试谈英语研究论文写作常识

英语研究论文写作常识(仅供参考)：

I．摘要写作要点：

中心论题、研究背景、研究目的、理论支撑、研究对象、方法、步骤、样本抽取、研究发觉、研究意义。

2. APA 论文格式的摘要写作要求（供参考）

In writing the abstract, use no more than 120 words. (Remember that the whole point of abstracting is to condense.) The abstract always falls on page 2, the page after the title page. It should have a running head and page number. Center the title “Abstract” (without quotation marks) one inch from the top of the page.

The abstract should observe the following conventions:

1)Reflect accurately the purpose and content of your paper.

2)Explain briefly the central issue or problem of your paper.

3)Summarize your paper’s most important points.

4)Mention the major sources used.

5)State your conclusions clearly.

6)Be coherent so that it is easy to read.

7) Remain objective in its point of view.

II.目录写作要点：

体现论文的结构及论证过程：

Contents

Part One Introduction............................................. .................... . (1)

1.1 Research Background....（研究背景）. (1)

1.2 Theories on Language and Culture (理论与方法简要介绍) (2)

1.3 Research Purpose, Significance and Structure of the

Thesis...（研究目的、意义.及论文结

构）............................. ........

.... (2)

Part Two Kinship-term Differences in Chinese and English……… .3

2.1 Theories on Language and Culture.（理论支撑?能够独立成章）. (3)

2.1.1 Relation between Language and Culture......................... .. (4)

2.1.2 Culture at the Material, Institutional and

Psychological

Levels........................................

............................. ............

..4

2.2 Specific Kinship Terms VS. General Kinship Terms............. .. .. (6)

2.3 Extended Family VS. Nuclear Family（研究对象，样本抽取）... . (9)

Part Three Cultural Interpretation at the Three

Levels (12)

3.1 Geographical Distinction at the Material Level................ .. (12)

3.1.1 A Continental Economy...................................... ..... .. (12)

3.1.2 An Oceanic Economy................................. ......... (13)

3.2 Ethical Inclination at the Institutional Level........ .. (14)

3.2.1 Moral-Orientation in China............................... ............. . (14)

3.2.2 Law-Orientation in Western Countries......... . (15)

3.3 Spiritual Support at the Psychological Level........ .. (16)

3.3.1 Confucianism: a Hierarchical

Doctrine....... .. (16)

3.3.2 Christianity: an Equal Conception..（论证）....... . (17)

Part Four Conclusion....（研究发觉）............................ .................. ..19 Notes.................................................... ....................... .......................... .21 Bibliography............................................. ....... . (22)

Acknowledgements.................................. .. (24)

Appendix................................................. ... . (25)

III．正文写作要点：（The text）

1． Introduction

The introduction may contain a few paragraphs,

including:

1） Defining your specific topic；

2） Suggesting the significance of your research；

3） Developing a brief discussion of relevant literature on the topic;

4） Historical background；

5） Stating your position to establish the direction of the study to point towards your conclusions；

6）Briefly introducing each part of your thesis；

（注意：要紧是提出问题和观点；关于上述的引言要点和叙述顺序能够依照情况灵活运用）

2. Body

A logical development of your outline subdivisions and requires orderly presentation of ideas, well-developed arguments and proper documentation, which together guarantee unity, coherence, clarity and accuracy of your paper with a thorough analysis, bringing a conclusion from known facts, premises, data, etc.

3. Conclusion

Focus on your topic, a summary of your whole thesis or restatement of your thesis, but it is not a simple repetition, but a concise well-organized conclusion in theory, including statement of the subject’s significance, to let readers know the value of your study; put forward a solution of a problem, etc.

(Remember to avoid additional ideas, irrelevant information, or asking questions that raise new issues，etc．注意：在结论部分，幸免提出论文以外的观点，不相干内容、问题等)

IV．Documentation and Bibliography

1. Basic concepts

1）D ocumentation:

Documentation refers to furnishing the paper with exact references to authoritative supporting information．All academic papers should be well documented to credit each and every source material that is borrowed or referred to in the

text．

Documentation consists of two parts in different forms: in-text documentation and extra-text documentation；the former taking the form of in-text citation or in-text numbering，while the latter taking the form of notes and a bibliography attached to the text as integral parts．2）I n-text citation

In-text citation means quoting or mentioning in the text other source materials (put in parentheses) as evidence to the paper writer’s ideas or arguments on certain issues．3）I n-text numbering

In-text numbering means referring to the source materials by superscript (Arabic) numerals arranged consecutively within the text, which are always supplemented by footnotes or endnotes．

4）N otes

Notes are brief comments or explanations or references giving evidence or support to the paper writer’s arguments in the text．They may be classified into documentation notes

and content notes according to their meanings or functions，footnotes and endnotes according to their locations．As mentioned above, notes may be divided into documentation notes and content notes according to their functions, or footnotes and endnotes according to their locations．Footnotes and endnotes are both used in the traditional style of documentation, but as endnotes are more manageable to the paper writer and less distracting to the reader，they are preferable to footnotes and are quite popular with university students in their academic research paper writing. Both footnotes and endnotes must match the numbering of in-text citations．

Notes provide the following items of information about the source materials, and are put in the given order．

a. Name(s) of the author(s) (Given names precede family

names for Western authors whereas family names precede given names for Chinese authors)；

b. Title of the cited article／poem／story／chapter／

section of a book (in quotation marks)；

c. Title of the cited book／journal／periodical／magazine

／newspaper (in italics if printed or underlined if handwritten／typed)；

d. Name(s) of the editor(s) (preceded by “ed.”)，

translator(s) (preceded by “trans.”)，or compiler(s) (preceded by “comp.”);

e. Edition of the book；

f. Number of volumes of a book if all the volumes are cited；

g. Place of publication followed by a colon，name of the

publisher followed by a comma, and date of publication (all together put in parentheses)；

h. Volume number if the reference is a multi-volume work；

i. Page number(s), with “page(s)” abbreviated to “p.”

／“pp. ” followed by a space and the number or the hyphenated numbers (e.g. pp. 10-20)

Rules for the numbering of in-text citations

a. In-text citations are numbered consecutively beginning with．

b. The number is put right after the part of the sentence where the citation ends．

c. Superscript Arabic numerals are used．

d. The number is put after all punctuation marks．

5) Documentation notes

They are brief notes that acknowledge the source materials borrowed in the text，mostly taking the form of in-text citation, especially in the MLA style and the APA style．But they may also be listed at the bottom of the page or at the end of the paper in the traditional style of documentation．

6)Content notes

Content notes are put either at the bottom of the page as footnotes, or at the end of the paper as endnotes. They provide whatever supplementary information needed to reinforce evidence or clarify the sources referred to in the text, giving matters related to the research, explaining some point of view, offering statistics, acknowledging assistance or

support, etc.

For example：

a.“Australia’S Folk Songs”，Twentieth Century：An

Australian Quarterly Review, Vol．1，No．1．

(Specifying the source)

b. A phrase used by literary and social critic

A．A．Philips in his article，“The Cultural

Cringe，”Meanjin，IV．1 950，to describe a sense of

inferiority felt by Australian writers and artists

when faced with ‘‘the intimidating mass of

Anglo-Saxon culture”．

(Giving explanation)

c. See J．D．Lang，Transportation and Colonization，

etc．London，1837，pp．iv- vi：R．Therry，Reminiscences，

etc．，London，1863，p．146；and T．Potter Macqueen，

Australia As She Is and As She May Be，London，1840，

p．17．

(Giving related matters)

d. For details of the Gardiner’s“case”and its