Computer English Unit 3 Computer Language and Programming(计算机英语 第三单元 计算机语言与编程)
Unit 3 Computer Language and Programming
第三单元：计算机语言与编程
Section A Programming Language
课文A：编程语言
Ⅰ. Introduction
一、引言
Programming languages, in computer science, are the artificial languages used to write a sequence of instructions (a computer program) that can be run by a computer. 在计算机科学中，编程语言是用于编写可由计算机运行的一系列指令（计算机程序）的人工语言。
Similar to natural languages, such as English, programming languages have a vocabulary, grammar, and syntax.
与英语等自然语言相类似，编程语言有词汇、语法和句法。
However, natural languages are not suited for programming computers because they are ambiguous, meaning that their vocabulary and grammatical structure may be interpreted in multiple ways.
然而，自然语言不适合为计算机编程，因为它们会引起歧义，也就是说它们的词汇和语法结构可能被用多种方式进行解释。
The languages used to program computers must have simple logical structures, and the rules for their grammar, spelling, and punctuation must be precise.
用于计算机编程的语言必须有简单的逻辑结构，它们的语法、拼写和标点符号规则必须精确。
Programming languages vary greatly in their sophistication and in their degree of versatility.
编程语言在复杂性和通用程度上差异很大。
Some programming languages are written to address a particular kind of computing problem or for use on a particular model of computer system.
一些编程语言是为了处理特定类型的计算问题或为了用于特定型号的计算机系统而编写的。
For instance, programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL were written to solve certain general types of programming problems—FORTRAN for scientific applications, and COBOL for business applications.
例如，FORTRAN和COBOL等编程语言是为解决某些普遍的编程问题类型而编写的——FORTRAN 是为了科学领域的应用，而COBOL是为了商业领域的应用。
Although these languages were designed to address specific categories of computer
problems, they are highly portable, meaning that they may be used to program many types of computers.
尽管这些语言旨在处理特定类型的计算机问题，但它们具有很高的可移植性，也就是说它们可以用来为多种类型的计算机编程。
Other languages, such as machine languages, are designed to be used by one specific model of computer system, or even by one specific computer in certain research applications.
其他的语言，如机器语言，是为一种特定型号的计算机系统，甚至是一台特定的计算机，在某些研究领域使用而编写的。
The most commonly used programming languages are highly portable and can be used to effectively solve diverse types of computing problems.
最常用的编程语言具有很高的可移植性，可以用于有效地解决不同类型的计算问题。
Languages like C, PASCAL, and BASIC fall into this category.
像C、PASCAL和BASIC这样的语言就属于这一范畴。
Ⅱ. Language Types
二、语言类型
Programming languages can be classified as either low-level languages or high-level languages.
编程语言可分为低级语言和高级语言。
Low-level programming languages, or machine languages, are the most basic type of programming languages and can be understood directly by a computer.
低级编程语言或机器语言，是编程语言中最基础的类型，可以被计算机直接理解。
Machine languages differ depending on the manufacturer and model of computer.
机器语言视计算机制造商与型号不同而有所区别。
High-level languages are programming languages that must first be translated into a machine language before they can be understood and processed by a computer.
高级语言是必须首先翻译成机器语言计算机才能理解和处理的编程语言。
Examples of high-level languages are C, C++, PASCAL, and FORTRAN.
C、C++、PASCAL和FORTRAN都是高级语言的例子。
Assembly languages are intermediate languages that are very close to machine languages and do not have the level of linguistic sophistication exhibited by other high-level languages, but must still be translated into machine language.
汇编语言是中级语言，非常接近于机器语言，没有其他高级语言所表现出的语言复杂程度，但仍然得翻译成机器语言。
1. Machine Languages
1、机器语言
In machine languages, instructions are written as sequences of 1s and 0s, called bits, that a computer can understand directly.
在机器语言中，指令被写成计算机能够直接理解的1和0（称作位）序列。
An instruction in machine language generally tells the computer four things:
一条机器语言指令一般告诉计算机4件事：
(1) where to find one or two numbers or simple pieces of data in the main computer memory (Random Access Memory, or RAM),
（1）到计算机主存（随机存储器）的什么位置去找一两个数字或简单的数据片；
(2) a simple operation to perform, such as adding the two numbers together, （2）要执行的简单操作，如将两个数字相加；
(3) where in the main memory to put the result of this simple operation, and （3）在主存的什么位置存放该简单操作的结果；
(4) where to find the next instruction to perform.
（4）到什么位置去找下一条要执行的指令。
While all executable programs are eventually read by the computer in machine language, they are not all programmed in machine language.
尽管所有的可执行程序最终都是以机器语言的形式被计算机读入的，但它们并非都是用机器语言编写的。
It is extremely difficult to program directly in machine language because the instructions are sequences of 1s and 0s.
直接用机器语言编程极端困难，因为指令是0和1的序列。
A typical instruction in a machine language might read 10010 1100 1011 and mean add the contents of storage register A to the contents of storage register B.
一条典型的机器语言指令可能写成100101100 1011，意思是把存储寄存器A的内容加到存储寄存器B的内容中。
2. High-Level Languages
2、高级语言
High-level languages are relatively sophisticated sets of statements utilizing words and syntax from human language.
高级语言是相对复杂的一系列语句，它们使用来自人类语言的词汇和句法。
They are more similar to normal human languages than assembly or machine languages and are therefore easier to use for writing complicated programs.
高级语言比汇编语言或机器语言类似于正常的人类语言，因此用高级语言来编写复杂的程序比较容易。
These programming languages allow larger and more complicated programs to be developed faster.
这些编程语言可以更快地开发更大和更复杂的程序。
However, high-level languages must be translated into machine language by another program called a compiler before a computer can understand them.
然而，高级语言必须由称为编译器的另外一种程序翻译成机器语言，计算机才能理解它们。
For this reason, programs written in a high-level language may take longer to execute and use up more memory than programs written in an assembly language.
因为这个原因，与用汇编语言编写的程序相比较，用高级语言编写的程序可能运行时间长，占用内存多。
3. Assembly Languages
3、汇编语言
Computer programmers use assembly languages to make machine-language programs easier to write.
计算机程序员通过使用汇编语言，使机器语言程序比较容易编写。
In an assembly language, each statement corresponds roughly to one machine language instruction.
在汇编语言中，每个语句大致对应于一条机器语言指令。
An assembly language statement is composed with the aid of easy to remember commands. 汇编语言的语句是借助易于记忆的命令编写的。
The command to add the contents of the storage register A to the contents of storage register B might be written ADD B, A in a typical assembly language statement. 在一个典型的汇编语言语句中，把存储寄存器A的内容加到存储寄存器B的内容中这一命令，可能写成ADD B, A。
Assembly languages share certain features with machine languages.
汇编语言与机器语言具有某些共同的特征。
For instance, it is possible to manipulate specific bits in both assembly and machine languages.
例如，对特定的位进行操控，用汇编语言和机器语言都是可行的。
Programmers use assembly languages when it is important to minimize the time it takes to run a program, because the translation from assembly language to machine language is relatively simple.
当尽量减少程序的运行时间很重要时，程序员就使用汇编语言，因为从汇编语言到机器语言的翻译相对简单。
Assembly languages are also used when some part of the computer has to be controlled directly, such as individual dots on a monitor or the flow of individual characters to a printer.
汇编语言也用于计算机的某个部分必须被直接控制的情况，如监视器上的单个点或者单个字符向打印机的流动。
Ⅲ.Classification of High-level languages
三、高级语言的分类
High-level languages are commonly classified as procedure-oriented, functional, object-oriented, or logic languages.
高级语言通常分为面向过程语言、函数式语言、面向对象语言或逻辑语言。
The most common high-level languages today are procedure-oriented languages.
当今最常见的高级语言是面向过程语言。
In these languages, one or more related blocks of statements that perform some complete function are grouped together into a program module, or procedure, and given a name such as “procedure A.”
在这种语言中，执行某个完整功能的一个或多个相关的语句块组成一个程序模块或过程，而且被给予诸如“过程A”一类名称。
If the same sequence of operations is needed elsewhere in the program, a simple statement can be used to refer back to the procedure.
如果在程序的其他地方需要同样的操作序列，可以使用一个简单的语句调回这个过程。
In essence, a procedure is just a mini-program.
实质上，一个过程就是一个小型程序。
A large program can be constructed by grouping together procedures that perform different tasks.
一个大型程序可以通过将执行不同任务的过程组合在一起而构成。
Procedural languages allow programs to be shorter and easier for the computer to read, but they require the programmer to design each procedure to be general enough to be used in different situations.
过程语言使程序变得比较短，而且比较容易被计算机读取，但要求程序员将每个过程都设计
得足够通用，能用于不同的情况。
Functional languages treat procedures like mathematical functions and allow them to be processed like any other data in a program.
函数式语言像对待数学函数一样对待过程，并允许像处理程序中的任何其他数据一样处理它们。
This allows a much higher and more rigorous level of program construction.
这就使程序构造在更高、更严密的水平上得以实现。
Functional languages also allow variables—symbols for data that can be specified and changed by the user as the program is running—to be given values only once. 函数式语言也允许变量——在程序运行过程中可以被用户指定和更改的数据符号——只被赋值一次。
This simplifies programming by reducing the need to be concerned with the exact order of statement execution, since a variable does not have to be redeclared, or restated, each time it is used in a program statement.
这样，通过减少对语句执行的确切顺序给予关注的必要性，就简化了编程，因为一个变量没有必要每次在一个程序语句中用到，都重新声明或重新说明。
Many of the ideas from functional languages have become key parts of many modern procedural languages.
来自函数式语言的许多思想已经成为许多现代过程语言的关键部分。
Object-oriented languages are outgrowths of functional languages.
面向对象语言是函数式语言的发展结果。
In object-oriented languages, the code used to write the program and the data processed by the program are grouped together into units called objects.
在面向对象语言中，用来编写程序的代码和由程序处理的数据，组合成叫做对象的单元。
Objects are further grouped into classes, which define the attributes objects must have.
对象进一步组合成类，而类则定义对象必须具有的属性。
A simple example of a class is the class Book.
类的一个简单例子就是书这个类。
Objects within this class might be Novel and Short Story.
这个类中的对象可能是小说和短篇小说。
Objects also have certain functions associated with them, called methods.
对象还有某些与其相关的功能，称为方法。
The computer accesses an object through the use of one of the object’s methods.计算机通过使用一个对象的某种方法来访问该对象。
The method performs some action to the data in the object and returns this value to the computer.
方法对对象中的数据执行某种操作，然后将值返回给计算机。
Classes of objects can also be further grouped into hierarchies, in which objects of one class can inherit methods from another class.
对象的类也可进一步组合成层，而在层中一个类的对象可继承另一个类的方法。
The structure provided in object-oriented languages makes them very useful for complicated programming tasks.
面向对象语言提供的这种结构，使该语言对于复杂的编程任务非常有用。
Logic languages use logic as their mathematical base.
逻辑语言将逻辑用作其数学基础。
A logic program consists of sets of facts and if-then rules, which specify how one set of facts may be deduced from others, for example:
逻辑程序由事实组和“如果―则”规则构成，“如果―则”规则具体说明一组事实如何可以从其他事实组中推断出来，例如：
If the statement X is true, then the statement Y is false.
如果X语句为真，则Y语句为假。
In the execution of such a program, an input statement can be logically deduced from other statements in the program.
在这样一个程序的执行过程中，一条输入语句可以按照逻辑从程序中的其他语句推断出来。
Many artificial intelligence programs are written in such languages.
许多人工智能程序使用这种语言编写。
Ⅳ. Language structure and components
四、语言结构与成分
Programming languages use specific types of statements, or instructions, to provide functional structure to the program.
编程语言使用特定类型的语句或指令，来给程序提供功能结构。
A statement in a program is a basic sentence that expresses a simple idea—its purpose is to give the computer a basic instruction.
程序中的一个语句是表达一个简单想法的基本句子——它的目的是给计算机一条基本指令。
Statements define the types of data allowed, how data are to be manipulated, and the ways that procedures and functions work.
语句定义所允许的数据类型、数据如何处理以及过程和函数的工作方式。
Programmers use statements to manipulate common components of programming languages, such as variables and macros (mini-programs within a program).
程序员使用语句来操控编程语言的常见成分，如变量和宏（程序中的小程序段）。
Statements known as data declarations give names and properties to elements of a program called variables.
数据声明语句给称为变量的那些程序元素以名称和属性。
Variables can be assigned different values within the program.
变量在程序中可以赋予不同的值。
The properties (that) variables can have are called types, and they include such things as what possible values might be saved in the variables, how much numerical accuracy is to be used in the values, and how one variable may represent a collection of simpler values in an organized fashion, such as a table or array.
变量可以具有的属性称为类型，它们包括：变量中能保存哪些可能的值；这些值中使用何种程度的数值精度；以及一个变量可以如何以有组织结构的方式——如以表或数组的形式——表示一组比较简单的值。
In many programming languages, a key data type is a pointer.
在许多编程语言中，一个关键的数据类型是指针。
Variables that are pointers do not themselves have values; instead, they have information that the computer can use to locate some other variable—that is, they point to another variable.
指针变量本身没有值，而是含有计算机可以用来查找某个其他变量的信息——也就是说，它们指向另一个变量。
An expression is a piece of a statement that describes a series of computations to be performed on some of the program’s variables, such as X+Y/Z, in which the variables are X, Y, and Z and the computations are addition and division.
表达式是语句的一段，用于描述要对一些程序变量执行的一系列计算操作，如X+Y/Z，其中X、Y和Z为变量，加法和除法是计算操作。
An assignment statement assigns a variable a value derived from some expression, while conditional statements specify expressions to be tested and then used to select which other statements should be executed next.
赋值语句给一个变量赋予得自某个表达式的值，而条件语句则指定要被测试、然后用于选择接下来应该执行的其他语句的表达式。
Procedure and function statements define certain blocks of code as procedures or functions that can then be returned to later in the program.
过程和函数语句将某些代码块定义为以后可在程序中回调的过程或函数。
These statements also define the kinds of variables and parameters (that) the programmer can choose and the type of value that the code will return when an expression accesses the procedure or function.
这些语句也定义程序员可选的变量和参数种类，以及当表达式访问过程或函数时代码所返回的值的类型。
Many programming languages also permit minitranslation programs called macros. 许多编程语言也容许叫做宏的小翻译程序。
Macros translate segments of code that have been written in a language structure defined by the programmer into statements that the programming language understands. 宏将那些用程序员定义的语言结构编写的代码段翻译成编程语言可以理解的语句。
Ⅴ. History
五、历史
Programming languages date back almost to the invention of the digital computer in the 1940s.
编程语言几乎可以追溯到20世纪40年代数字计算机发明之时。
The first assembly languages emerged in the late 1950s with the introduction of commercial computers.
随着商用计算机的推出，最早的汇编语言出现于20世纪50年代末。
The first procedural languages were developed in the late 1950s to early 1960s: 最早的过程语言是在20世纪50年代末到60年代初开发的：
FORTRAN, created by John Backus, and then COBOL, created by Grace Hopper.
约翰.巴克斯创造了FORTRAN语言，接着格雷斯.霍珀创造了COBOL语言。
The first functional language was LISP, written by John McCarthy in the late 1950s. 第一种函数式语言是LISP，由约翰.麦卡锡于20世纪50年代末编写。
Although heavily updated, all three languages are still widely used today.
所有这3种语言今天仍在广泛使用，但经历过大量更新。
In the late 1960s, the first object-oriented languages, such as SIMULA, emerged.
20 世纪60年代末，出现了最早的面向对象语言，如SIMULA语言。
Logic languages became well known in the mid 1970s with the introduction of PROLOG,
a language used to program artificial intelligence software.
逻辑语言在20世纪70年代中期随着PROLOG语言的推出而变得广为人知，PROLOG语言是一种用于编写人工智能软件的语言。
During the 1970s, procedural languages continued to develop with ALGOL, BASIC, PASCAL, C, and Ada.
在20世纪70年代，过程语言继续发展，出现了ALGOL、BASIC、PASCAL、C和Ada等语言。
SMALLTALK was a highly influential object-oriented language that led to the merging of object-oriented and procedural languages in C++ and more recently in JAVA. SMALLTALK语言是一种具有高度影响力的面向对象语言，它导致了面向对象语言与过程语言在C++和更近期的JAVA语言中的结合。
Although pure logic languages have declined in popularity, variations have become vitally important in the form of relational languages for modern databases, such as SQL.
尽管纯粹逻辑语言的流行程度已经下降，但其以关系语言形式用于现代数据库的变种却变得非常重要，如结构化查询语言。
人教英语必修二Unit3Computers教案3
Unit 3 Computers Extensive Reading The General Idea of This Period： This period includes revision of the text，Reading and speaking on Page 22、Reading task on Page 58.In this period the students will be involved in a speaking activity about designing an android after reading the story of Andy，and learn something about the performances of a sporting robot of the 22nd century，Hua Fei in 78th Olympics and 79th Olympics，so that the students will not only improve their reading and speaking，but also their creative thinking. Teaching Aims： 1.Help the students to learn about the different ways of designing the robots and give their opinions to the class. 2.Enable the students to discuss to design their own robots. Talk about the different ways of designing the robots. Teaching Important and Difficult Points： How to design their own robots and report their designing to the class. Teaching Methods： 1.Task-based learning. 2.Cooperative learning. Teaching Aids： 1.A tape recorder. 2.A multimedia. Teaching Procedures： Step 1 Greetings Step 2 Reading （1） We’ve learned a lot about computers，but can you imagine that computers could be put into androids or robots.Think of the fun you could have!Now let’s first read the passage about a robot called Andy—what it looks like and what it can do on Page 22，and then we’ll have a designing competition to see who will design the best robots.
高中英语Unit3Underthesea练习试题人教版
Unit 3 Under the sea 【导语】捕鲸业是世界上古老的行业之一，它的历史发展和现状如何呢？ The whaling industry is one of the oldest industries in existence.It has undergone vast changes since its beginning，primarily due to the creation of the International Whaling https://www.360docs.net/doc/4e1454288.html,mercial whaling still continues throughout the world，but the whaling quotas are restricted by the commission，thereby helping conserve the whale populations. Whaling refers to hunting wh ales primarily for their oil，meat and bones.Whaling dates back to prehistoric times，most prevalent in Norway and Japan.The hunt became an industry in the 1600s in the Arctic regions，mostly by the Dutch and British.American colonists started whaling in the 1700s.Nantucket whalers were the first to kill a sperm whale，and the discovery of spermaceti in the whale's head made the sperm whale one of the most highly prized catches.Whaling ships set out from New England into the Pacific for extremely long voyages to hunt down these whales. Whaling industry has been a part of a variety of countries' industries.The following countries were the earliest pioneers in the whaling industry：England，France，Germany，Iceland，Japan，the Netherlands，Norway and the American colonies (although they were not a country at the time)．The following countries still practice whaling in some form or fashion：Canada，Greenland，the Grenadines，Iceland，Indonesia，Japan，the Netherlands，Norway，Russia and the United States. 【词海拾贝】 1．vast adj.广阔的；巨大的 2．primarily adv.首先；最初 3．commission n．委员会 4．commercial adj.商业的 5．quota n．配额 6．prevalent adj.盛行的 7．sperm whale 巨头鲸；抹香鲸 【问题思考】 1．What helps conserve the whale populations? _______________________________________________________ 答案：The whaling quotas.
高考英语一轮复习Unit3Underthesea词汇训练新人教版选修7
Unit 3 Underthesea 基础知识默写篇 一、分层单词 写作词汇 1. vt.放弃;遗弃;抛弃 2. vt.当场见到;目击 n.目击者;证人;证据 3. vi.& n.暂停;中止 4. vt.拖;拉;扯 5. vi.逃避;逃跑 vt.逃离 6. n.住所;住宿 7. n.关系;血缘关系;交往 8. adj.好的;整齐的;匀称的 9. adj.生动的;鲜明的;鲜艳的 10. adj.纯的;纯粹的;纯洁的 11. prep.在……对面 adj.相对的;相反的 12. vt.催促;极力主张;驱策 13. vi.思考 vt.映射;反射;思考 14. adj.意识到的;知道的 阅读词汇 1.jog vi.&vt. 2.dive vi.& n. 3.suck vt.& vi. 4.conservation n. 5.target n. 6.boundary n.
7.pension n. 8.annual adj. & n. 9.narrow adj. 10.shallow adj. 11.steep adj. 12.awesome adj. 13.seaside n.&adj. 14.telescope n. 15.teamwork n. 16.dimension n. 拓展词汇 1. n.深(度);深处→adj.深的adv. 深深地 2. adj.好吃的;可口的→ n.味道;品位;鉴赏力v.尝;品尝;有……的味道 3. adj.意识到的;知道的→ n.意识;认识 4. vi.思考vt.反射;思考→ n.反射;思考 5. adj.锐利的;锋利的;敏捷的→v.(使)变得锋利 6. vt.催促;极力主张;驱策→ n.紧急;迫切;催促→adj.紧急的;迫切的;催促的 7. vt.恐吓 vi.受惊吓→adj.害怕的 二、高频短语 1. 帮助(某人)摆脱困境或危难 2. 对……知道、明白;意识到…… 3. 举起;阻碍 4. 整理;收拾 5. 在此期间;与此同时 6. 靠近 7. upside down 8. (be) scared to death 9. aim at
选修7Unit3Underthesea单次讲解
Unit 3 under the sea 1.witness (1) v 当场见到，目击 . 在我昨天回家的路上路上我亲眼目睹一场事故。 (2) v表明，说明Her flushed（通红）face she felt. 她通红的脸表明他、她感到非常高兴。 (3) v 为…作证常与to 连用witness to 为某事作证说 He enter the room. 他作证说他看到那个人进入房间。 (4) n (C) “目击者，证人”常与to连用be a witness to 是…的目击者 The police found the witness to the murder case. 警察找到了那个谋杀案的目击者 (5) n (C,U) 证词，证据，证明give witness on behalf of 替…作证 The old man an accused person. 那位老人为被告作证。 2. sort (1) vt 把…分类,拣选 She is . 她正忙于给信件分类。 (2) sort out 整理（好） I 我已把信分好 (3) n 种类，类别 A hammer is .斧头是一种工具。 He’s the sort of person I really dislike. (4)词组sort of 颇为，有几分I feel . 我感觉有点生病了。 all sorts of 相当于all kinds of 3. accommodation (1) 房间，住所The accommodation of this hotel is scare. （不足） (2) 膳宿（常用复数） 我们今晚能找到旅馆住宿吗？Can we ____find accommodations at a hotel__ for tonight? (3) accommodate 向…提供住处，接纳(v) 相关短语：(1) make accommodations for 为…提供膳宿(2) book accommodation at a hotel 在旅馆预订房间 (4) accommodate …to = adapt… to 使…适应 You will have to accommodate yourself to the situation. 4. yell（1）v.叫喊。 （1）yell(out) at sb.朝某人大喊大叫 .她对淘气的孩子大喊大叫。 They yelled at him to stop. （2）n. /叫声，喊声 E.g. a yell of delight / warning 5. throw (1) 投，掷，扔，抛 Throw the ball to your younger brother. He was thrown into prison.被关进… (2) 匆忙或随便穿/脱 He threw a blanket over the injured man. 他匆忙给伤者披上毯子。
2019年秋人教版英语必修二课后习题：Unit3Computers3.1(含答案)
Unit3Computers SectionⅠWarming Up,Pre-reading, Reading&Comprehending 课后篇巩固探究 一、选词填空 1.as a result;as a result of (1)It rained heavily.,we had to stay at home for the whole weekend. (2) the heavy rain,we had to stay at home for the whole weekend. 答案:(1)As a result(2)As a result of 2.solve;settle (1)(2017·全国Ⅱ)Founded in Moscow after the 1905 revolution,the company eventually in Tel Aviv in the late 1920s. (2)(2017·北京)(solve) the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. 答案:(1)settled(2)Solving 3.from then on;since then (1),he refused to talk about it. (2)I have never seen him . 答案:(1)From then on(2)since then 4.so...that...;such...that... (1)He is funny a person he is popular among the children.
人教版高中英语选修七Unit3Underthesea知识讲解Unit3Underthesea语言点
Unit 3 Under the sea 语言点 编稿：牛新阁审稿：王春霞 学习目标 重点词汇 annual witness accommodation opposite yell pause drag depth urge abandon target reflect scare awesome 重点短语 in the meantime be aware of ahead of ... to death help （...）out upside down 重点句型 It takes sb. some time/ ... to do sth.的变化 a time when... 知识讲解 重点词汇 annual 【原句回放】It was a time when the killer whales, or “killers” as they were then called, helped the whalers catch the baleen whales that were on their annual migration. 那个时期，虎鲸（当时被称为“杀手”）帮助捕鲸人在每年须鲸迁徙时捕捉须鲸。 【点拨】annual adj. 1. 每年的，一年一次的 the annual output 年产量an annual report 年度报告 Steel output reached an annual figure of one million tons. 钢的年产量达到100万吨。 2. 按年度计算的 the annual income 年收入the annual rainfall 【拓展】annually adv. 每年地，年度地 witness 【原句回放】I thought, at the time, that this was just a story but then I witnessed it with my own eyes many times. 当时我以为这只是一个故事罢了，但是后来我亲眼见过多次。 【点拨】witness vt.& vi.亲眼看见，目睹，作证； n.见证人；目击者（与of连用） We were witnessing the most important scientific development of the century. 我们正目睹着本世纪最重要的科学发展。 We witnessed great changes in the city. 我们见证了这个城市的巨大变化。 The police found the witness of the murder case. 警察找到了那起谋杀案的证人。 There was no witness at the scene of the accident. 在事故现场没有目击证人。 【拓展】常见搭配：witness to (doing...)为……作证 bear / give witness to 为......作证 in witness of 作为......的证据 a living witness to 活生生的证人 witness stand 证人席(美)＝witness box (英) He witnessed to having seen the man enter the building.
unit3computers教案
U n i t3C o m p u t e r s 教案 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
Unit 3 Computers I. 单元教学目标 II. 目标语言
III. 教材分析与教材重组 1. 教材分析 本单元以computers为话题，旨在通过单元教学，综合听、说、读、写等多种形式，使学生了解计算机和信息技术的产生和发展过程及其在我们的学习、工作、娱乐等生活中所起的重要作用，激发学生对信息技术的兴趣。 1.1 Warming up提供几幅与计算机有关的图片，形象地说明了计算机的发展历程，并用三个问题引发学生对这一话题的思考，从而起到热身的作用。 1.2 Pre-reading根据文章内容预设问题，检查学生对computers相关知识及应用的了解。学生对computers的了解可能参差不齐，这更能激发学生想获取更多知识的欲望，从而引出下面的阅读文章——WHO AM I。
1.3 Reading中以别致的标题WHO AM I?引起学生的好奇心，使学生迫不急待地阅读这篇文章，并判断出“I”是computer，从而对文章的内容印象更深刻。文章以第一人称的形式按时间先后顺序讲述了computers的产生、发展和现状，并用拟人化的口吻表达了computers乐于为人类服务的精神。 1.4 Comprehending 1 通过scanning的方式完成反映计算机发展历程的时间进程；2 通过填表的形式帮助学生宏观梳理文章结构，找出每个段落的主题句（论点）及具体的支持性论据；3 是读后讨论，要求学生结合自己的生活实际讨论计算机如何改变了我们的生活。 1.5 Learning about language分词汇（Discovering useful words and expressions）和语法（Discovering useful structures）两大部分。Discovering useful words and expressions 1 根据单词释义写出相对应的词汇，考查学生对WHO AM I 文章中的重要词汇及短语的理解。2 是以对短文填词完型的形式考查学生对几个重点词汇在篇章中的运用。3 以personalize的形式练习几个表时间状语的短语的用法。Discovering useful structures 是学习现在完成时的被动语态。1 是让学生根据例子提示在WHO AM I?文章中找出两个含有现在完成时的被动语态的句子，初步了解这一时态的形式。2 是根据例句提示把所给的现在完成时句子变为被动语态。3 通过欣赏一首小诗进一步理解现在完成时的被动语态的用法。 1.6 Using language从听、说、读、写四个部分强化学生的语言应用能力。Listening and Speaking 以“信息技术”为子话题展开听说活动。说的活动主要是就信息技术各种形式的优势和劣势展开讨论，并用所给的表reasoning的功能
人教版高中英语选修七 Unit3 Under the sea -词汇篇(学生版)
第5讲Under the sea 词汇篇 __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 1.熟练掌握重点单词及其用法； 2.能够熟练运用重点短语和句型。 一. 重点词汇 1.annual adj. 每年的；按年度计算的n. 年刊；年鉴 [重点用法] annually adv. 年年地，每年地 [典例] 1) an annual income. 年收入 2) an annual report年度报告 3) Premier Wen Jiabao noted that the two most important problems would be previous to anything else in the government annual report.温家宝总理在政府年度报告中指出要优先解决这两大问题。 2.witness n. 目击者；证人；证据vt. 当场见到；目击 [典例] 1) He is the witness to the accident. 事故的目击者 2) This old auditorium has witnessed many ceremonies. 这个古老的礼堂内举行过许多次典礼。 3.accommodation住所 [重点用法] accommodate v.向...提供，容纳，调和；适应 accommodation address临时通讯处 accommodation allowance膳宿津贴 [典例] 1) The high cost of accommodation makes life difficult for students in London. 由于住宿费用昂贵，伦敦的学生感到生活困难。 2) The university offers excellent accommodation for summer visitors. 这所大学为夏季来访者提供了很好的住宿。 4.abandon vt. 放弃；遗弃；抛弃n. 放任，狂热 [重点用法] abandon oneself to sth./doing sth. 沉溺于 abandon …to sb. 把……舍弃给…... with abandon放任地；放纵地；纵情地 [典例]
人教版高中英语选修七Unit3Underthesea
Unit 3Under the sea (时间：30分钟) Ⅰ.语法和词汇知识 1．(2012·安徽皖南八校第二次联考)—Shall we have a discussion about how to spend the coming National Day of 2012? —________ A．You are right.B．Don’t bother me! C．That sounds great. D．Have a good time! 2．(2013·南通一调)Living in ________ ever increasingly fast-paced world，we are facing greater competition，so we must take ________ advantage of every opportunity to develop. A．an；the B．an；/ C．the；an D．the；/ 3．(2013·温州五校联考)Medicine shouldn’t be kept ________ it is accessible to children. A．even if B．which C．where D．so that 4．(2012·高考天津卷)Parents and children should communicate more to ________ the gap between them so that they can understand each other better. A．open B．narrow C．widen D．leave 5．(2011·高考辽宁卷)________ a strange plant！I’ve never seen it before. A．Which B．What C．How D．Whether 6．—What did you say just now? —I said that the hotel ________ was included in the price of your holiday. A．conservation B．congratulation C．accommodation D．companion 7．She tried calming him down but it seemed to be having the ________ effect.That’s to say，he lost his temper. A．cautious B．awful C．vivid D．opposite 8．—What’s up？You look unhappy. —I broke up with my boyfriend.I can’t stand always ________ by him. A．being cheated B．to be cheated C．cheating D．cheated 9．I ________ do an important piece of work ________ my daughter came to interrupt me. A．was about to；when B．was going to；while C．was to；as D．was about to；then 10．(2013·青岛二中模拟)The event has not only increased public ________ of world hunger，but raised a lot of money for the poor children. A．direction B．contribution C．awareness D．loneliness 11．It was a time ________ the women workers didn’t have the same rights as the men workers. A．that B．when C．which D．where 12．What a pity！I missed meeting my boss at the airport because my car was ________ in the traffic jam. A．broken up B．kept back C．held up D．kept on
Unit3Computers全单元教案
Unit 3 Computers I 教学内容分析 本单元的中心话题是“计算机”。 Warming up部分用图片呈现了计算机发展的历史，让学生通过看图讨论的方式了解计算机的发展和演变过程。 Reading部分编者采用了拟人化的手法向读者介绍了计算机的发展历程。 Comprehending部分包括三个练习，分别从事实层面、分析层面和拓展层面考察学生对文章的理解和运用情况。 Learning about language部分的活动突出了形容词和副词用法的区别，并扣本单元的语法点（现在完成时的被动语态）。 Using language部分的听力材料中谈论的是信息技术的几种形态或载体（包括收音机、书籍、电视和电脑；在读说活动中，通过智能机器人参加足球赛的经历向读者介绍了计算机运用的另外一个例子。 Learning Tip部分鼓励学生利用图书馆，网络等课外资源学习英语，有利于学生使用资源策略。 Reading for Fun 部分是一首活泼风趣的小诗，以拟人的方法让机器人自述了心声：尽管日夜忙碌，为人服务，但它相信自己和真实的人类没什么两样。 II．教学重点和难点 1．教学重点 (1) 本单元的生词和短语； (2)通过学习本单元，使学生了解计算机的发展历程，及其在当今社会的广泛运用； (3)鼓励学生用英语表达自己的观点，进行简单的推理和做出决定。 2．教学难点 (1) 教会学生通过时间的先后顺序来表达一件事； (2) 使学生了和掌握现在完成时的被动语态的用法； (3) 指导学生按类别归纳整理词汇，让学生学会有效地记忆词汇的方法； (4) 引导学生发现本单元重点语言结构，让学生自己发现并感悟相关的语言规律，在 学习过程中培养语感。 III．教学计划 本单元分六课时： 第一课时：Warming Up, Pre-reading, Reading 第二课时：Language points 第三课时：Learning about language 第五课时：Speaking, Reading, Writing IV．教学步骤： Period 1 Warming Up, Pre-reading, Reading
人教版高中英语必修二 Unit3 Computers 单元测试卷(一) (含答案)
2018-2019学年高一上学期训练卷 必修二 Unit3 Computers 英 语 （一） 注意事项： 1．答题前，先将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试题卷和答题卡上，并将准考 证号条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。 2．选择题的作答：每小题选出答案后，用2B 铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答 案标号涂黑，写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。 3．非选择题的作答：用签字笔直接答在答题卡上对应的答题区域内。写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。 4．考试结束后，请将本试题卷和答题卡一并上交。 一、单句语法填空 1．They had nothing in common ________ me. 2．In 2030，a sixth of the country's potential work force could be ________ (total)uneducated. 3．It ________ (simple) the most complex idea I have. 4．The company has given its computers ________ to a local school. 5．It ________ (use) in offices and homes since 1970s. 6．Anyhow, my goal is ________ (provide) humans with life of high quality. 7．________ (person), I think the best present is not necessarily the most expensive one. 8．We shouldn't judge a person by his ________ (appear), but people make that mistake from time to time. 9．Over time the computer ________ (change) a lot. 10．________ the help of my parents I learned to ride a bike. 二、单句改错 1．I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left. _______________________________________________________________________ 2．It won't be long before we will know the result of the experiment. _______________________________________________________________________ 3．I followed the teacher's advice and paid more attention at my spoken English. _______________________________________________________________________ 4．In the way, I'm glad you made that mistake, for it will serve as a warning to you. _______________________________________________________________________ 5．Don't blame him for breaking that vase; at all he is still a child. _______________________________________________________________________ 6．Can you give me some advice on what to deal with this difficulty? _______________________________________________________________________ 7．Maybe we can come up with a solve to the problem. _______________________________________________________________________ 8．This is so an interesting book that all the students in our class want to read it. _______________________________________________________________________ 9．The man was standing in the front of the ship, watching at for icebergs. _______________________________________________________________________ 10．With the wealth of the country increases, more waste will be produced. _______________________________________________________________________ 三、完形填空 Lainey finished third grade. She had good grades and could read__1__ grade level, but she did not like to read. On a family car trip, her Aunt Dede pulled out a copy of Harry Potter, as a surprise for her __2__.But Lainey took one look at it, __3__ her eyes, and said, “Boring ！” Aunt Dede, a teacher, had read the book to her students, and they loved it.__4__ the youngest children in the class were __5__ by the story. They __6__ with great interest and then __7__ joined in grand conversations about Harry's adventures. “How can you say it's __8__？ Have you read it ？” asked Aunt Dede. “No, it's too long and it doesn't have any __9__，” complained Lainey. “Oh, that's where you are __10__； there are lots of pictures. Every page is full of 此卷只装 订不密封 班 级 姓名 准考证 号 考 场号 座位号
高中英语人教版必修2unit3ComputersGrammar教案(系列一)
Unit 3 Computers Period 3 Grammar 教学设计 I. Teaching contents：The Present Perfect Passive Voice II. Teaching aims： 1.Understand the uses of the Present Perfect Passive V oice 2. Use the Present Perfect Passive V oice correctly III. Key points & Difficulties Key points: To get the students to know the Present Perfect Passive Voice and learn how to use the Present Perfect Passive Voice. Teaching Difficulties To enable the students to use the Present Perfect Passive V oice correctly IV. Teaching methods Discussing, summarizing and practicing. V. Teaching procedure: Step 1: Lead-in Review the verb tenses and the Future Passive Voice they have learnt in last unit. Step 2: Grammar explanation. Teacher help the students deal with how to express the Present Perfect Passive V oice. 1.The structure of the present perfect passive voice is: have / has ＋been＋~ed 现在完成时的被动语态表示动作发生在过去, 到现在已经完成或对现在仍有影响。 主动语态即主语为动作的执行者；被动语态即主语为动作的承受者。现在完成时的被动语态同它的主动语态一样，强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，但主语为动作的承受者，表示“……已经被……”。 1). 现在完成时被动语态的肯定式为： have / has + been + done 2). 现在完成时被动语态的否定式为： have / has + not + been + done
(完整版)Unit3Computers课文翻译
Unit 3 Computers 课文翻译 section A 我是谁? 经过很长时间我已经改变了很多。1642年我在法国诞生时是一台计算机器。尽管当时我还年轻，但是我能简化一些复杂的计算题。我发育缓慢，差不多到了两百年之后，查尔斯·巴比奇才把我制成了一台分析机。在操作员用穿孔卡为我设计程序之后，我能够进行逻辑“思考”，并且能够比任何人更快地算出答案。那时，这被当作是一次技术革命，也是我“人工智能”的开始。在1936年，我真正的父亲，艾伦·图灵写了一本书，讲述了怎样能使我成为一台“通用机器”来解决任何数学难题。从那时起，我在体积和脑容量方面迅速成长。到二十世纪四十年代，我已经长得像一间屋子那么大，我不知道是否还会长得更大。然而，这个现实也使我的设计者很担心。随着时间的推移，我被做的越来越小。自二十世纪七十年代以来，我一直被用在办公室和家庭里，先是用作个人电脑，后来又做成便携式。 这些变化只有随着我的存储能力的不断提高才能成为可能。最初是被存储到电子管，以后是晶体管上，后来是非常小的芯片上。因此，我已经完全改变了我的形状。随着我年龄越来越大，我也变得越来越小。随着时间的推移，我的记忆能力发展的如此之快，就像一头大象一样，我从来不会忘记告诉我的任何事情！我的存储能力变得如此巨大，连我自己都不能相信！但是我总是孤孤单单地站在那里，直到二十世纪六十年代初，人们才给了我一个用网络联成的家庭。我能够通过万维网和其他人分享我的知识。 从二十世纪七十年代起，我被开发出了很多新的用途。我在通讯、金融和商业领域变得非常重要。我还被放在机器人里面，被用来制作移动手机，并且用来帮助做医疗手术。我还被放置在航空火箭里去探测月球和火星。不管怎样，我的目标是给人类提供高质量的生活。现在我充满了幸福感，因为我是人类忠实的朋友并时时给他们提供帮助。 Who Am I 我是谁? Over time I have been changed quite a lot. 经过一段时间我已经被改变了许多。 I began as a calculating machine in France in 1642. 1642年我在法国诞生时是一台计算机器。 Although I was young I could simplify difficult sums. 尽管当时我还年轻，但是我能简化一些复杂的数学题。 I developed very slowly and it took nearly two hundred years 我发育缓慢，差不多到了200年之后，