现代语言学自考题-3
现代语言学自考题-3
(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)
二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)
1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what ______ is and how it works.
? A. langue
? B. linguist
? C. language
? D. learning
（分数：2.00）
A.
B.
C. √
D.
解析：[解析] 语言的研究过程可以总结为：首先，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结；其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性；最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。
2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.
? A. vowels
? B. consonants
? C. sounds
? D. speech sounds
（分数：2.00）
A.
B.
C.
D. √
解析：[解析] 在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is ______.
? A. the internal structure
? B. morpheme
? C. the rules by which words are formed
? D. word
（分数：2.00）
A.
B. √
C.
D.
解析：[解析] 正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
4.The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.
? A. large
? B. small
? C. finite
? D. infinite
（分数：2.00）
A.
B.
C. √
D.
解析：[解析] 对于任何一种自然语言，一套句法规则可以产生出无穷多的句子，也就是说，任何语言的句法规则都是有限的，而说话人能够说出和理解的句子的数量是无限的。
5.Bloomfield drew on ______ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.
? A. contextual
? B. conceptualist
? C. behaviorist
? D. naming
（分数：2.00）
A.
B.
C. √
D.
解析：[解析] 布龙菲尔德在试图定义词汇意义时采用了行为主义心理学观点。
6.______ of a sentence depends on the context in which the sentence is uttered.
? A. Sentence meaning
? B. Utterance meaning
? C. The reference
? D. The meaning
（分数：2.00）
A.
B. √
C.
D.
解析：[解析] 话语意义基于句子意义，是句子意义在特定交际情景或者语境中的具体体现。也就是说，句子的话语意义依靠的是说该句子的语境或情景。
7.Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, etc, originate from ______.
? A. Middle English
? B. Old English
? C. French
? D. Norman French
（分数：2.00）
A.
B. √
C.
D.
解析：[解析] 古英语可以追溯到公元5世纪中叶，当时说英语的盎格鲁一撒克逊人从北欧入侵了不列颠群岛。英语中绝大多数基本单词均来自古英语，比如man, woman, Child, house等。
8.______ moves on a scale of the national language, dialects, and individual ways of communication.
? A. Language change
? B. Speech variety
? C. Speech variation
? D. Speech change
（分数：2.00）
A.
B.
C. √
D.
解析：[解析] 言语的变异总是以国语、方言以及不同的个体交际语言等形式来进行。从社会语言学的角度来看，一种言语变体无非是一种语言的方言变体而已。
9.Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.
? A. nerve fibers
? B. nerves
? C. neurons
? D. cerebral cortex
（分数：2.00）
A.
B.
C. √
D.
解析：[解析] 人的大脑位于头盖骨之下，平均包括100亿个被称为神经元的神经细胞。每个神经元至少和一千到一万个其他的神经元相联系。这些神经参与着数不胜数的微电路性质的活动。这些活动使得感知、
思维、交流及其他类型的智力活动成为可能。
10.By "language acquisition is primarily the acquistion of the grammatical system of language", linguists mean that ______.
? A. every specific rule allowed by the grammatical system of a language must be acquired ? B. the phonological rules must be acquired
? C. the syntactic rules must be acquired
? D. the general principles that are fundamental to the grammaticality of speech must be acquired
（分数：2.00）
A.
B.
C.
D. √
解析：[解析] 当我们说语言的习得基本上是语言的语法系统习得的时候，我们并不是说语言的语法系统内的每一个具体的规则都需要习得。实际上，儿童习得的是使言语合乎语法规范所必需的一些具有普遍意义
的规则。我们注意到，在生成话语时，儿童倾向使用普遍的语法规则，而排斥个别的不规则的情况。
三、{{B}}PART TWO{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)
四、{{B}}Ⅱ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：10.00)
11.What first drew the attention of the linguists were the {{U}}s {{/U}}used in languages. （分数：1.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：sounds。）
解析：[解析] 首先引起语言学家们注意的是语言使用中的声音现象。这种对语言交际中声音的研究最终促成了语言学的第一个分支——语音学的建立。
12.If the vocal cords are apart, the airflow is not obstructed at the glottis and it passes freely into the vocal tract above the glottis, the sounds produced in this way are called {{U}}v {{/U}}sounds.
（分数：1.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：voiceless。）
解析：[解析] 当声带拉得很宽的时候，气流可以畅通无阻地通过而不引起颤动，这样发出来的声音就没有被浊音化，因而它们叫做清音。英语中像[t]，[s]，[f]之类的辅音都是清音。
13.A {{U}}r {{/U}}is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.
（分数：1.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：root。）
解析：[解析] 词根经常被看成是单词的一部分，尽管它具有比较清晰、确切的意思，却不能够独立存在，它必须和其他词根或词缀一起才能构成一个单词。这样的例子在英语里数不胜数。
14.A {{U}}c {{/U}}sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated in to the other.
（分数：1.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：complex。）
解析：[解析] 复合句包含两个或更多子句，其中一个子句被并入另一个子句中。也就是说，复合句中的两个子句在地位上是不同的，其中一个子句从属于另一个子句。被合并的子句或者说居于从属地位上的子句
通常叫做从属子句，而包含从属子句的这个子句被称作主句。
15.According to the {{U}}n {{/U}}theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.
（分数：1.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：naming。）
解析：[解析] 根据命名论观点，语言形式或标记，或者说，语言中所用的词被看成是该词所指事物的名称或标记，因此，词只是事物的名称或标记。这种理论的局限性是显而易见的。
16.{{U}}P {{/U}}studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication.
（分数：1.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：Pragmatics。）
解析：[解析] 对于语用学，较为普遍的定义是：语用学研究语言使用者是如何运用语句进行成功交际的。由于交际过程本质上是一个在特定语境中传递意义的过程，语用学也可看做是一种意义研究。
17.In historical linguistics, language change refers to the study of the {{U}}d {{/U}}processes of change in language elements and language systems.
（分数：1.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：diachronic。）
解析：[解析] 我们在第一章中把对语言的历史研究看成是对语言的历时性研究。当我们涉及到研究语言在不同的时间阶段和不同的历史时期中发展变化的时候，我们用历时语言学这个说法来取代历史语言学。18.{{U}}B {{/U}}refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers.
（分数：1.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：Bilingualism。）
解析：[解析] 双语现象指的是在某个特殊地区或国家的居民中，一个或团体的言语使用者同时使用两种标准语言的一种语言现象。
19.{{U}}P {{/U}}studies language in relation to the mind.
（分数：1.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：Psycholinguistics)。）
解析：[解析] 心理语言学是对语言和心理之间关系的研究。
20.For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious {{U}}i {{/U}}on the part of adults.
（分数：1.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：instruction。）
解析：[解析] 语言学家们发现，对绝大多数儿童而言，语言发展是自然发生的，几乎不需要成年人有意识的指点。
五、{{B}}Ⅲ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)
21.Linguists can concentrate on all the aspects of language at once.
（分数：2.00）
A.正确
B.错误√
解析：[解析] 语言是一种包含有多层次和多方面的综合体，语言学家们不可能一下子都能够研究得面面俱到，每一次只能集中研究其中的一个方面。改正：Linguists have to concentrate on one aspect of language at a time since language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets.
22.In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.
（分数：2.00）
A.正确
B.错误√
解析：[解析] 元音和辅音的基本区别在于在发前者的时候，从肺部呼出的气流在咽喉、鼻子或口腔里均不会受到任何形式的阻碍，而在发后者的时候则要受到不同形式的阻碍。所以在对元音和辅音分类时，不可能采用同样的标准。改正：As there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former, but there is not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to use the same criteria in their classification.
23.A compound is the combination of only two words.
（分数：2.00）
A.正确
B.错误√
解析：[解析] 复合法是把两个、甚至经常是两个以上的单词结合在一起构成新单词的方法。不同词类的单词可以被组合到一起构成复合词。改正：Some compounds contain more than two words.
24.Well-arranged sentences are considered grammatical sentences that are formed following a set of syntactic rules.
（分数：2.00）
A.正确√
B.错误
解析：[解析] 句法学是语言学的一个分支，它研究的是语言的句子结构。合乎语法的句子是按照一套句法规则而构成的。
25.According to the "principles-and-parameters" theory, "principles" refer to highly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in general and which generate phrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a, while "parameters" allow general principles to operate in certain restricted ways, according to which particular grammars of natural languages vary.
（分数：2.00）
A.正确√
B.错误
解析：[解析] 根据原则及参数理论，普遍语法由一组综合性条件或原则构成，这组原则指的是语法高度抽象的属性，这一属性被应用于一般语言中，它生成词组，同时限制移动α规则的应用范围，阻止其在某些情况下的应用。普遍语法还包括一组参数，这些参数可以保证基本原则在某些情况下的操作，自然语言的个别语法据此而变化。
26.Searle's classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.
（分数：2.00）
A.正确
B.错误√
解析：[解析] 舍尔的贡献之一在于他对言外行为的分类。根据舍尔的理论，言语分为5种基本类型，即我们运用语言所做的事情有5种基本类型。改正：Searle's classification is not based on the classification of performative verbs lint on the illocutionary point of each act.
27.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.
（分数：2.00）
A.正确
B.错误√
解析：[解析] 大家都能接受英语被划分为古英语、中世纪英语和现代英语3个历史阶段的划分方法，这种划分是随意的、约定俗成的，历史语言学家们之所以把语言划分为不同的历史时期，是因为他们想有一个更方便的、更切合实际的研究语言变化的方法。这绝不意味着古英语是在某一特定的时间阶段转化成中世纪英语的。改正：The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary.
28.From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a dialectal variety of a language.
（分数：2.00）
A.正确√
B.错误
解析：[解析] 从社会语言学的角度来看，一种言语变体无非是一种语言的方言变体而已。
29.Research findings have shown that language processing centers are situated in a single area of the left hemisphere.
（分数：2.00）
A.正确
B.错误√
解析：[解析] 经过多次的研究发现，语言处理中枢并不是只存在于大脑左半球的某一个单个的区域，相反，看起来有很多个语言中枢，且每个中枢都有其自己独特的功能。改正：Research findings have shown that language processing centers are not situated in a single area of the left hemisphere. Rather, there seem to be a number of language processing centers, each with its own specialized function.
30.Empirical studies show that the process of SLA is a process of constructing and modifying rules of communication.
（分数：2.00）
A.正确√
B.错误
解析：[解析] 一项研究表明，SLA不再被视为一个克服旧的并在同时形成新的言语习惯的过程，而是一个建立和修正交际规则的过程。
六、{{B}}Ⅳ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：30.00)
https://www.360docs.net/doc/4e2323206.html,petence
（分数：3.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(According to Chomsky, competence refers to the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his knowledge, which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous, e.g. The boy kissed the girl is grammatical, but Girl the boy the kissed is ungrammatical.)
解析：[解析] 按照乔姆斯基的定义，语言能力是一个理想的语言使用者所具有的有关其所使用语言规月的知识，它指说话者已经把有关他母语的规则体系内化了，这使得他可以创造出和理解无限多的句子并能够辨别出那些不合乎语法和有歧义的句子。
32.articulatory phonetics
（分数：3.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Articulatory phonetics is one of the branches of phonetics that is the longest established and the most highly developed. It helps us have a good understanding of how our speech organs work to produce the sounds we hear, and in what ways the sounds differ.)
解析：[解析] 在语音学的三个分支里，建立历史最长、迄今发展最完善的就是发音语音学。因此，我们才比较清楚，我们的发音器官是怎么发出我们所能听到的声音的，以及这些声音都在哪些方面有所不同。33.derivational affixes
（分数：3.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Affixes added to an existing form to create a new word, e.g. in-, -er.)
解析：[解析] 派生词缀是为了构成新的单词而附加在已有词于上面的词缀。这是英语中最常见的创造新词的方法。这样的构词方法叫派生法，由派生法创造出来的新词叫做派生词。
34.transformational rule
（分数：3.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.)
解析：[解析] 句法位移受转换规则所支配，转换规则的运用会改变句子的句法表达方式。
35.reference
（分数：3.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality. For example, if we say, "The dog is barking," we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation. The actual dog the word "dog" refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word "dog".)
解析：[解析] 所指是词汇所指称的客观世界中的事物，它讨论的是语言形式和非语言世界之间的关系。当我们说“狗在叫”时，我们说的肯定是特定情景中的狗，指的是说话人和听话人都知道的那条狗，这就是“狗”这个词在特定情景中的所指。
36.locutionary act
（分数：3.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. For example, by saying "You have left the door wide open", the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.)
解析：[解析] 言内行为是说出词、短语、分句的、通过句法、词汇和音位等手段表达字面意义的行为。37.Old English
（分数：3.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Old English dates back to the mid-fifth century when Anglo-Saxons, the speakers of English, invaded the British Isles from northern Europe. Many of the most basic terms in the English language originate from Old English.)
解析：[解析] 古英语可以追溯到公元5世纪中叶，当时说英语的盎格鲁一撤克逊人从北欧入侵不列颠群岛。英语中绝大多数单词的基本形式均来自古英语。
38.pidgin
（分数：3.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(A pidgin is a marginal contact language with a limited vocabulary and reduced grammatical structures, used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of bussiness communication.)
解析：[解析] 皮钦语是被其他语言的本族语使用者们用作交际媒介的一种常见的语言变体。和通用语一样，皮钦语也是一些相互不懂对方语言的人们出于一定现实目的譬如贸易等而使用的一种语言。和通用语不同的是，通用语可能有其本族语来源——例如英语，而皮钦语却并不是哪一个地区所特有的本族语言，而是作为一种边缘语言，在文化隔阂很大、业务接触非常特别的人群中使用。
39.angular gyrus
（分数：3.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(The angular gyrus is the language center lying behind Wernicke's area and responsible for converting a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa.)
解析：[解析] 角形脑回位于韦尼克区之后。角形脑回是一个负责把视觉刺激转变为听觉形式或相反的语言中枢。这个区域对于观察到的物体与言语形式的匹配、物体的命名及书面语言的理解等所有这些需要视觉部位与言语部位通力合作的现象而言，是非常关键的。
40.interlanguage
（分数：3.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Interlanguage is the interim knowledge of the target language which a learner constructs at a given stage of second language acquisition. Interlanguage represents the learner's transitional competence in the target language.)
解析：[解析] 当内化了的规则系统含有和目的语系统不同的规则时，学习者的语际语就在未达到目的语水平时的某个时候僵化了。研究者认为，学习者的语际语僵化是许多错误形式的主要来源，这些错误形式妨碍了进一步的学习。尽管在僵化语中可能含有碰巧和目的语的正确形式相一致的特征，但是大多数的僵化形式被证明是错误的。
七、{{B}}Ⅴ{{/B}}(总题数：2，分数：20.00)
41.Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.
（分数：10.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
正确答案：(Syntactic movement is a syntactic phenomenon by which a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place to a new position. It is dictated by traditional transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. NP-movement refers to the movement of a noun phrase from one position to another. It occurs, for example, when a sentence changes from the active voice to the passive voice, e.g.a. The man beat the boy. b. The boy was beaten by the man. Here the sentence b is the result of the movement of the NPs "the man" and "the boy" from their original positions in (a) to new positions, with "the man" postposing to the right and "the boy" preposing to the left. WH-movement refers to the phenomenon by which a WH-item such as "what", "who", "when" and "where" appears in sentence -initial or clause-initial position. WH- movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative, e.g.a. He can speak several languages, b. What languages can he speak.)
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42.Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.
（分数：10.00）
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全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题 I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% ) 1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view. A. lexical B. grammatical C. semantic D. structural 2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______. A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds 3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. A. root B. stem C. affix D. morpheme 4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure. A. linear B. hierarchical C. constituent D. syntactic 5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （） A. argument B. subject C. object D. predicate 6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone? Speaker B: I’m in the bath. Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（） A. quantity B. quality C. relation D. manner 7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker. A. back-formation B. clipping C. blending D. abbreviating 8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man. A. important B. unusual C. pejorative D. commendatory 9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （） A. brain B. vocal cords C. tongue D. articulatory organs 10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （） A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-word Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% ) 11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study. 12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. 13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology. 14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence. 15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites. 16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.
自考现代语言学模拟试卷
中国自考人(https://www.360docs.net/doc/4e2323206.html,)——700门自考课程永久免费、完整在线学习快快加入我们吧！ 全国2007年10月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题 课程代码：00830 I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% ×10=20%) 1. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any _______________system of communication. A. artificial B. non-linguistic C. animal D. abstract 2. If you put a finger in each ear and say “z-z-z-z-z”, you can feel the vibrations of the _______________. A. glottis B. windpipe C. larynx D. vocal cords 3. In the word suitable, “-able” i s a _______________morpheme. A. derivational B. inflectional C. root D. stem 4. _______________is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, i.e. how words are arranged in a sentence and in what order. A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Phonology D. Semantics 5. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called _______________. A. selectional restrictions B. grammatical rules C. phrase structure rules D. phonological rules 6. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _______________ . A. clause B. speech C. utterance D. predication 7.The discovery of Indo-European began with the work of ____________, who delivered an important paper in 1786 in which he suggested that Sanskrit bore a stronger affinity to Greek and Latin. A. the British scholar Sir William Jones B. the German linguist Franz Bopp C. the Danish scholar Rasmus Rask D. the German scholar Jacob Grimm 8.The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must, in some reasonable way, interact _______________with other members of the community. A. geographically B. linguistically C. socially D. psycholinguistically 9. Th e view that human brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back _______. A. less than 1000 years B. over 2000 years C. less than 2000 years D. over 3000 years 10. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the _________system of language. A. phonological B. semantic 第 1 页