流通不顺的空气为许多病害的发生创造了一个理想的生长环境。

15.Evidence suggests that GA

证据表明，受精后的幼小胚囊中所产生的赤霉素，能够帮助苹果及其他核果类坐果。

16.For the first time American farmers

美国农门第一次大面积种植抗除草剂和抗虫棉等转基因作物。

17.Following the initiation period

花端发育后，芽内花的分化相当迅速，以至于许多种类的果树在进入冬眠时花的所有部分都已经明显的形成。18.For example, consumers buy fruits

例如，消费者买水果时首先是根据其外表，但是他们却很可能会头来买那些他们尝过后，感觉口感满意的水果。19. Florigen is said to be

据说，成花素是在相对成熟的叶片内合成的，并可以通过韧皮部转移到发端发生的邻近芽中。

20.GA not only inhibits

赤霉素不仅能阻止花的发端，也可以在其发育过程中引起部分花原基逆转成营养结构

21.Good ventilation and air circulation

在温室中，良好的通风和空气循环，严格的公共卫生设施，保持最适宜的温度和湿度水平是控制病害的有效方法。22.Heating and carbon-dioxide

早在上个世纪荷兰广泛的应用分解混合的马粪便和植物残余物质来给温床加热和施二氧化碳肥，而且在种植黄瓜和瓜类时仍然普遍使用直到二战后期马被拖拉机代替。23.Hormonal stimulus from

初期胚胎中的植物激素刺激物可以阻止果实脱落，让子房及其邻近组织膨大成一个发育中的果实。

24 .It includes a discussion of

这是关于阳畦和温床，园艺用钟形玻璃盖，单屋面温室，冬季花园，柑橘温室，温室和玻璃温室多种形式的设施栽培的一个讨论，并且用塑料薄膜覆盖是不同面积的设施，从小拱棚，中拱棚，到大拱棚不等。

25. In this sense，climate

从某种意义上，气候控制被认为与商业目的有关，例如高效生产的高质量产品，在适时以可以接受的花费和风险，并且在环境方面尽可能的限制。

26.In a re-circulated

溶液循环系统是持续改变其浓度和养分平衡的因为不同植物吸收不同。

27.It is now better understood as a system of

可控环境农业系统现被很好的理解，通过精确地控制空气和根区温度，水分，湿度，植物营养，co2含量甚至光照。

28. In the “on year”，when the terminal bud caden 在大年，当包含雌花的顶芽延伸为枝条时，在较低节位的侧芽枝条就会延伸减少，这样它们用于第二年坐果的雌花的顶芽会落花或落果，从而导致小年。

29. Integrated pest management(I P M)

IPM是一种可以被用于有机产业也可以被用于常规生产体系中的策略。

30. In most fresh commodities

在许多新鲜的农产品中，其营养品质的下降要快于口感品质的，而其口感品质上的下降又比质地和外观品质上下降得快。

31. Initiation in temperature-zone species

温带地区品种花的发端比热带地区的安排更接近季节性，热带地区开花的同步性不像生存那么重要。

32.It has been reported

据报道在土壤中施用大量粪肥可以提高土壤有机物是含量，增加土壤团粒和水的渗透能力，减少土壤容重和土壤板结。

33.Jackson and Sweet , howerer

然而，Jackson和Sweet,引用了证据对单一的开花刺激物的存在提出质疑，这是由于再给定的植物种类中，通过许多已知的替换方法花能在一个给定的种类中发端。

34.Litht intensity，referred to as the photosynthetic

光强指波长从400-700nm空间的单位在叶面积和单位时间的光量子的摩尔数。

35.Light saturation point is the light intensity 光饱和点是在给足温度，co2浓度和相对湿度条件下叶片光合作用速率达到最大值时的光强。

36.Monsnto approached

孟三都公司研究一个乙烯问题，它通过番茄的基因工程控制表达一个来自假单孢的基因。这个基因能编码打破ACC 酶的降解为代谢产物而不是乙烯的酶的能力，这导致了水果在成熟时的相似推迟，这样能克服乙烯的应用

37. Maintaining optimum nutrient，light

保持适宜的营养、光照和温度将会生产出更强壮的植株，使其能够更好的抵抗病虫害

38.Nutrient solution

营养液被充分供应，从施肥器或者大的供应槽到基质的表面为了使基质变湿润。

39.Nutrient solution is delivered

营养液被输送到容器中，通过容器内黑色聚乙烯管道或空气管或空气管或喷液榜或圆心滴管组成的营养液供液管道。

40.Natural mulches

自然地地膜覆盖例如叶子，秸秆，木屑，泥炭和堆肥已经使用了几个世纪为了控制种子和维持土壤水分，这些材料没有一个被使用在现代商业蔬菜生产中。41.Often considered

经常认为农业塑料开始于美国，Dr 为农业研制出许多塑料技术方法通过他在温室，小拱棚和地膜覆盖的研究。42.Prior to this time ，many scientists

在此前，20世纪70年代DNA重组技术还没被发明出来时许多科学家就推测使用它可以提高生物体，但是由于受到将遗传信息插入到基因上的技术限制。

43.Particularly with regard to

尤其对于观赏作物，忍受范围相当窄，如果在开花期间温度没有保持在一定范围内，则将会极大影响植物或花的形状和颜色。

44.Photosynthesis is a process whereby atmospheric 光合作用是一个过程，大气中的co2在光合水的存在下被还原，并形成简单的碳水化合物和来自水的o2被释放。

45.Pruning can change the canopy configure

修剪能够改变果树的冠层结构，增强叶面积在光下和提高光合效率。

46.Plant organs and tissues that synthesis and

合成并输出物质的植物器官和组织叫源，同时把输入物质的植物器官叫库。

47.Rarely to do actual cases correspond exactly 实际情况很少和这些产量状况之一完全一致，但是如图所示，将特定的因子用图表法划分到一类中，对产量系统分析室有用的。

48.Removal of the commodities

从植株上采摘农产品通常是通过大枝的修剪或张力胁迫完成的，使用的机械设备有采摘机，带密齿的耙或耙，混合器，搅拌器或切割机。

49.Sweet cherry and apricot fruits

通过使用赤霉素和生长素可以让甜樱桃和杏进行单性结实，但正常发育下，这是不可能获得的。

50.Some fruit such as the

一些果树，例如无花果会结无籽果实，或者是自然形成，或者是由于生他长调节剂的喷洒，但是他们通常通过异花授粉结有籽果。

51.Some fruits such as the cherry and

一些水果如樱桃和杏，花的发端在当季作物收获后进行，因此，在收获产品后照顾好树有助于第二年的良好开花。

52.Sachs suggests that nutrients

Sachs 表明同化物在荷尔蒙的控制下，从其他区域被转移到该区域的中心分化组织中，在那儿可以直接引起花的发端。

53.Scheduling harvesting during

在天气比较凉的时候制定收获计划，防止已成熟的农产品暴晒在阳光下，并尽快运输去包装，减少由于高温造成的产品质量下降。

54.Some greenhouse producer

一些温室种植者也会让他们的“作物”落蔓——通过移动支架上的植株，使得准备收获的部分总是处于同一水平，温度相同。

55.Some fruits can be harvested

一些水果成熟前可被采收，然后才从植株上脱落后成熟，而其他的一旦脱离植株就不可以继续成熟过程。

56.Soils with high clay

黏粒较多的土壤操作更加困难，倾向持有更多的水分并且排水缓慢，因此不适合温室栽培

57.Soils containing

土壤中有足够多的可溶性盐的饱和提取液其电导度在3-4dsm以上，这种土壤不适合温室栽培

58.Soilless culture

无土栽培在培养袋，培养盆或培养槽中利用质地较轻的基质是所有无土栽培系统管理中最简单，经济，容易的。在无土栽培容器培养系统中最普遍使用的基质是泥炭或者树皮和木屑的混合物。

59.Significant advances in

有意义的地膜覆盖使用是发生在1960年代早期，因为覆膜机和定植机的发明，可以直接穿过地膜种植。

60.Terefore，intermittent

因此，间歇的流动循环管理似乎是采纳起来更好在温周期中或者对于定植苗的旱期发展阶段

61.The phytohormone ethylene plays

植物激素乙烯在许多重要的园艺种类作物中对于条结果是成熟和花的衰老起着重要作用。

62.The fact that actual situations are often more 实际情况更加复杂，然而这一事实并没有使作为区分作物产量因果关系基础的产量水平通用规律失效。

63.The presence of a crop on the plant improves 作物中内源因素为存在，提高了光合作用效率因为库强存在影响光合作用的环境因素包括光质，光强，水分供应，矿质营养，风，温度和湿度。

64.The soure-sink relationship between leaves and 叶和果实之间的源-库关系是非常重要的，因为果实对于上年储备的营养和当季光合作用产物是强的竞争者。65.The relative ability of sink organs and tissues 库器官和组织移动光合作用产物的相对能力取决于它们的面积，发展阶段和源-库之间的距离。

66.The starch in xylem and phlom storage cells

叶腋坐果枝的木质部和韧皮部储藏细胞中的淀粉被水解成糖，这些糖连同当时的光合产物一起被移动到果实中。

67.The ripening fruits mobilize the starch

正成熟的果实转移贮藏于木质部和表皮细胞中的淀粉，但是果实一经收获，淀粉迅速积累在表皮和木质部中。68.Today, most greenhouse tomato

现在，北美的大部分温室番茄种植者都在使用黄蜂，这些69.The first step is floral induction.

第一步是花的诱导，包括荷尔蒙和其他可能发生的变化，这些会引起芽中的细胞开始形成一个花或花序。

70.Therefore ,harvest horticulture crops

因此，不可能在天气寒冷的时候收获园艺作物，当他们在田间积存时应尽量保证它们处于隐蔽条件下，防止直接暴露于阳光下。

71.The disadvantages include

这些缺点包括播种苗和移栽苗生产时额外的劳动花费以及因穴盘苗对温度波动的敏感而在冬天加热的费用

72.Temperature difference

温度从10到15度之间的变化能够发生在同一个温室内，这样就会引起畸形，不均衡生长，果实坐果少和叶子的毁灭性病害

73.The older plants

这些老树在冬天趋于密集生长，这样能减少空气流动和气温骤降产生的伤害。

74.The first group fruits

第一批水果成熟后会产生非常少量的乙烯，并且对外部的乙烯处理没有反应，而第二批水果会随着它们的成熟而产生大量的乙烯，并且外部的乙烯处理将导致果实更快更加一致的成熟。

75.The quantity of fresh fruits

新鲜水果和蔬菜的品质可以从各方面描述，例如市场品质，食用的品质，营养品质，贮藏品质，运输品质，感官品质和内在品质。

76.This indicates that the internal

这显示出，胚和芽之间的种内竞争通常会导致开心果中的花芽脱落，因为到目前为止，胚是更为强劲的竞争者，尽管它们比芽离水源更远。

77.The senesence of some flowers is also

一些花的衰老与产品中的乙烯含量突然升高有关，乙烯在调节衰老过程中起着重要的作用。

78.Therefore，the development of transgenic plants 因此，转基因植物在改变花色方面的发展将取决于我们对生物化学和分子生物在细胞间PH控制方面的理解能力。79.The genetic engineering of the lipid

基因工程在泪痣化合物高的作物能够提高作物的营养价值和作物抵抗低温胁迫能力。

80.The resistance conferred by expression of coat protein

抵抗能力的对照通过外壳蛋白基因的表达限制在原始基因或接近有关病毒基因的病毒中。

81.The energy stored in glucose is partly

葡萄糖储存的能量部分被释放为了支持植物生理活动和转化为植物组织结构中的干物质。

82.The quality of light is

光强主要由温室外面的天气情况决定，尽管使用了遮阴或

83.This is determined

这很大部分有光合作用有效辐射决定，次级影响由二氧化碳浓度决定，并且温度如空气湿度仅仅只有一小部分影响作用。

84.This is a property

这是一个针对长期栽培且与植物结构和活力有关的重要的性质，被无限生长作物所需要，例如：西红柿和玫瑰。

85.The greater the cation

阳离子交换能力越强，土壤的缓冲能力和是非的浓度范围越大。

86.The PH recommended

对于大多数温室作物适宜的PH为6.0-7.0，酸性土壤引起铝毒和猛毒，同时碱性土壤将引起磷毒的沉淀和造成植物吸收微量元素困难

87.The most important

最重要的土壤物理性质是土壤结构，这是由土壤颗粒之间自然稳定的化学键导致形成的团聚粒作用和大地土壤孔隙形成的。

88.The effect of manure

土壤中的粪肥的影响不是永久的，它分解的相当迅速并且根据气候条件土壤中的有机质含量倾向达到一个平衡89.The light weight and

覆盖膜允许气体交换和雨水渗透，控制昆虫，提高生长速度和防止寒冷冻害及消除人为破坏

90.Those treatments having

沿着浮面覆盖的塑料薄膜覆盖措施可以使作物产量比露地栽培提高160%

91.They were not adapted

在蔬菜商业生产中，她们没有被采用，因为她们寿命短，材料和人工的花费，并且不能机械生产。

92.Vibration benches

震动架在安装后可以自动定时的工作，并且不需要多少劳动力，但是对于小中型规模的种植者来说，震动架昂贵且效果不好。

93.Williams has show

威廉表示胚珠的寿命在决定果实的坐果上是很重要的，在其经过一个特殊的的时期后，如果受精没有发生，即使授粉和花粉管的深长已经发了，胚囊也已经不能生育了，受精也不能发生了。

94.Walnut immature eatkins

在8月，当核桃的枝条顶端开始富集油类和其他贮藏物质时，在坐果枝上，为成熟的葇荑花序会脱落，这反映了对以昂扬物质的一种强烈内部竞争。

95.With careful venting

天气改变通过仔细调节排气口，塑料薄膜生产产品比用两层纸覆盖的方法生产期多4-5周，且产量也高。

Airborne fungal diseases

气传真菌病毒

Air-humidity 空气湿度

Auxins 生长素

Biomass 生物量

Biochemical pathway 生化途径Biochemistry and molecular biology 生物化学与分子生物学Biosynthesis 生物合成Biotechnology 生物技术

Bio-and photo-degradable

生物/光降解膜

Bulk density 容重

Carbohydrate 碳水化合物Chloroplasts 叶绿体

Clonal rootstocks 扦插砧木

Crop load 坐果量

Cultural practices 组织栽培Cytokinins 细胞分裂素

Carbon-dioxide 二氧化碳

Dry matter accumulation and distribution

干物质的积累和分配

Deciduous perennials

落叶的多年生植物

Encoding 编码

Embryos 胚

Edible quality 食用品质

Extensive agricultural systems

粗放农业系统

Even-span 等屋面的

Fertilization 施肥

Foreign gene 外源基因

First fruit set 第一穗果

Fertilizer efficiency 肥效

Fruit thinning 疏果

Fertilization 受精

Field-grown 露地种植

Floral initiation 花的发端

Floral induction 花的诱导

Glucose 葡萄糖

Grafting 嫁接

Gibberellins赤霉素

Horticultural products 园艺产品Heat-retaining capacity 保温能力High tunnels 大拱棚

Herbicide-tolerant 耐除草剂的Insect-pollinated 昆虫授粉

Insect-resistant cotton 抗虫棉

Identified 识别

Inheritance 遗传

Learn-to houses

单屋面温室/一面坡温室

Light compensation point 光补偿点

Low tunnels 小拱棚

Manure or compost 农家肥和堆肥

Microorganisms 微生物

Mulches 地膜覆盖

Metabolites 代谢物

Nutrient-film techniqu营养液膜技术

Nutrient solution 营养液

Over-winter 越冬

Ornamental crops 观赏作物

Out-of-season 反季节

Osmotic potential 渗透势

On year 大年

Oxidase 氧化酶

Physiological disorders 生理紊乱

Plant architecture 生物造型

Phytochrome 光敏色素

Polyvinylchloride 聚氯乙烯

Pathogens 病原体

Postharvest storage conditions

采后贮藏条件

Phloem 韧皮部

Potassium deficiency symptoms

钾缺乏症

Polyethylene 聚乙烯

Phosphorus 磷

Photosynthesis 光合作用

Persimmon 柿子

Pruning 修剪

Photoperiod-sensitive

对光周期敏感的

Plugs穴盘苗

Pollen 花粉

Pollination 授粉

Pome fruits 仁果

resistance to stress 抗逆性

Reproductive cycle 生殖周期

Rootstock 砧木

Raised beds 高畦

Respiration 呼吸作用

Rock-wool 岩棉

Row covers 小拱棚覆盖

Soil solution 土壤溶液

Self-pollinating 自花授粉

Soil salinity 土壤盐度

Soilless culture 无土栽培

Senescence 衰老

Synthase 合成酶

Semi-arid 半干旱

Sieve tubes 筛管

Sink strength 库强

Solution solids 可溶性固体

Soluble solids 可溶性固形物

Soil-borne diseases 土壤病害

Seedling stocks 实生苗

Stone fruits 核果

Temperate 温带

Transpiration 蒸腾作用

Tissue culture 组织培养

Transgenic plants转基因植株

Two-crop system 两茬作物体系

The cation exchange capacity of the

soil

土壤阳离子交换量

Texture and porosity

质地结构和多孔结构

Vegetatively 无性繁殖

Vegetative tissues 营养器官/组织

Ventilation 通风

Walk-in tunnels 中拱棚

Water holding capacity 持水能力

Wind-pollinated 风媒授粉

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