莎士比亚李尔王之弄人解析
Class: Class 3
School Number: 20064398
Name: Wei Yun
Course Name: Selected Readings in
British Literature Role Analysis of the Fool in King Lear
Fool is an important role freq uently appeared in Shakespeare?s works, such as Touchstone in As You Like It, Feste in Twelfth Night,Lavatch in All's Well That Ends Well, etc. The fool in King Lear is of course a character figured successfully, revealing the truth with seemingly addlepated words. Actually, in his woks, though figured as an antagonist, the fool is taken as Shakespeare?s prolocutor, with great wisdom and philosophy. Through not scrupling to speak the truth out, they satirize human depravity boldly and served as a sharp comparison with the villain of the piece in the plays. They insufflate a gloomy wind into the bright and warm world in the comedies, and affuse a rational and warmhearted spring to the somber and cruel world. They apperceive everything and escape from the subcelestial confusion; they seem insane but actually not; they own vivid image, unique personality, spiritual indifference and insular character; they have extraordinary artistic charm in Shakespeare?s works.
…Fool? means …a man employed by a king or queen to entertain people by telling jokes, singing songs, etc? in the dictionary.① The fool represents the need of freedom instead of rules and regulations, he has the freedom to speak out whatever he sees without the worldly consideration and disguise. So the fool could also be regarded as a foresighted person and discovers the irrationality and absurdness of the society from a particular visual angle. His humorous and seemingly foolish words bring us laugh but they contain wisdom and truth as the same time.
With regard to the fool in King Lear, as an irreplaceable role in this play, the fool is the symbol and extension of Cordelia, the teacher of King Lear and saves King Lear in the end. It was him who reve als Lear?s foolishness directly, criticizes Goneril and Regan?s selfishness and cruelty inexorably and also companies Lear, reminds him and saves him.
The first mention of him was in other?s words, when Lear asks the Knight to call the fool, the Kn ight answers “Since my young lady?s going into France, sir, the fool hath much pine d away.”﹙ActⅠ, scene ⅳ﹚, thus building close connection between the fool the young daughter of Lear, Cordelia. Cordelia represents the sincerity, kindness, beauty and honesty in the play; she is endowed with beautiful features. Therefore, the fool?s being sentimentally attached to her shows the fool?s love and hate as well as his sense of value. His standpoint is revealed even before his appearance. After driving away his favorite daughter Cordelia, King Lear transfers his favoritism to the fool, as if he were Cordelia. He feels empty after C ordelia?s leaving, and the fool always tells the truth like Cordelia, Lear knows clearly in his heart that who is really good to him. He begins to miss his young daughter immediately after her leaving, but he could not own her any more, then he takes the fool as a stand-in to some degree. “Where's my knave? my fool? Go you, and call my fool hither.” “Where's my fool, ho? I think the world's asleep.”“Why came not the slave back to me when I called him”“But where's my fool? I have not seen him this two days.”“Go you, call hither my fool.”﹙ActⅠ, Scene ⅳ﹚When his daughter Goneril refuses to see him, he feels angry and hurt, he thinks of his young daughter, then he call the fool hurriedly and continuously. At that time, he needs some comfort, he needs someone to company him, the person could only be the fool, the representation of his favorite daughter. On the other hand, to the fool, he also behaves like a father, he cares about the fool with all his heart. “Come on, my boy: how dost, my boy? art cold?”﹙ActⅢ, Scene ⅳ﹚When they are deserted in heavy storm in the wild with the fool?s company, he is still concerned of the fool and cares him gently. All his action is stimulated by the reminding of Cordelia. Actually, though Lear drives Cordelia away from him, he never drivers her out of his mind. Especially when he is deeply hurt by Goneril and Regan, he grasps the fool tightly to seek strength; he keeps the fool with him to spend his hardest time, dreaming that he receives spiritual compensation from his young daughter. Therefore, the fool is figured as another Cordelia, reminding and comforting King Lear when Cordelia is absent in the play. The most obvious connection between the fool and Coedelia is built in the climax of the play when Lear
loses both the fool and his young daughter, “And my poor fool is hang'd!” King Lear screams.﹙ActⅤ, Sceneⅲ﹚Here it also alludes his beloved daughter?s death.
The fool?s another role in the play is Lear?s teacher and saves Lear from desperation. He is the pronoun of true humanity and the model of Lear. The fool has profound insight and particular discernment, as if endowed with a certain holy power, and his special position determines his being permitted to speak everythiung. And it is exactly the two conditions make him become Lear?s teacher.He often say s “I'll teach thee a speech.” ﹙ActⅠ, scene ⅳ﹚and “All thy other ti tles thou hast given away; that thou wast born with.” ﹙ActⅠ, scene ⅳ﹚he calls Lear as a fool. He is always displaying his superiority to the king; however, he is tolerated and favored instead of being severely punished. “Dost thou know the difference, my boy, between a bitter fool and a sweet fool?” ﹙ActⅠ, scene ⅳ﹚he talks as if Lear is his fool. “No, lad; teach me.” ﹙ActⅠ, scene ⅳ﹚King Lear played the game with the fool pleasantly. “Mark it, nuncle: Have more than thou showest…And thou shalt have more than two tens to a score.” “That lord that counsell'd thee to give away thy land…The one in motley here, t he other found out there” “Why, after I have cut the egg i' the middle,.. They know not how their wits to wear, th eir manners are so apish.” …﹙ActⅠ, scene ⅳ﹚In humoristic words, the fool teaches Lear some truth and rules in the society and acerbicly points out Lear?s false decision to desert his young daughter. He always companies Lear wherever he goes, whatever he is. “But I will tarry; the fool will stay, and let the wise man fly: the knave turns fool that runs away; the fool no knave, perdy.” From the words he tells Kent, he states his standpoint and his reason to stay with Lear. He is called a fool not for his being quarter-witted, but for his loyalty and straightness. He knows Lear is not a falsifier, so he is willing to company him. He wants to protect Lear, when Lear is abandoned in the wild, homeless. He does not lecture Lear any more, he tries to comfort Lear and persuade Lear. Throughout his playact, he is always making effort to teach Lear the social cruelty, to weep out Lear?s false pride, to make him realize his fault of driving Cordelia away. When Lear confessed his fault and no longer takes himself as a king but a sheer father and human being, the fool finishes his task and disappears from then
on.
As an important antagonist, the fool brightens the sad atmosphere of the tragedy with his humorous words. He is also endowed with new role in this play: as the representation and extension of Cordelia, he companies Lear and carries forward Cordelia?s noble characters, further reve aling the theme; as Lear?s teacher, he imparts truth to Lear, criticizes his foolishness, and helps him get rid of his self-righteous habit. Only when we have a through comprehension of the fool, can we have a deeper understanding of the protagonist, Lear. Since they are similar and have an amalgamationcrasis in the end to some degree. Insaneness is the acme of emotion in Shakespeare?s tragedies. It is the depicting of this particular role make laugh rends the tragedy, making people laugh with tears, meditate while laughing.
①the Oxford Advanced Learner?s English-Chinese Dictionary（the Oxford University Press ,the 6th Edition）
﹙1415﹚
_李尔王_一部充满悖论的悲剧
山东外语教学2003年第1期(总第92期) 《李尔王》———一部充满悖论的悲剧 谢劲秋 (河南大学外国语学院,河南开封475001) 收稿时间:2002-08-20 作者简介:谢劲秋(1964-),女,安徽合肥人,博士生。研究方向:英美文学。 摘要:莎士比亚在其杰出悲剧《李尔王》中,充分运用悖论这一手法,通过在情节、人物、对话等方 面匠心独运的矛盾设置,深刻地揭示出人的神性和兽性的对抗与冲突,鞭挞了兽性,弘扬了神性,实现了永恒的“诗的正义”。关键词:《李尔王》;悖论;莎士比亚;神性;兽性中图分类号:I106.3 文献标识码:A 文章编号:100222643(2003)0120018204 新批评在20世纪40至50年代的英美文学界盛极一时,被尊为文学批评的范式。后虽逐渐衰落,但新批评所提倡和实践的立足文本的批评方法仍是文学批评的基本方法之一。更重要的是,它还给当代文学批评留下了一系列被普遍接受和运用的术语,如复义、悖论、隐喻等。尤其是被布鲁克斯(Cleanth Brooks )视为“正合诗歌的用途”的悖论,它所具有的特征使之成为诗歌语言的基本原则,并在当代文学批评中起着不可或缺的重要作用。 悖论(Paradox )本是修辞学中的一种修辞格,在《Bed ford 文学批评和术语辞典》中,悖论被定义为“一个表面上似乎自相矛盾的陈述,但仔细考察,隐藏在下面的真理便会凸现。”作为语言技巧,悖论以一种旁敲侧击的方式,以求取得意在言外的效果,暗藏于内的真理需要读者展开积极的思维和想象去捕捉。悖论的特征是把不协调的矛盾的东西并置在一起。新批评把这一术语引入诗歌研究,在细读式文学批评实践中取得了辉煌的成果。然而,他们把目光仅仅关注于诗歌研究,具有一定的片面性。事实上,悖论被广泛应用于各种体裁的文学作品中,在丰富作品的内涵、增强作品的思想深度等方面,它的作用是不可替代的。因此,从悖论出发探讨戏剧等其它文学作品也应该成为文学批评实践中又一个重要的途径。本文拟从情节、人物、对话等方面入手,探讨莎士比亚是如何在其悲剧《李尔王》中运用悖论来刻划悲剧人物形象、深化悲剧主题的。 (一) 莎士比亚所处的时代是一个充满矛盾的时代,而他的戏剧世界也是一个充满悖论的世界。“他(莎 士比亚)似乎表现了文艺复兴思想中那种复杂对立 的特点,肯定和否定,热情和忧郁,信念和怀疑。”运用悖论实现其创作主旨是莎翁戏剧创作的惯用手法。他的著名喜剧《威尼斯商人》的主题就是一个悖论———它既可看作是一出反犹太人的戏剧,也可以视为一部替犹太人伸冤的作品;而在《麦克白》中,悲剧主人公麦克白既是英雄,又是弑君篡位的野心家,他做了最没有人性的事,但恰恰在这个没有人性的人身上,我们发现了人性的光辉。莎士比亚戏剧的丰富性、深刻性、包孕性由此可见一斑。而《李尔王》在运用悖论方面堪称范例。 在莎士比亚写下著名悲剧《李尔王》之前,李尔王和他的三个女儿的故事早已家喻户晓。但莎翁打破传说的老格局,把主人公的遭遇写成巨大的悲剧,赋予剧本全新的意义。它描写了一个最基本的人类世界,超越了时空,具有普遍性和永恒性。 故事一开始,李尔王把王国一分为三,想通过“考试”,把国土赠与三个女儿。结果由于他的刚愎自用,虚荣骄傲,斥逐了真诚善良的小女儿考狄利娅,而把国土分给了两个花言巧语的大女儿———高纳里尔和里根,但却遭到了她们无情的怠慢和抛弃。与此主要情节平行发展的还有一个次情节,即李尔王的大臣同时也是他的“影子”葛罗斯特和他的两个儿子的矛盾冲突。葛罗斯特受他的私生子爱德蒙欺骗,要抓住并惩罚他的亲生儿子爱德伽。李尔王和葛罗斯特违背自然秩序,颠倒善恶,混淆黑白,酿成了一系列的灾祸,他们都被赶到野外,受暴风雨的侵袭。在经历了常人难以想象和忍受的精神上和肉体上的双重折磨后,在与疯子、乞丐、大自然的狂风暴
李尔王人物分析[整理]
李尔王人物分析[整理] 狄利娅 次的主角就是小女儿考狄利娅了。她在剧中可以说是完美和正义的化身。当被父王问及有多爱父亲时，她诚实地把心中地想法表达出来;当得知父亲被姐姐抛弃时，她又毅然为自己得父亲讨回公道。正是她在父亲颠沛流离之时期兵讨伐两个不孝的姐姐，但是悲剧总是这样，把美好的事情毁灭给人看，小女儿最终失败自缢而死，老王也因此而悲痛去世。她的诚实可以说是对于虚荣心的一个警醒，一个警钟，其实她是最爱父亲的女儿，只是由于拙于表达而是父亲误会了她的意思。只是因为这样，导致了最后的悲剧结果。但是考狄利娅又是幸福的，她嫁了个懂得她的善良所在的法兰西国王，避开了这些趋炎附势之徒，如果单从这方面来看，她是最幸福的。这又提出一个问题供我们思考，人的幸福到底是什么,是金钱，是权力，还是内心的满足,考狄利娅和整个悲剧回答了这个问题。剧本通过李尔王的小女儿考狄利娅等正面形象，宣扬了人和人应该和谐真诚、应该尊重人格、应该平等相待的人文主义思想。而与之相对应的爱德伽，也富有这种性格。善良敦厚，不忍心对自己得兄弟作坏的揣测，也重不放弃自己得的父亲，即使自己处境再艰难。 《李尔王》中的人物形象浅析 《李尔王》是莎士比亚戏剧创作的第二个时期，即他创作最辉煌的时期写出的悲剧之一。莎士比亚的伟大悲剧作品中，不仅刻画出主人公处在社会生活的紧要关头，而且刻画出他们所经受的重大精神危机。在巨人般的主人公形象中，极其丰富的思想、感情和情欲在我们面前 揭示出来。莎士比亚创造了具有巨大概括意义的人物，无怪乎悲剧主人公们的名字成为表示一定的人类特征和品质的通用名词了。
在莎士比亚的作品中，悲剧性不仅作为对抗的社会势力的冲突，而且也作为主人公心灵上内在矛盾的斗争表现出来。同其他悲剧一样，莎士比亚在《李尔王》中，运用人物自白、人物的相互关系，写出了各种独特的人物情调和精神境界，显示出莎士比亚的高度技巧，或者称之为“莎士比亚化”的特色。李尔是《李尔王》的主人公，恩格斯在评论拉萨尔的《济金根》时指出:“……主要人物是一定的阶级和倾向的代表，因而也是他们时代的一定思想的代表。他们的动机不是从琐碎的个人欲望中，而正是从所处的历史潮流中得来的。”李尔这个悲剧人物，也是体现这一准则的生动实例。作品的写作背景 《李尔王》写成的时期正是十七世纪初英国资产阶级革命的前夜，伊丽莎白女王统治的末年，英国社会的各种矛盾都尖锐化起来。农村的圈地运动在加速进行，失地农民四处流浪，城市贫民的情况不断恶化。同时，资产阶级、新贵族的势力更加强大，他们同王室之间的暂时联盟在开始瓦解，他们之间的斗争也开始公开化。政治的腐败和繁重的剥削引起了城乡广大人民的不满。这时，随着对现实认识的加深，莎士比亚深切感到现实的发展同自己的人文主义理想之间的矛盾越来越大。因而，这一时期的悲剧中，充满着强烈的揭露批判的力量，带上了悲愤沉郁的色彩。《李尔王》这部悲剧，通过广阔的社会生活层 面，在同名老戏的基础上，改写成了反映资本主义原始积累时期的社会现象，揭露出这一时期的社会矛盾和冲突，批判利己主义对于权势、财富的贪欲的巨著。 资本主义从一开始就给广大劳动人民带来了灾难，而且更出现了一种无形而又有迹可寻的、可怕的思想道德的变化，即资产阶级利己主义和人与人之间的金钱关系。如果说莎士比亚在他早期创作的喜剧中是正面宣扬人文主义的生活理想，把尖锐的社会矛盾理解为善恶两种势力的斗争，往往通过恶人的悔悟和好人的宽恕来求得矛盾的解决的话;那么，莎士比亚中期创作的悲剧中，则是创造出一系列令人难忘的艺术形象，体现出文艺复兴时期的巨人性格，反映出作者的人文主义理想。这
sonnet 18 莎士比亚的作品《第十八行诗》赏析 英文版
The speaker of the poem opens with a question that is addressed to the beloved, "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" This question is comparing her to the summer time of the year. It is during this time when the flowers are blooming, trees are full of leaves, the weather is warm, and it is generally thought of as an enjoyable time during the year. The following eleven lines in the poem are also dedicated to similar comparisons between the beloved and summer days. In lines 2 and 3, the speaker explains what mainly separates the young woman from the summer's day: she is "more lovely and more temperate." (Line 2) Summer's days tend toward extremes: they are sometimes shaken by "rough winds" (line3) which happens and is not always as welcoming as the woman. However in line 4, the speaker gives the feeling again that the summer months are often to short by saying, "And summer抯lease hath too short a date." In the summer days, the sun, "the eye of heaven" (line 5), often shines "too hot," or too dim, "his gold complexion dimmed" (line 6), that is there are many hot days during the summer but soon the sun begins to set earlier at night because autumn is approaching. Summer is moving along too quickly for the speaker, its time here needs to be longer, and it also means that the chilling of autumn is coming upon us because the flowers will soon be withering, as "every fair from fair sometime declines." (Line 7) The final portion of the sonnet tells how the beloved differs from the summer in various respects. Her beauty will be one that lasts forever, "Thy eternal summer shall not fade." (Line 9), and never end or die. In the couplet at the bottom, the speaker explains how that the beloved's beauty will accomplish this everlasting life unlike a summer. And it is because her beauty is kept alive in this poem, which will last forever. It will live "as long as men can breathe or eyes can see." (Line 13)On the surface, the poem is on the surface simply a statement of praise about the beauty of the beloved woman and perhaps summer to the speaker is sometimes too unpleasant with the extremes of windiness and heat that go along with it. However, the beloved in the poem is always mild and temperate by her nature and nothing at all like the summer. It is incidentally brought to life as being described as the "eye of heaven" with its "gold complexion". The imagery throughout the sonnet is simple and attainable to the reader, which is a key factor in understanding the poem. Then the speaker begins to describe the summer again with the "darling buds of May" giving way to the " summer’s lease", springtime moving into the warmth of the summer. The speaker then starts to promise to talk about this beloved, that is so great and awing that she is to live forever in this sonnet. The beloved is so great that the speaker will even go as far as to say that, "So long as men breathe, or eyes can see," the woman will live. The language is almost too simple when comparing it to the rest of Shakespeare’s sonnets; it is not heavy with alliteration or verse, and nearly every line is its own self-contained clause, almost every line ends with some punctuation that effects a pause. But it is this that makes Sonnet18 stand out for the rest in the book. It is much more attainable to understand and it allows for the reader to fully understand how great this beloved truly is because she may live forever in it. An important theme of the sonnet, as it is an important theme throughout much of the poetry in general, is the power of the speaker's poem to defy time and last forever. And so by doing this it is then carrying the beauty of the beloved down to future generations and eventually
莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首
莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首 Sonnet 18 铁冰译文 1 Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? 我该不该把你比作怡人的夏天？ 2 Thou art more lovely and more temperate: 你却比她更加可爱更加温情。 3 Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, 五月的娇蕊总是被狂风吹断， 4 And summer's lease hath all too short a date: 夏天也只是一道短暂的美景。 5 Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, 苍穹的目光有时会过于灼热， 6 And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; 那金色的脸庞也常黯淡无光。 7 And every fair from fair sometime declines, 人间一切瑰丽终将失去秀色， 8 By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimm'd; 湮没于不测风云和世事沧桑。 9 But thy eternal summer shall not fade, 但是，你常青的夏季永不消逝，10 Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; 你拥有的美丽也将永不折损， 11 Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, 或许死神的阴影会笼罩着你， 12 When in eternal lines to time thou growest; 你却和这不朽的诗句千古长存。 13 So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, 只要人类还在呼吸、眼睛还在欣赏， 14 So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. 我的诗就会活着，令你生命绽放。 译注： 原诗每行10个音节，非常整齐。前人翻译时总喜欢使译文每行保持字数相同，这其实是一种作茧自缚，强求形式上的绝对整齐，往往限制了内容的完美。前人的译文常常有凑韵（为了押韵，用词勉强）、不流畅和用词搭配不当的毛病，其原因在此。更重要的是，英文原诗有着非常讲究的格律，每行都含有相同数量的重音节和轻音节，朗诵时每行所用时间基本一致；而对每行字数相同的中译文进行朗诵时，每行所用的时间则不尽相同，因为每行译文中所含有的虚词（如“的”、“地”、“了”，朗读时较轻声、短促）个数未必相同。因此，笔者的译文不强求每行字数相同，这样便将内容从形式中解放出来，得以更好地协调，且更利于押韵和用词的搭配。 此诗的翻译中，值得注意的几处是： 第3行：darling buds of May有人译为“五月宠爱的嫩蕊”，其实darling是“可爱的”之意，所以还是译为“五月的娇蕊”更好。 第4行：lease前人经常译成“租赁的期限”，令人费解，应该是“持续的时间”之意。此行的意思是“夏天持续的时间实在太短”，这样的陈述缺乏诗味。笔者将该行意译为“夏天也只是一道极短的美景”，化用了中文的习语“好景不长”，不但忠实原文，颇有诗味，而且于与第二行译文押韵自然。 第5行：一般认为该行中的eye of heaven是“太阳”的妙喻，因此前人常将此行译为“有时候天空的眼睛照得太灼热（或酷烈）”，这样保留了“眼睛”的意向，似乎很好，但从字面上看，
莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首赏析
莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首赏析 摘要：莎士比亚是英国文学史上泰斗级人物。他创作的的154首十四行一向为时人推崇。十四行诗达到了登峰造极的程度，成为英诗史上璀璨的明珠。这理所要赏析的是莎翁十四行诗的第十八首，其热烈的情怀，精致的措辞和美妙的比喻，，不知令多少学者和诗人叹服，赏析文字者莫不称颂其妙。 关键词：莎士比亚十四行诗第18首 诗人一开头就把他的爱友比作美好的“夏天”，其中“夏天”一词颇有争论，很多学者认为应该翻译成春天，但以我个人的观点，还是应该译成夏天。因为英国的夏天相当于我国的春天或春末夏初，这是一年中最美好的季节，风和日暖，枝头绿叶冒新芽，百花含苞待开放，大地充满一派生机活力，迷人可爱。开篇第一句便直入主题，用一问一答得方式毫不含蓄的点名她的美。虽然夏天如此美丽，但仍然不及她之美。作者意不在提出疑问，而是通过疑问句，引出第二句肯定的回答，恰如其分地达到赞赏的目的，诗人如此煞费，说明她的美丽不仅令他赞赏，而且还令他崇敬。这比开篇便用一陈述句更有说服力。 接着第3456句，诗人进一步解释为什么“你比它可爱也比它温婉”，那是因为“狂风”会把“五月的嫩芽摧残”，“夏天的期限”太过于短暂，阳光过于“强烈”，有时却也会被“遮掩”。这一系列的意象，为我们勾勒出一副副夏景图，引人遐想。其中不难看出，作者对这一副副图景产生的是一种怜惜之情，这时让我们不禁思考，那诗人对她的怜爱，该有多么深沉。 后接着的两句：“世上娇艳之物都会凋零，受机缘或大自然的局限”，为我们阐释这样一个哲理：世界上所有美丽的事物都会有遵循着大自然的规律，随着时间的流逝而消失。这虽为一个众所周知的事实，却令古今多少文人墨客所感叹。 接着，诗人用一个转折，说“你的长夏永远不会消逝，永不会失去迷人的光彩；不会在死神阴影中漂泊”这的用暗喻的手法，将她的美丽比作“长夏”，意为有夏天的美丽，而且比夏天更长，有取夏天之长，补夏天之短的意味。后面接着补充，他的美丽不会时间而失去光泽，永远留存。 “这诗将与你同在，只要人活着，眼睛还能看。这诗将永存，赋予你生命。”到最后，诗人转向写诗歌，说诗歌是永存的。从这里我们不难看出，诗人内心是矛盾的，他大肆笔墨去描写他的美，去高歌他的美是永存的，事实上他只是在欺骗他自己，他深知“世上娇艳之物都会凋零，受机缘或大自然的局限”，当然他的美丽也属于“世上娇艳之物”，可是诗人不愿意承认，他无法说服他自己去接受这个事实，于是他想把他的美丽长存于他的心中，但是每个人都会到死神那里报到，怎么办呢?这时，他知道了，永存的，只有诗歌，他只有将他的美丽写入诗歌，才能永恒。 本诗的主题思想为：爱和美。这首诗以夏天的意象展开了想象，我们的脑海会立即浮现出绿荫的繁茂，娇蕾的艳丽。夏日既表示诗人的友人可爱，让人感到可意，又暗指他的友人正处于年轻、精力旺盛的时期，因为夏天总是充满了生机和活力。万物在春季复苏，夏天旺盛，所以夏天是生命最旺盛的季节，诗歌前六句，诗人歌颂了诗中的主人公“你”作为美的存在，却把“夏天”、“娇蕾”和“烈日”都比下去，因为它们不够“温婉”、“太短暂”、“会被遮暗”，所以“你”的魅力远远胜于夏天。第七和第八两句指出每一种美都会转瞬即逝，禁不住风吹雨打，而第九句到第十二句指出“你”的美将永驻，连死神都望而却步，与时间同长的美才是永恒的美。因为“你”在诗歌中永恒，千百年来天地间只要有诗歌艺术的存在，诗歌和“你”就能够永生。所以“你”的美永不枯凋，这是一种生命的美，艺术的美，永驻人间。 这首诗语言优美，不仅体现在用词的精确上，而且还体现在表达方法的多变上，
莎士比亚四大悲剧的悲剧性质探究
莎士比亚四大悲剧的悲剧性质探究 一直以来莎士比亚都是被作为欧洲文艺复兴在英国的领军人物为世人传颂，所以从文艺复兴时期人类自我意识觉醒的角度来审视莎士比亚四大悲剧的悲剧性质也许会更符合当时的社会大背景。因此本文将莎士比亚的四大悲剧与文艺复兴运动相联系来探究其悲剧性质。 经过总结我认为莎士比亚的四大悲剧具有四种不同的悲剧性质，并具有一定的顺承关系，现陈列如下： 《麦克白》：欲望悲剧； 《奥赛罗》：种族悲剧； 《李尔王》：生存悲剧； 《哈姆雷特》：命运悲剧。 一《麦克白》的悲剧性质 在最初的时候我们认识到麦克白并非一个专横、残暴的篡权者，他是一个高贵勇敢的苏格兰大将，他重视荣誉，藐视命运，无所畏惧，战功显赫。但当他站在旷远的荒原上看到雷电轰轰、云雾蒙蒙的壮观景象，又聆听着女巫们对他成为新国王的预言，对于刚刚得胜回朝的麦克白来说，他内心对于权势的狂野追求再也无法克制，一下子冲天而起——他要弑君篡位！ 是的，一切都从此而改变，欲望席卷了他整个内心，他追随着内心欲望的驱使一步步走向毁灭。可当他站在权力之巅来审视自我时，他才幡然醒悟：“明天，明天。再有一个明天，一天接着一天的蹑步前行，直到最后一秒钟的时间。我们所有的时间，不过是替傻子们照亮了到死亡的土壤中去的路。熄灭了吧，熄灭了吧！人生不过是个行走的影子，是舞台上指手画脚的戏子，登台片刻，便在无声无息中悄然退下，他是愚人所讲的故事，充满着喧哗与骚动，却找不到一点意义。” 从文艺复兴的大背景下来审视，麦克白的欲望不正是文艺复兴所宣扬的个人主义在极端下的表现吗？我想这也许就是莎士比亚的理性之处，他或许就是通过麦克白追求内心欲望的悲剧经历来警示世人个性的追求只能是在适度的情况下，无止的一味追求只会给自身带来毁灭！ 二《奥赛罗》的悲剧性质 评价《奥赛罗》的悲剧原因显然离不开奥赛罗的黑人身份。联系到当时欧洲殖民主义的盛行，奥赛罗作为黑人的身份显然在以白人为价值核心的欧洲社会会有一种被排斥的状态，这种状态反应在奥赛罗个人的心理上就会很容易得导致其行为的极端的倾向性，所以悲剧的发生就会成为一个大概率的事件。 因此我想也许莎士比亚在《奥赛罗》中就是想通过以黑人作为主角而最终酿成悲剧来批判主流社会的种族歧视。很显然，殖民主义文化下的种族歧视将会是欧洲文艺复兴运动对人的发现中难以抹去的污点。 三《李尔王》的悲剧性质 对于《李尔王》这部悲剧，我以为莎士比亚俨然已经从对人性悲剧的批判中上升到对整个社会的宗法关系以及价值观的批判上。 十七世纪，随着资本主义经济的发展，人和人基于物质关系和功利主义基础上的商业关系摧毁了原有的宗法和血缘关系，传统的伦理道德在利益面前都变得不堪一击。或许莎士比亚正是基于此而创作了这样一部反映社会各个阶段伦常变换的境况，并最终通过李尔的死去以唤醒台下的观众，让他们来重新审视自身价值、重建自我和精神家园。
《李尔王》中主要人物形象分析(外国文学)复习过程
《李尔王》中主要人物形象分析(外国文学)
《李尔王》中主要人物形象分析 《李尔王》是莎士比亚著名的“四大悲剧”之一，也是英国文艺复兴时期非常重要的戏剧作品。《李尔王》作于十七世纪初的伊丽莎白女王统治末期，英国正处于资本主义的萌芽时期。但当时封建势力尚未清除，萌芽的资本主义已经显露出罪恶的端倪。封建社会被奉为神圣的纲纪伦常受到冲击，各种私欲开始膨胀，英国社会出现了各种丑恶现象。 作为文艺复兴时期的人文主义代表，作为社会转型时期的伟大的现实主义作家，莎士比亚对人和人性问题有着异常的关注和敏感。莎士比亚痛感于社会的黑暗与混沌，人与人之间的凶残和冷酷，传统价值和美好信念的颠覆，深刻揭露了当时黑暗的社会现实，呼唤人们从噩梦中醒来。 《李尔王》正是在这样的一种社会背景下而完成的作品，深刻的反映和揭露封建王权的腐朽和人伦社会的黑暗，并且在戏剧中将其放大和突出，增加了戏剧的冲突，形成了更加跌宕起伏的故事情节，塑造了更加生动更加丰满的人物形象。而《李尔王》中最主要的人物形象就是国王李尔和他的小女儿考狄利娅。 一、被自私和虚荣淹没的李尔王 李尔王的一出场就是给三个女儿分配国土的场景，他在虚荣心的驱使下，相信了口蜜腹剑言不由衷的高纳里尔和里根，却对正直纯洁、不愿阿谀奉承的小女儿考迪利娅大发雷霆，没有分给她一寸土地和嫁妆，就把她远嫁到了法兰西。然而，后来李尔王的命运却是急转直下，与曾经的尊贵奢华竟是天壤之别。他失去土地后，被两个女儿轮番的羞辱虐待，最后被赶出去，流落荒郊野外，没有栖身之所。然而，最终一直深爱着他，为他发兵夺回王权的却是当初
那个被他抛弃的小女儿考狄利娅。最后，考狄利娅被杀害了，李尔怀抱着女儿，深深的忏悔，并跟随心爱的女儿悲痛的死去了。 结局是那样的令人悲伤和惋惜，而这个自食苦果的结局完全是拜李尔自己所赐，曾经拥有至高无上的王权，人人阿谀奉承，致使他的虚荣心日益膨胀，再听不进任何逆耳忠言，他从不考虑女儿们真正的想法，只是自私的要求所谓的“孝顺”，来满足自己那可笑又可悲的虚荣心。而正是他这次荒唐的选择也就注定了结局的悲剧，可以说，李尔王就是这场悲剧的始作俑者。 两个女儿的背叛完全颠覆了他一直信奉的传统伦理观念，大臣们的背叛也让他对封建王权至高无上的精神信仰瞬时毁灭，一切都发生的太过突然，仿佛是命运顷刻之间倒转了过来，他在暴风雨肆虐的荒原上陷入了疯狂，他想质问命运的残忍，想救赎自己是罪恶，可是一切都太晚了，他已经失去了自己国家，失去了自己的权利，更失去了自己心爱的女儿，所以，他要以生命的终结，来结束这场悲剧。 二、不能改变命运的天使考狄利娅 小女儿考狄利娅的出场也是在三个女儿分配国土的场景，她没有像姐姐们那样的甜言蜜语，以至于自己最后一无所有，还被父亲抛弃，远嫁到法兰西。而深爱她的丈夫、法兰西的国王却可以发现这个女孩如天使般纯洁美好，对于考狄利娅来说，生命中最重要的两个男人，确实有如此的天壤之别，这也就在两个国王之间形成了鲜明的对比，同时这两个人也对她的命运产生了至关重要的影响。 后来，父亲被两个姐姐赶出来，流落荒野，她却不计前嫌出兵帮助父亲，最终被姐姐们处死，父亲也跟随她悲痛而死。这个结局也可以看作是对李尔对当初所犯罪恶的一种惩罚和忏悔，但是对于考狄利娅来说，她是那样的无辜，那样的令人心疼和惋惜，为了捍卫对父亲的爱和忠诚，她不惜牺牲了自己的生命，这也是作为一个天使的无私和伟大。
莎士比亚十四行诗第18首
Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. There are generally two kinds of sonnets: the Petrarchan sonnet and the Shakespearean sonnet. The Shakespearean sonnet consists of 3 quatrains and one couplet. The three quatrains are devoted to the different aspects of one subject, paralleling in structure. The concluding couplet is actually the summary or comments made by the poet. One telling example is Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare. Soliloquy: It refers to an extended speech delivered by a character alone onstage. The character reveals his or her innermost thoughts and feelings directly to the audience, as if thinking aloud. One of the most famous soliloquies is the part of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, beginning with the line “To be, or not to be: that is the question.” Conceit: Conceit is actually an extended metaphor. It refers to the comparison drawn between two startlingly different objects. The leading figure of the “Metaphysical School”, John Donne, makes a high use of c onceits in his poetic creation. For instance, he compares the souls of lovers to compasses. Imagery：A general term that covers the use of language to represent sensory experience. It refers to the words that create pictures or images in the reader’s mind. Images are primarily visual and can appeal to other senses as well, touch, taste, smell and hearing. Ode： A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject. Odes are often written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event. Two famous odes are Percy Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” and John Keats’s “Ode on a Grecian Urn”. 莎士比亚十四行诗第18首 William Shakespeare - Sonnet #18 Shall I compare thee to a Summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And Summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And oft' is his gold complexion dimm'd; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd: But thy eternal Summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growest:
莎士比亚十四行诗第八首赏析
我是否可以把你比喻成夏天？Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?虽然你比夏天更可爱更温和：Thou art more lovely and more temperate:狂风会使五月娇蕾红消香断，Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,夏天拥有的时日也转瞬即过；And summer's lease hath all too short a date:有时天空之巨眼目光太炽热，Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,它金灿灿的面色也常被遮暗；And often is his gold complexion dimmed,而千芳万艳都终将凋零飘落，And every fair from fair sometime declines,被时运天道之更替剥尽红颜；By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed: 但你永恒的夏天将没有止尽，But thy eternal summer shall not fade,你所拥有的美貌也不会消失，Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,死神终难夸口你游荡于死荫，Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,当你在不朽的诗中永葆盛时；When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st,只要有人类生存，或人有眼睛，So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,我的诗就会流传并赋予你生命。So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.注：第11行语出《旧约?诗篇》第23篇第4节：“虽然我穿行于死荫之幽谷，但我不怕罹祸，因为你与我同在……”英文赏析：This is one of the most famous of all the sonnets, justifiably so. But it would be a mistake to take it entirely in isolation, for it links in with so many of the other sonnets through the themes of the descriptive power of verse; the ability of the poet to depict the fair youth adequately, or not; and the immortality conveyed through being hymned in these 'eternal lines'. It is noticeable that here the poet is full of confidence that his verse will live as long as there are people drawing breath upon the earth, whereas later he apologises for his poor wit and his humble lines which are inadequate to encompass all the youth's excellence. Now, perhaps in the early days of his love, there is no such self-doubt and the eternal summer of the youth is preserved forever in the poet's lines. The poem also works at a rather curious level of achieving its objective through dispraise. The summer's day is found to be lacking in so many respects (too short, too hot, too rough, sometimes too dingy), but curiously enough one is left with the abiding impression that 'the lovely boy' is in fact like a summer's day at its best, fair, warm, sunny, temperate, one of the darling buds of May, and that all his beauty has been wonderfully highlighted by the comparison。这是整体赏析 1. Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? This is taken usually to mean 'What if I were to compare thee etc?' The stock comparisons of the loved one to all the beauteous things in nature hover in the background throughout. One also remembers Wordsworth's lines: We'll talk of sunshine and of song,And summer days when we were young, Sweet childish days which were as longAs twenty days are now.Such reminiscences are indeed anachronistic, but with the recurrence of words such as 'summer', 'days', 'song', 'sweet', it is not difficult to see the permeating influence of the Sonnets on Wordsworth's verse. 2. Thou art more lovely and more temperate: The youth's beauty is more perfect than the beauty of a summer day. more temperate - more gentle, more restrained, whereas the summer's day might have violent excesses in store, such as are about to be described. 3. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, May was a summer month in Shakespeare's time, because the calendar in use lagged behind the true sidereal calendar by at least a fortnight. darling buds of May - the beautiful, much loved buds of the early summer; favourite flowers. 4. And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Legal terminology. The summer holds a lease on part of the year, but the lease is too short, and has an early termination (date). 5. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, Sometime = on occasion, sometimes; the eye of heaven = the sun. 6. And often is his gold complexion dimmed, his gold complexion = his (the sun's) golden face. It would be dimmed by clouds and on overcast days