宇宙的边疆(非连续阅读及答案解析)
宇宙的边疆
材料一
因为宇宙辽阔无垠，所以那些我们所熟悉的适用于地球的量度单位——米、英里等等已经没有意义。我们用光速来量度距离。一束光每秒钟传播 18．6 万英里，约 30 万公里，也就是 7 倍于地球的周长。一束光从太阳传播到地球用 8 分钟的时间，因此我们可以说，太阳离我们 8 光分。一束光在一年之内约穿过 10 万亿公里的空间，这个单位称为 1 光年。
地球是宇宙中的一个地方，但决不是唯一的地方，也不是一个典型的地方。任何行星、恒星或星系都不可能是典型的，因为宇宙中的大部分是空的。唯一典型的地方在广袤、寒冷的宇宙真空之中，在星际空间永恒的黑夜里。相比之下，行星，恒星和星系就显得特别稀罕而珍贵。假如我们被随意搁置在宇宙之中，我们附着或旁落在一个行星上的机会只有 1
／l033。在日常生活当中，这样的机会是“令人羡慕的”。可见天体是多么宝贵。
（摘编自卡尔·萨根《宇宙的边疆》）材料二
现代大爆炸理论目前是解释宇宙起源的主流理论，它预测我们身处的这个宇宙来自于暴胀，即在宇宙大爆炸发生后的极短时间内，宇宙以指数形式膨胀。宇宙学家普遍认为，一旦开始，在宇宙中的某些区域内．它就永远不会停止。在这些区域内，量子效应会使暴胀永远进行下去。所以从整个宇宙来看，暴胀的过程是没有终点的。在这个被称作“永恒暴胀”的理论中，我们的可观测宇宙只是一个宜居的“口袋宇宙”，是一个暴胀已经停止而恒星和星系得以形成、生命得以出现的局部区域而已。
2017 年接受采访时，霍金表示：“永恒暴胀理论通常预测我们的宇宙像是一个无限的分形，其中布满被暴胀海洋分
隔开的不同的口袋宇宙。一个口袋宇宙中的物理和化学定律可能和另一个口袋宇宙中的定律完全不同，这样就共同组成了一个多重宇宙。”在采访中，霍金表示他不是多重宇宙理论的支持者，“因为如果多重宇宙中不同的宇宙太大甚至是无限大的话，这个理论不可能被检验。”
（摘编自鞠强《最后的论文：霍金没有留下确定的答案》）材料三
预言宇宙的未来当然是非常困难的。我曾经起过一个念头，要写一本题为“昨天之明天：未来历史”的书。它会是一部对未来预言的历史，几乎所有这些预言都是大错特错的；但是尽管有这些失败，科学家仍然认为他们能预言未来。
科学家相信宇宙受定义很好的定律制约，这些定律在原则上允许人们预言未来。但是定律给出的运动通常是混沌的，这意味着初始状态的微小变化会导致后续行为的快速增大
的改变。这样，人们在实际上经常只能对未来相当短的时间
作准确的预言。然而，宇宙大尺度的行为似乎是简单的，而不是混沌的。所以，人们可以预言，宇宙将永远膨胀下去呢，还是最终将会坍缩。这要按照宇宙的现有密度而定。事实上，现在密度似乎非常接近于把坍缩和无限膨胀区分开来的临
界密度。如果暴胀理论是正确的，则宇宙实际上是处在刀锋上。所以我正是继承那些巫师或预言者的良好传统，两方下赌注，以保万无一失。
（摘编自史蒂芬·霍金《宇宙的来来》）1．下列对材料相关内容的理解和分析，不正确的一项是( )
A．生活中常用的度量单位在面对浩瀚的宇宙时会失去价值，人们将速度和距离结合，创造出“光年”来度量宇宙中的距离。
B．地球处于宇宙之中，但它并不是宇宙的典型代表，行星、恒星或星系在空旷、寒冷的宇宙典型环境中数量稀少。
C．永恒暴胀理论认为，一方面人类可观测的宇宙是一个暴胀暂时停止的局部区域，另一方面，暴胀在某些区域内永不停止。
D．在霍金看来，历史上有很多科学家曾经预言过未来，但这些预言大多是错误的，尽管如此，科学家们仍然没有放弃预言未来。
2．下列对材料相关内容的概括和分析，正确的一项是( ) A．按照永恒暴胀理论进行假设，如果宇宙中的若干局部区域发生了暴胀停止，恒星、星系、生命以及宜居的“口袋宇宙”或将出现更多。
B．对宇宙未来的预言取决于宇宙的现有密度，而临界密度的事实似乎表明，暴胀理论是正确的，多重宇宙是宇宙从过去到未来的趋向。
C．霍金认为，多重宇宙理论只存在于理论层面，因为不同的定律在口袋宇宙体积不确定的情况下无法被检验，其差异
性也就难以验证。
D．定律允许人们预言未来，而初始状态微小的改变对后续行为会产生快速而巨大的影响，人们实际上不能对宇宙未来做出准确的预言。
3．围绕同一话题，三则材料在内容上各有什么侧重？请结合材料简要概括。
答案解析
1．C
2．A
3．材料一侧重介绍宇宙广袤和空洞的典型环境，材料二侧重介绍解释宇宙起源的大爆炸理论，材料三侧重介绍预言宇宙未来困难的原因。
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英语英语任务型阅读专项习题及答案解析及解析 一、英语任务型阅读 1．以下是去英国旅游的5个常见的问题，方框里是对这5个问题提出的建议，请为每一个问题选择最合适的建议，并将答案的字母编号填写在题前的括号内。 （2）Enjoy yourselves by all means. But please don't make unnecessary noise. （3）Traffic. Be careful when you cross the road. （4）It is against the law（法律） to throw away waste material in public（公共的）places. （5）If you need any kind of help, you can get in touch with the local（本地的） police station. 【答案】（1）B （2）D （3）C （4）F （5）E 【解析】【分析】 A. Always wear your most comfortable clothes when going on long journeys.当你旅行的时候，总是要穿最舒服的衣服。 B. You may not buy alcohol（酒精）in England if you are under 18 years old, nor may your friend buy it for you.如你年龄不到十八岁你不可以买酒精，你的朋友也不可以为你买。 C. The traffic moves on the left side of the road in England. Use the crossings for walking.在英国交通靠左行驶，经过十字路口步行。 D. We ask you to respect（尊重）other people who may wish to be quiet particularly （特别） at night.我们请你尊敬那些尤其在晚上希望安静的人。 E. The police will be pleased to help you.警察会乐意帮助你。 F. When you have something to throw away, please put it in your pocket or in your bag and take it home, or put it in a rubbish bin.当你有东西要扔的话，把它装进口袋里或者书包里带回家，或者扔进垃圾箱里。 （1）句意：你应该注意喝的东西。这一句和B句的低于18岁的人不允许买酒精相关，故答案是B
任务型阅读试题及答案 百度文库
一、高中英语任务型阅读 1．任务型阅读 It is now mandatory(强制) for drivers or passengers to wear seatbelts while in a car in all states. In addition, it is also mandatory for kids of be in some kind of specialized car seat. Given the strict requirements in other vehicles, why don't buses have seatbelts? The main answer, at least for school buses, is that seatbelts do not make school buses safer. Overall, traveling on school buses is the safest way to travel—40 times safer than riding in a car—with only a handful of deaths occurring to passengers on school buses every year. The seats on the school bus are placed very close to each other and have high backs that are thickly padded. As a result, in an accident the students would be propelled forward a very short distance into a padded seatback that in a way is like an airbag. In addition, the fact that people sit high off the ground on school buses also makes it safer to travel on them. While school buses feature high backed seats and elevated seating locations, the same cannot be said of city buses. However, from a practical angle, there's little need to require seatbelts on city buses. Although the design of the modern low—floor city bus is less safe than the design of school buses, the fact that city buses rarely travel at speeds greater than 35 miles per hour means that any collision is likely to be small, Also, given that most trips on city buses are short and that many trips have standing passengers, the presence of seatbelts will make even less of a difference. Another answer why buses do not have seatbelts is cost. It is estimated that adding seatbelts to buses would add between $8,000 and $15,000 to the cost of each bus. In addition, seatbelts would take up room currently used as seats, meaning that each bus would have fewer seating places. The additional room in the bus taken up by seatbelts would mean that bus fleets would have to increase by as much as 15% just to carry the same number of people. Such an increase would be especially difficult in cities that experience overcrowding on their vehicles. Regardless of whether their passengers have seatbelts, all buses provide seatbelts for drivers and most bus companies make their drivers wear seatbelts in order not to be influenced by a collision.