大学英语语法汇总
大学英语语法汇总
一、名词
（一）以S结尾的名词做主语的主谓一致
1、以s结尾的疾病和游戏
arthritis,bronchitis,rickets,measles,mumps,diabetes,darts,marbles做主语时谓语动词应使用单数形式。例：Arthritis causes pain in the joints.
特殊情况：有一些疾病/游戏名词作谓语动词可单可复：measles,rickets
Cards做主语动词用复数；darts,marbles指游戏使用的具体的镖和弹子意义时，谓语动词marbles可单可复，darts用复数形式。
例：Measles always cccur/occurs among kids.
Nine darts are thrown at each turn.
2、以s结尾的学科名称
physics,mathematics,optics,acoustics,politics,athletics,tactics,linguistics,etc做主语时谓语动词使用单数。
例：Mathematics is always a headache for girls.
Politics always attracts boys.
特殊情况：如果这些词并不是只带“学科”等意义，谓语动词便可做复数使用。例如，mathematics运算能力,athletic体育运动,acoustics音响效果,tactics策略,economics经济学意义。
例:The acoustics in Bon Jovi’s Tulsa concert were beyond criticism last spring.
3、以s结尾的地理名称
The States,the united states,the Netherlands,the Philippines,the United Arab
Emirates,the United Nation做主语时，谓语动词使用单数。
例：The Netherlands is a Euroupean country.The Sates is a developed country
特殊情况：如果主语是群岛archipelago,山脉mountains,海峡straits,瀑布waterfalls,运动会games等，谓语动词则使用复数。
例：The Nansha Islands (The Spratly Islands)are integral part of China.
The Wuyi mountains are picturesque.
The Olympic Games are held every four years.
4、其他以S结尾的名词
（1）成双成对出现的名词做主语时：例如jeans,compasses(圆规）
scissors,pincers,glasses,pants,shorts,trousers,slacks,suspenders等谓语动词使用复数.例：The slacks are so completeful.The Hengdali glasses are so pricey.但是加上单位词则使用单数。
例：One pair of glasses is far from enough when you travel abroad.
（2）英语中还有一些以s结尾的名词，如
archives,arms,clothes,contents,eaves,fireworks,firecrackers,goods,morals,thanks等，谓语动词使用复数。
例：The firecrackers are so loud.Many thanks go to my wife and her floks.
（3）Ings结尾的名词谓语动词一般使用复数。如，
clippings,diggings,earnings,fillings,sweepings,etc
例：His earnings are pretty good.
特殊情况：tidings(旧）做主语时谓语动词可单可复。
例Good tidings are cheerful.
（4）英语中有一些词，单复数同形，例如
barracks,headquarters,means,series,species,works,sheep,deer谓语动词根据实际情况而定。
例：This means of transportation does not work for me.
This means have been tried.
These endangered species are well protected in mainland China.
（5）少数的名词做单数和复数时意义不一样。
例：What is the odds?(有什么要紧）
The odds are in our favors.(形式对我们有利）
特殊情况：Remains做“遗体”时，谓语动词使用复数，如果当“遗迹”“剩余物”时，谓语动词可单可复。
例：The prime minister’s remains were buried in the vicinity of the church.
There remains of the ancient capital has been reduced to debris after the massive quake.
The remains of the meal was/were fed to the dog.
（二）集体名词做主语的主谓一致
1、通常做复数的集体名词police,people,cattle,militia,poultry,personal,clergy,vermin
等做主语时谓语动词使用复数。
例：The clergy remain divided on the issue of women priests.
The personal(总称：员工）are reluctant to alter the rules.
2、通常做单数的集体名词：foliage（叶子总称）,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,clothing(clothes),poetry(poem,poet),ba
ggage,luggage,scenery,jewellery(jewel).
例：All the machinery is made in China.
The wooden furniture is unaffordable.
3、可单可复的集体名词：
congregation,family,government,public,crew,class,committee,audience,couple,nation,pop ulation等谓语动词根据实际情况对待。
例：The family is a large one.The family are eating salmon at table.
4、A committee/panel/board of +pl. ,谓语动词通常使用单数。例：
A panel of experts is to give its opinion on ways to tackle congestion.
(三）problems of concord with a coordinate subjiect
1、and连接的是一个人/一件事
例：The teacher and interpreter has been laid up for a couple of days.
Early to bed early to rise makes a man healthy,wealthy,and wise.
2、and连接成对出现的名词：knife and fork,cart and horse,needle and thread,law and order,bread and butter,ham and eggs,cereal and milk,fish and chips,pancakes and syrup,etc.
例：Bread and butter is a tasty breakfast in western culture.
Fish and chips is a populary take-away food that originated in the United Kingdom.
3、and连接every/each/no/many a +单数名词，谓语动词使用单数。
例：Every male and every female has to evacuate from the power plant.
Many a man and woman in this community finds himself or herself in need.
No boy and no girl is playing tennis.
4、and连接专有名词：the Stars and Stripes,the Bat and ball.
例：The bat and Ball is a delightful Inn with lots of exposed beams,flagstone floors,roaring log fires & cathedral candles all creating a traditional village atmosphere. The Stars and Stripes was adopted as the flag of the United States on June 14,1777. 5、or/either...or.../not..but../not only..but also../neither..nor..连接的主语按The principle of proxiomity(就近原则）
例：Either you or I am wrong.Are either you or I wrong?
6、主语+as much as/rather than/more than/no less than/as well as/in addition
to/with/along with/together with/except/but,etc.
例：A teacher ,with his students,is watching an English movie.
The king ,with the lords and commons ,constitutes their government.
His cousin rather than his parents is held responsible for this inhumane massacre (四）Problems of concord with experessions of quantity as subject
1、Definite Quantity（确定数量）
①时间、数量、金钱、距离、重量等做主语时作为整体看待
例：100 dollars means a lot to a kind of his age.300 pounds makes an obese guy.
②There be 句型例外:There are 10 dollares in his pocket.
③Fraction分数/percentage百分数+of，谓语动词和of后的名词保持一致例：Two thirds of the apple is rotten.
Eight percent of the students have been mugged in this area.
④population例Fifty-five percent of China’s population live in the rural area
⑤operations运算
Addition加：plus，and Aubtraction减:minus，subtracted by Multiplication乘:（multiplied)by,times Division除：divided by
都可以使用单数，但是加法和乘法有时候可以用复数。
Forty minus twenty leaves twenty.Two times equals sixteen.
⑥one in/out of n.一般使用单数，有时使用复数
例：One in ten girls dates in college.
2、Indefinite Quantity(不确定数量）
①all/some/none/half/most of +n.谓语动词根据of后面的名词来定
例：Most of the money has been spent on traveling abroad.
Most of the American high school boys have dates.
None but the best coffee is good enough for Lynne.
②a portion/series/pile/panel of,of后面的名词一般使用单数
例：A pile of logs is piling up.A panel of experts is unable to reach an agreement.
③a kind/type/sort of,of后面通常跟不可数名词或者单数名词，谓语动词使用单数。
This type of sports car is really costly.但Cars of this type are costly.
④these/those kind of+pl.谓语动词使用单数
例：These kind of birds are so rare for this high latitude.
⑤many a/more than one谓语动词使用单数
例:Many a student has filed complaints.
More than one car company has lodged claims against Kumho Tires.
3、Other problems of S-V concord
①Nominal Clause名词性从句谓语动词一般使用单数
例：How he came here was a mystery.
How he came here and why he came here were mysterious
②SVC结构中，如果C是名词复数，那么谓语动词可单可复。
例：What is of importance to me is/are the details of my wife’s life.
③Non-finite Clauses,doing/to do做主语谓语动词使用单数
例：To see is to believe.To take Mandarin takes courage.
④Relative Clauses,定语从句中的谓语动词和先行词保持一致。
例：Jane is one of the few girls who don’t like proms.
⑤***one of...，the(very/only)one of...
例：Jane is the only one of the few girls who does’s like proms.
⑥Cleft Sentences,强调句谓语动词和主语一致。
例：It’s I who am mistanken.
⑦Existential Sentences,The principle of proximity(就近原则）
例：There is a thank-you note and two wrist bands on the table.
4、Miscellaneous（其他）
①The +adj.:the dead/rich/living/wealthy/wounded/blind/deaf ect谓语动词复数例:The dead are haunting the girls living on that cornor of the neighborhood.
②a(the)number of,a(the)total of区分
A number of farmers are protesting against building a new airport on the farmland.
③One and a half做主语时谓语动词常用单数形式。
例：One and a half bananas is left on the table.
④Large quantities of sand have been transported to the Yangtze River.
(四）Collective Nouns
1、有的集体名词只做复数：people,police,cattle,vermin ect.
有的集体名词只做单数：mankind,furniture,machinery,merchandise ect.
有的集体名词可单可复：family,crew,government ect.
特殊情况:有一些集体名词具有个体意义：
The cosseted couple have four families to support.
The family are eating lunch.
The family is composed of three people.
Before liberation,China used to have two governments for a while.
The government is trying to curb online crimes.
The government are negotiating the in-depth details with the foreign entyepreneur.
2、Material Nouns,物质名词一般为不可数名词，没有单数、复数之分。特殊情况：物质名词如果作为复数出现，意义不同。
3、Abstract Nouns,抽象名词没用单复数之分，因为不能计数。例：Knowledge is power.Beauty is truth.Kindness is a virtue.
但是有的抽象名词使用单数和复数意义不同。
4、family，room,mouth,ear在某些搭配中可以表示抽象概念。
例：have too much family/winter/mouth
Have too little ear,make room for,feel the patriot rise
5、man,croward,coquette,politician,sportsman,scholar,poet,fool等词在某些搭配中成了不可数名词。
例：to be fool enough,more of a fool than,as much of a fool as,too much of a
fool,enough of a man,something of a celebrity
6、专有名词有时候具有可数名词来使用。
例：The Songs used to hold sway in China.
I wish to become an Edison.I will buy a Ford/Lincoln.
The Two Chinas Policy cannot be brooked by the Chinese population.（五）Independent Genitive(独立属格）：the door of the classroom/the dog’s ower/Tom and John’s room/Tom’s and john’s books/the map of the world （六）Dounle Genitive(双重属格）：a friend of my mother’s
必须满足三个条件：of前不能特指，即不得加the，但是可以使用
this/that/some/any etc;of后面必须指人；of后必须特指。
例：some books of mine/a friends of mine/a car of tony’s
注意区别：a portrait of Chairman Mao/a portrait of Chairman Mao’s
this picture of Marvin/this picture of Marvin’s
(七）Determiners（形容词排序）
less/least在非正式英语中可以用来修饰可数名词复数。
例:Less and less students go abroad for the purpose of overseas education.
Xinjiang has the least people per square me.
all,both,every,always,entirely,altogether,completely,quite,all the time等词和否定词连用表示部分否定。如果表示完全否定，则用no,none,neither,no one,never,not(never)..at all
例：All that glitters is not gold.This flower is not seen everywhere.
Both girls are not tall.All are leaving for the U.S.All is well with me.
代词的排序问题：
单数人称代词并列做主语时，其顺序为you,his/she/it,I
例：You,he and I should return on time.
复数人称代词做主语时，其顺序为we,you,they
例：We,you and they are all supposed to defend our motherland in times of war.
特殊情况：在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。
①在承认错误，承担责任时：It was and John who upset the rowdy kids.
②在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称：I and you should try to get it finished by tomorrow evening.
(八）Present Perfect（现在完成时）:have/has done
1、for/since/already/just/never/ever/before/yet/lately/recently/so far/in the
last(past)few years/up till now etc.
2、Don’t confuse Have been to and Have gone to
例：Her great uncle has been to the Ivory Coast.(点动词、短暂性动词）
His mother-in-law has gone to the Baltic countyies（段动词、延续性动词）
3、点动词：but/borrow/leave/join/die/marry/come/go/lose/begin/stop/arrive/lend 但是，如果现在完成时的谓语动词是点动词的否定形式，那么这种动作是可以延续的。
例：He hasn’t left home for one month.I haven’t seen you for so long.
4、It’s(time)since...
例：It’s been 2 years since I left my home city.
It’s been 2 years since I lived in here.
It’s 2 weeks since I caught a cold.
It’s 3 months since I got married.
It’s been 6 weeks since I was married.
5、It is the first/https://www.360docs.net/doc/4d7209860.html,st time+that clause从句一律使用完成时
例：It is the first time that I have ever been drug tested.
Last year was the first time that I had traveled to Oceania.
(九）Past Pwrfect(过去完成时）：had done,hardly/scarcely had...when,no sooner had...than
例：Hardly had we made it there when the bum began to file complints.
1、hope/think/expect/intend/mean/suppose/want使用过去完成时，可以表示过去未实现的希望、打算、意图。
例:I had hoped to seat myself without being recognized.
I had intended to come visit your family last week,but I got so sick.
2、Constructions denoting future time
Will/shall do,be going to do/be doing/be about to do/be to do
3、Passive Voice
be done,am/is/are done,was/were done,will be done/be going to be done,has/have/had been done,be being done,be supposed to do
4、无被动语态：happen,look,appear,die,last,lie,break out,come true ect.
例：My dreams have come true.The car wreck happened this morning.
5、It’s+past participle+that:It’s said/believed/known that...
6、Causative Verbs:let/make/have
例：My school district makes the student government post ads on the billboards.The student government is made to post ads on the billboards.
7、Sense verbs:see/watch/observe/look at/hear/listen to/notice etc.
例：His stepmom hears him play the piano every mornong.
He is heard to play the piano every morning.
His sister heard him playing percussion instruments next door.
He was heard playing percussion instruments next door.
8、Passive Voice:need/require/want/demand/be wroth后跟ing可表示被动概念。例:The blockbuster is well worth watching.The rocking chair requires repairing.The diaper needs changing.
9、主动结构表被动。例：Tomatoes bruise easily.The window won’t shut.The door doesn’t lock.The food store closes at 5pm.The material won’t wear.Harry Potteer
sells well.Potatoes cook slowly.His works are prionting.
10、不及物动词无被动语态，但有时候be+vi.past partisiple是系表结构。
The gal is gone.The sun is already risen.The leaves are all fallen.The dog is returned. (十）Subjunctive Mood(虚拟语气）
英语中的三种语气：陈述、祈使、虚拟。虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood)表示说话人说的不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑、或推测。例：If there were no subjunctive mood,English would be a lot easier to learn.
1、If 条件句中的虚拟语气
2、suppose,supposing有时候可以替换if
例：Tf it were not raining now,we would go for a picnic.
If he knew English,he wouldn’t turn to me for help.
She would have gone to the party if she had been inveted.
If mum hadn’t called me,I would have overslept this morning.
If I had enough money,I would buy a new car.
If I should fail,I would try again.
If I were to be admitted to university next year,I would major in French
3、在省略If的条件状语从句的虚拟语气中的助动词提前
例：1.If you had come a few minutes earlier,you would have seen him.
Had you come a few minutes earlier,...
2.If it should rain tomorrow we wouldn’t go out.
Should it rain tomorrow,...
3.If it were to rain tomorrow,we would not go out.
Were it to rain tomorrow,...
（十一）Ariant
1、含蓄条件句：虚拟条件暗含在短语或上下文中，从句不表现。这时，必须根据句中表述的意义以及某些特定的信息词，如：介词without，but for；副词otherwise，连词or，or else等
句型：if it were not for...(现在或将来）if it hadn’t for...(过去）
例：Without electricity,human life would be quite different today.
Yesterday Jane walked away from the dission.Otherwise,she might have said sth she would regret later.
2、时间错综句：If the flower had been watered,it wouldn’t die now.
If his television set had not been stolen yesterday,he would be watching TV now.
3、虚实错综句：虚拟现象与客观事实错综交织在一起的句子。
例：They might have left earlier,but the car wasn’t ready.
We could have walked to the station;it was so near.
Yes .A taxi wasn’t at all necessary.
(十二）should+verb型虚拟语气
虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用：一坚持，二命令，三建议，四要求及其他inist,order,command,decree;suggest,propose,advise,move,recommend;demand,require,re quest,ask;resolve,decide,prefer,vote,resolve,desire,urge
1、用于宾语从句
例：The man isisted he should be sent to the front.
I suggested that we should start out earlier.
当inist表示对已发生过的事物的看法，或当suggest为“说明”“暗示”时，从句用陈述语气而不用虚拟语气。
例：The Arab inisted that he hadn’t seen the camel.
His smile suggested that he was happy.
2、在主句从句中用以表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此，构成It is 过去分词
/natural/important/necessary/strange/advisable/vital/apity/ashame/inperative/desirab le/appropriate/essential/fitting/impossible/obligatory/proper etc that句型
例：It’s natural that he make an apology to him.
It’s a pity that he be so careless.
It’s so strange that she thinks so.
3.表语从句：这类名词有suggestion，request，order，advice，resolution，motion，decision，decree，demand，instruction，requirement，idea等“坚持/命令/要求”。例：The officer’s order was that his soldiers should go into the subject at full length.My advice is that no college student date in class.
4、同位语从句：suggestion，request，order，advice，resolution，motion，decision，
decree，demand，instruction，requirement，idea等“坚持/命令/要求”。
例：I did not receive the order that you should depart at once.
His suggestion that you should keep silent sounds quite reasonable.
（十三）一般过去时句型：一般过去时表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示过去。
1、使用could,would等过去式表示委婉语气。Could you please help me out?
2、用于so that，in order that，for fear that，in case，lest等引导目的状语从句。The meeting will be put off in case it(should)rain.
They climed higher so that/in order that they could see the whole city.
She is working hard for fear that she could/might lag behind others.
（in case不一定使用虚拟：In case I am late,start without me.)
She pulled away from the window lest anyone(should)see them.
**从句若为否定，一般用shouldn’t.He locked the door of his room in order that he shouldn’t be disturbed by someone.
3、It is(high/about)time that...
例：It’s time that the problem were boss.
It’s high time that we shut down for bed.
4、as if/as though
He behaves as if he were my boss.They are staring at me as if I were crazy.
He delivered the speech as if to say that he was a pundit in this field.
It is as if he were not an alien.
5、Wish
I wish I were a bird.I wish you hadn’t got married.
I wish I could have gone to the movie last night.
6、If only
If only I could fly/If only I had remembered to get some gum for everyday.
7、would rather/had rather/would sooner/had sooner/would(just)as soon
I would rather that my cousin hadn’t been intoxicated last night.
I had rather the matter were not made public.I would rather not tell you.（十四）动词原型：该类虚拟语气谓语动词用动词原形，第三人称也不加s
1、表示强烈愿望：God save me.Long live Chairman Mao！
2、may放在句首表示说话人对对方的祝福。May you be happy.May you prosper.
3、让步虚拟语气：as或whether...or...谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构。
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,be they Christian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,and so on.
The business of each day,be it selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly.
（十五）Nominal Clause(名词性从句）
1、①Statement陈述句：Hi is honest.We believe that he is honest.Payment should be made within five days.The seller demanded that payment should be made within five days.
②陈述句变宾语从句：加that并且时态要发生变化。
例：Conner is an alien.Mr.Han confirmed that Connor was an alien.
③如果是客观真理，时态不用变化。The earth revolves round the sun.The geography teacher taught us that the earth revolves round the sun.
④否定前移：当主句的主语为第一人称且动词是think，believe，suppose，guess，imagine，expect，suspect等时，若从句是否定句，应当把否定词转移到主句上来。
I don’t think you are right.I didn’t suppose you care.We didn’t guess the girl’s team would win.
⑤如果宾语从句是两个陈述句，那么第二个从句中的that不可省略。
He always says(that)he doesn’t take drugs and that he doesn’t mingle with the gang.
2、General Question(一般疑问句）：Are you a local?Mr.Han asked me whether/if I was
a local.Do you still worked in that chemical plant?My spouse asked me whether/if I still worked in that chemical plan.
①加whether/if可以把一般疑问句变为宾语从句，保持陈述句语序，时态与主语一致。whether/if区别：做介词宾语时只能使用whether(It depents on whether the rain will let up tomorrow);和不定式连用的时候只能用whether（I don’t know whether to vacation or not);和or not连用时一般使用whether（It’s not certain whether he is a convict or not);如要表达“如果”的意思，只能使用if（I am wondering if we will have the sports meet if we have a dust storm tomorrow);在discuss，wonder后做宾语从句时，用whether引导（We are discussing whether we will put off the meeting);如果宾语从句放在句首，一般使用whether（Whether he will divorce,I am not certain);用在主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中时只能使用whether（Whether it is true remains a question.The question is whether the juror has an open mind.The question whether we have to dispatch forces is still pending in the Senate);wherter/if和that（I doubt whether/if我怀疑。。。是否I don’t doubt that...我毫不怀疑。。。）
3、Special Question(特殊疑问句）