音译汉翻译

1 The transistor is what started the evolution of the modern computer industry in motion.

晶体管开启了现代电脑工业的革命

2 The storage cell only requires one capacitor and one transistor, whereas a flip-flop connected in an array requires 6 transistors.

存储单元仅需要一个电容和晶体管，并而不像触发器整列那样需要6个晶体管

3 There hase been a never ending series of new op amps released each year since then, and their performance and reliability has improved to the point where present day op amps can be used for analog applications by anybody.

从此以后每年都有新系列的运放发布，他们的性能和可靠性得到了提升，如今任何人都能用运放来设计模拟电路。

4 This is capable of very high speed conversion and thus can accommodate high sampling rates, but in its basic form is very power hungry.

它具有高速转换能力，从而能适应高速采样速率，但它的基本形式非常耗电。

5 During the “on” period , energy is being stored within the core material of the inductor in the form of flux.

在”on”阶段，能量以涌浪形式存储在电感的核芯材料里面

6 The design goal of frequency synthesizers is to replace multiple oscillators in a system, and hence reduce board space and cost.

频率合成器的设计目标是取代系统中多个振荡器，从而减小板卡面积和成本。7 The faster clock rates and rise times increase both capacitive and inductive coupling effects, which makes crosstalk problems greater.

时钟和上升沿时间越快，将增强电容和电感耦合效应，从而导致串扰问题越严重

8 What allowed the creation of modern processors was the invention of the integrated circuit, which is a group of transistors manufactured from a single piece of material and connected together internally , without extra wiring.

使得现代处理器能够制造的因素是集成电路的发明，集成电路是一组制造在单块材料上的晶体管，他们在芯片内部相互连接而不需要外部连线。

9 It can function as a line driver , comparator ,amplifier, level shifter, oscillator, filter, signal conditioner, actuator driver, current source, voltage source, and etc.

它能用于线性驱动器，比较器，放大器，电平转换器，振荡器，滤波器，信号调理，电磁驱动器，电流，电压源等。

10 If we were to now digitally filter this sampled signal, we could remove approximately 3/4 of the noise, increasing the signal to noise ratio by a factor of 4 or 6dB.

如果我们用数字滤波方法处理采样信号，我们能去除大约3/4的噪音，把信噪比提高4到6分贝。

1、Many of the products and services in modern society are based upon the work of electrical engineers and computer scientists. The tremendous reduction over the last decade in the cost of digital electronic devices has led to an explosive growth in the use of computers and computation. At the same time, out increased

understanding of computer science has made possible the development of new software systems of increased power, sophistication, and flexibility.

现在社会的许多产品和服务都是建立在电器工程师和计算机科学家的工作基础之。在过去几十年中，数字电子器件成本的大幅下降已经带来了计算机应用迅猛的增长。与此同时，人们对计算机科学认识的提高是的开发新的更强大，更复杂，更灵活的软件成为可能。

2、It is extremely hard to define dynamic range (DR) for an op amp, so let's start with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC)where DR is an defined as the ratio of the maximum output voltage to the smallest output voltage the DAC can produce.

由于很难定义运算放大器的“动态范围”（DR），因此先给“数模转换器”（DAC）的动态范围下定义。 DAC的动态范围就是起最大输出电压和最小输出电压之比。

3、The available spectrum bandwidth is shared in number of ways by various wireless radio links. The way in which this is done is referred to as a multiple access scheme.there are basically four principle schemes. These are frequency division multiple access(FDMA), time division multiple access(TDMA), code division multiple access(CDMA), and space division multiple access(SDMA) 不同的无限射频链路以不同的方式公用频谱带宽。这些共用方式称为“多址模式”“频分多址”（FDMA）、“时分多址”（TDMA）、“码分多址”（CDMA)和“空分多址”（SDMA)是四种主要的多址模式。

4、Use of custom gate array logic, application specific integrated circuits(ASICs),ball grid arrays (BGAs), multichip modules(MCMs) and digital devices operating in the subnanosecond range present new and challenging opportunities for EMC engineers.

定制门阵陈列逻辑、专用集成电路、秋栅阵列、多芯片模块和呀纳米数字器件的使用为电磁兼容工程师提供了新的挑战性机遇。

5、Some digital logic IC and their and their analog counterplots(analog/digital converters,for example) are standard parts, or standard IC. You can select standard IC from catalogs and data books and buy them from distributors. Systems manufacturers and designers can use the same standard part in a variety of different microelectrionic systems( systems that use microelectronic or IC)有些数字逻辑集成电路和模拟电路（如模数转换器）是标准器件或者标准集成点路。可以从产品目录和数据手册当中选择标准集成电路，从经销商处购买。系统制造商和设计人员可以在各种不同的微电子系统（“微电子系统”是指应用微电子技术和集成电路的系统）中使用相同的标准器件。1、In November 1971, Intel introduced the world's first commercial microprocessor, the 4004, invented by three Intel engineers. Primitive by today's standards, it contained a mere 2300 transistors and performed about 6000calculations in a second. Today, the microprocessor is the most complex mass-produced product ever, with millions of transistors performing hundreds of millions of calculations each second.

1971年11月，英特尔公司的三位工程师发明了世界上受骗商用未处理器4004.以今天的标准看，4004是比较简单的。它仅包含2300个晶体管，在一秒内可执行约60000次运算。今天微处理器是最复杂的大量生产产品。它

包含几百万个晶体管，一秒中可完成数亿次运算。

2、The same definition of DR can be used for an op amp. And the maximum output voltage swing equals VOUTMAX. This output voltage swing is defined as the maximum output voltage the op amp can achieve(VOH) minus the minimum output voltage the op amp can achieve (VOL).VOH and VOL ate easily obtainable from an op amp IC data sheet.

这个“动态范围”的定义也可以用于运算放大器，器最大输出电压摆幅为VOUTMAX输出电压摆幅定义为运算放大器能达到的最大输出电压减去嘴子输出电压。从运放集成电路数据手册中，可以很容易获得VOL和VOH

3、A resistor at high frequency acts like a series combination of inductance with the resistor in parallel with a capacitor. A capacitor at high frequency acts like an inductor and resistor in series combination with the capacitor plates.

工作在高频的电阻表现为电感和并联的电阻、电容之间的级联。工作在高频的电容表现为电感、电阻和电容的级联。

4、The area served by mobile phone systems is divided into small areas known as cells. Each cell contains a base station that communication with mobiles in the cell by transmitting and receiving signals on radio links. The transmission from the base station to a mobile is typically referred to as downstream, forwardlink, or downlink. The corresponding terms for the transmission from a mobile to the base are upstream reverse-link, and uplink. Each bade station is associated with a mobile to the base ate upstream. Reverse-link, and uplink. Each base station is associated with a mobile switching center(MSC) that connects calls to and from the base to mobiles in other cells and the public switched telephone network.

移动电话系统的服务区划分为一个个“蜂窝”小区。每隔“蜂窝”小区都有一座基站；通过在无线链路上发送、接受信号，基站和“蜂窝”内移动用户通信。基站向移动用户发送信号称作“前向链路”或“下行链路”。移动用户向基站发送信号称作“反向链路”或“上行链路”。每个基站都要和“移动交换中心”联络，而MSC的作用是把来往于基站的呼叫和其他蜂窝的移动用户、公共交换电话网连接起来。

5、An ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is a chip that is custom designed for a specific application rather than a general-purpose chip such as a microprocessor. The use of ASICs improves performance over general-purpose CPUs. Because ASIC are "hardwired" to do a specific job and do not incur the overhead of fetching and interpreting stored instructions. An ASIC chip performs an electronic operation as fast as it is possible to do so, providing, of

course, that the circuit design is efficiently constructed

“专用集成电路”不是微处理器这样的通用芯片，而是一种为特殊用途设计的定制芯片。和通用CPU相比，使用专用集成电路可以提高性能。因为专用集成电路是使用硬连线完胜距离工作的，并不需要为取指令和解释指令付出开销。专用集成电路芯片能够以尽可能快的速度完成一项电子操作；当然，器电路设计应该具有搞笑的结构。

1、The primary reason for processing real-world signals is to extract information from them. This information normally exists in the form of signal amplitude(absolute or relative),frequency or spectral content, phase, or timing relationships with respect to other signals. Once the desired information is extracted from the signal, it may be uses in a number of ways.

“提取信息”是对现实世界信号进行处理的主要原因。通常，信息的存在在形式是信号幅度（绝对幅度或相对幅度）、频率（或频谱成分、相位（或者和其他信号之间的时序关系）。一旦把有用信息从信号中提取出来，就能以多种方式使用这些信息。

2、The term octave means a factor of two in frequency. On the piano, one octave comprises eight white keys, accounting for the name(octo is Latin for eight). In other word, the piano's frequency doubles after every seven white keys, and the entire keyboard spans a little over seven octaves. The range of human hearing is generally quoted as 20Hz to 20KHz, corresponding to about 1/2xoctave to the left, and two octaves to the right of the piano keyboard.

Octave ("八度音阶”或“倍频程”是指频率上的两倍关系。在钢琴上，一个“八度音阶”包括八个白的琴键，这就是octave 得名的原因（在拉丁文中，octo代表“八”）换句话说，每隔七个白色琴键之后，钢琴的频率就加倍，而整个键盘跨越了七个多一点的“八度音阶”。通常认为人类听了范围在20Hz到20KHz之间，这两个频率分别对应与钢琴键盘左边约1/2“八度”处的频率和钢琴键盘右边两个“八度”处的频率。

3、The three-dimensional world is imaged by the lens of the human eye onto the retina, which is populated with photoreceptor cells that respond to light having wavelengths in the range of about 400nm to 700nm. In an imaging system, we build a camera having a lens and a photosensitive device, to mimic how the world is perceived by vision.

通过人眼成像系统，三维世界成像在视网膜上。视网膜上遍布着光接受细胞，这些细胞对400~700nm的光有反应。在成像系统当中，我们用镜头和光敏器件组成照相机来模拟人类视觉观察世界的方式。

4、Hardware means machinery and equipment (CPU, disks, tapes, modem, cables, etc.). In operation, a computer is both hardware and software. One is useless without the other. The hardware design specifies the commands it can follow, and the instructions tell it what to do.

"硬件”就是机器和设备（如处理器，磁盘，磁带，调制解调器和电缆等）。计算机在运行时需要硬件，也需要软件，没有了哪一个都不行。硬件设计制定可计算机能够遵循的指令，而指令告诉计算机该做什么。

5、The term"wave"can be defined as a pattern of varying quantitative value that repeats over some interval of time. Waves are common in nature : sound waves, brain waves, ocean waves, light waves, voltage waves, and many more. All are periodically repeating phenomena. Signal sources are usually concerned with producing electrical(typically voltage) waves that repeat in a controllable manner.

"波”可以被定义为每隔一段时间重复出现的、由变化树枝构成的曲线。在自然界中，波是很常见的——如声波、脑电波、海浪、光波和电压波形等——这都是周期性出现的现象。信号源通常产生重复出现可控的电气波形。

1、Another requirement for signal processing is to compress the frequency content of the signal(without losing significant information )then format and transmit the information at lower data rates, thereby achieving a reduction in required channel bandwidth. High speed ,modems and adaptive pulse code modulation systems (ADPCM)make extensive use of date reduction algorithms, as do digital mobile radio systems, MPEG recording and playback, and High Definition Television (HDTV)

信号处理还可以满足以下需求：在不损失重要信息的前提下，对信号的频率成分进行压缩、赋予新的格式并以低数据率进行传输，从而减小可用带宽。和数字移动射频系统、MPEG录放设备和高清晰度电视一样，在告诉调制解调器和“子适应差分脉冲调制系统”ADPCM中也大量使用数据压缩算法。

2、In computing, a display is described by the count of pixels across the width and height of the image. Conventional television would be denoted 633*483, which indicates 483 picture lines. But any display system involves some scanning overhead, so the total number of lines in the raster of conventional video is necessarily greater than 483

在计算机领域，显示器用图像宽、高方向上的像素进行描述。常规电视表示644*483，这以为这483条图像线。不过，显示系统都包含一些用于扫描的开销；因此，常规视频扫描的总线数一定大于483

3、Firmware is a category of memory chips that hold their content without electrical power and include ROM,PROM, EPROM and EEPROM technologies. Firmware becomes"hard software"when holding program code.

固件是无需电源而能保存内容的存储芯片，包括ROM、PROM、EPROM 和EEPROM。在存储了程序代码之后，过肩就成为一种硬的软件。

4、Waveforms have many characteristic but their key properties pertain to amplitude, frequency, and phase. The amplitude, frequency, and phase characteristic of waveform are the building blocks a signal source use to optimize waveforms for almost any application.

“数字多用表”是一种用来测量电学量（电压、电流、电阻）的仪表。“数字多用表”的用途广泛、形状多样、尺寸各异。“模拟多用表”在音质刻度上移动指针来现实结果。虽然指针移动有利于显示渐进的变化，但精确度却不如数字显示。“数字多用表”在数字液晶读出器或者发光二极管读出器上现实精确的测量结果。

5、An oscilloscope is a test instrument that displays electronic signals (waves and pulses) on a screen. It creates its own time base against which signals can be measured.

“示波器”是一种在屏幕上显示电信好（波形和脉冲）的测量仪器。“示波器”能够产生“时基”用来进行信号测量

1、differential signals are those that use two commentary paths carrying copies of the same signal in equal and opposite polarity (relative to ground).

差分信号是指使用两路互补通道的信号。两路互补通道分别以正反极性传输同一个信号。

2、A real-time system is a computer system that response to input signals fast enough to keep an operation moving at its required speed.

“实时系统”是这样一种计算机系统：它能够对输入信号快速响应来维持所需的处理速度

3、The JPEG(Joint Photographic Experts Group) is used for compressing

continuous-tone still pictures. JPEG was developed by photographic experts working under the joint auspices of ITU, ISO and IEC.

JPEG(联合图像专家组）用来对连续色调静止图像进行压缩。JPEG是由ITU、ISO和IEC共同支持的图像专家开发出来的。

4、The noise is an extraneous signal that invades an electrical transmission.it can come from strong electrical or magnetic signals in nearby lines, from poorly fitting electrical contacts, and from power line spikes.

“噪声”是一种侵入到电气传输中的无关信号。“噪声”来源可能是附近电线的强电磁信号、匹配欠佳的电气连接和电力线尖锋信号。

5、Digital signal processing is an essential element of countless home and business systems. Its domain can only increase as time proceeds. Thus , DSP is becoming an essential area of expertise for technologists and engineers

数字信号处理是无数家用和商用系统的关键部分，其应用领域与日俱增。因此，DSP正在成为技术专家和工程师专业知识的重要组成部分之一。6、Rise and fall time are measures of the time it takes the signal edge to make a transition from on state to another. In modern digital circuitry, these values are usually several nanoseconds.

“上升时间”和下降时间是指信号边沿进行状态转换所用的时间。在现代数字电路中，器数值通常是几个纳秒。

7、Real-Time Operation System is an operating system designed for use in a real-tome computer system.

“实时操作系统”是专为“实时计算机系统”设计的操作系统。

8、As high-speed digital systems become more complex, it is becoming increasingly difficult to mange timings and signal integrity

随着高速数字系统变得越来越复杂，时序和信号完整性的实现也越来越困难。

9、In digital designs the occurrence of crosstalk is very widespread. Crosstalk will whenever the electromagnetic fields from different structures interact

在数字系统中，串扰是非常普遍的。在芯片上、印制电路版上、芯片封装

上和连接电缆上都可以出现串扰。

10、These are several reasons to use Flash memory instead of a hard disk: Flash memory allows faster access. It is noiseless, lighter and smaller in size and has no moving parts.

不用硬盘而采用闪存的理由有好几个：闪存的存取速度更快、不产生噪声、重量更轻、尺寸更小、而且没有活动的部件

1、Microprocessors ate the brains of your personal computer. Here on this tiny silicon chip are millions of switches and pathways that help your computer make important decisions and perform helpful tasks. And microprocessors don't just think for computers-you might find a processor in many other everyday items like your telephone or car.

微处理器是个人计算机的神经中枢。在这个小小的硅片上集成了数以百万的开关和数据通路，它们帮助计算机做出重要的决定和完成有意义的任务。但微处理器不是只为计算机而设计的。人们可以在电话、汽车等许多日常物品中发现处理器。

2、The Chebyshev equal ripple filter distributes the roll-off across the whole passband. It introduces more ripples in the passband but provides a sharper roll-off in the transition region. This type of filter has poorer transient and step responses due to its higher Q values in the stages of the tilter

切比雪服等波纹滤波器的频域滚降分布在整个通带范围内。其通带内波纹较多、而过渡区的滚降比较陡峭。引起在滤波过程中的Q值较高，切比雪服等波纹滤波器的暂态响应和阶跃响应较差。

3、SPICE( Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) is a program widely used to simulate the performance of analog electronic systems and mixed mode analog and digital systems. SPICE solves sets of non-linear differential equations in the frequency domain, steady state and time domain and can simulate the behaviour of transistor and gate designs.

SPICE（侧重集成电路的仿真程序）是一个广泛用于模拟电路混合电路仿真的程序。SPICE解决了多组建立在频域、稳态和时域的非线性方程，从而能够对晶体管和门电路的设计行为进行模拟

4、In TDMA and FDMA systems a frequency channel used in a cell is not used in adjacent cells to prevent co-channel interference. In a CDMA system it is possible to use the same frequency channel in adjacent cells and thus increase the system capacity

在TDMA和FDMA系统中，为了防止信道间干扰，某个蜂窝小区使用感动额频道不会被临近蜂窝小区使用。在CDMA系统中，可以在临近蜂窝小区中使用相同频率，从而增加了系统容量。

5、A soft core is a block of logic for a particular function that is designed to be implemented in a programmable logic chip (PLD)or on a programmable section of a microcontroller chip or system on a chip (Sock).depending on the vendor, the logic can come as schematic ,netlist of HDL code. Soft cores may be implemented with hard cores on a chip. “软核”是在可变成逻辑芯片上或在微控器、片上系统的可编程部分实现的。根据生产商的不同，逻辑功能可能以原理图、网表或者硬件描述语言代码的形式提供。软核可以用芯片上的硬核来实现。

periodically repeating phenomena. Signal sources are usually concerned with producing electrical(typically voltage) waves that repeat in a controllable manner.

1、Many systems operate at high frequencies at which conductors no longer behave as simple wires, but instead exhibit high-frequency effects and behave as transmission lines. If there transmission lines are not handled properly, they can unintentionally ruin system timing.

许多系统功过在高频上，导体在这些频率上不再仅仅表芯为导线，而是展现出高频效应并表现为传输线。如果没有正确处理这些传输线，就可能在无意中破坏了系统时序。

2、Memory can be split into two main categories: Volatile and nonvolatile. Volatile memory loses its content when the system is powered off, most types of RAM fall into this category. Nonvolatile memory does not lose its data when the system or device is tuned off

存储器可以分为两大类“易失的和非易失的。易失存储器在系统掉电后就丢失了其存储内容。非易失存储器系统或者器件掉电之后不会丢失数据。

3、Ohm's law is stated as V=IR, and it is fundamental to all electronic. Ohm's law can be applied to a single component, to any group of components, or to a complete circuit,when the current flowing through any portion of a circuit is known, the voltage dropped across that portion of the circuit is obtained by multiplying the current times the resistance.

在电子技术各领域中，欧姆定律都是基本定律。欧姆定律可表述为V=IR。欧姆定律可应用于单个器件、一组器件或一个完整电路。当已知流过电路中个部分的电流时，其电压降可有电阻和电流的乘积获得。4、The same definition of DR can be used for an op amp. And the maximum output voltage swing equals VOUTMAX. This output voltage swing is defined as the maximum output voltage the op amp can achieve(VOH) minus the minimum output voltage the op amp can achieve (VOL).VOH and VOL ate easily obtainable from an op amp IC data sheet.

5、A video system conveys image data in the form of a component that represents brightness, and two other components that represent color. It is important to convey the brightness component in such a way that noise introduced in transmission processing, and storage has a perceptually similar effect across the entire tone scale from black to white.

视频系统采用一个亮度分量和两个四菜分量的形式传送图像数据。亮度分量的传输是很重要的；因为在传输、处理和存储过程中引入的噪声也会引起和亮度相似的感知效应，而且覆盖整个“从黑到白”的范围。

1、It is extremely hard to define dynamic range (DR) for an op amp, so let's start with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC)where DR is an defined as the ratio of the maximum output voltage to the smallest output voltage the DAC can produce.

2、The primary reason for processing real-world signals is to extract information from them. This information normally exists in the form of signal amplitude(absolute or relative),frequency or spectral content, phase, or timing

relationships with respect to other signals. Once the desired information is extracted from the signal, it may be uses in a number of ways.

3、In computing, a display is described by the count of pixels across the width and height of the image. Conventional television would be denoted 633*483, which indicates 483 picture lines. But any display system involves some scanning overhead, so the total number of lines in the raster of conventional video is necessarily greater than 483

4、Digital signal processing is an essential element of countless home and business systems. Its domain can only increase as time proceeds. Thus , DSP is becoming an essential area of expertise for technologists and engineers

数字信号处理是无数家用和商用系统的关键部分，其应用领域与日俱增。因此，DSP正在成为技术专家和工程师专业知识的重要组成部分之一。

英语汉译英翻译

Unit 1 1.餐饮行业与电影行业的共同之处在于其小型企业的失败率很高。 The restaurant industry has one thing in common with the film industry: the high failure rate among its small business. 2.他的伟大在于他具有非凡的能力，集科学家和实业家的品质于一身。 His greatness lies in his outstanding ability to connect the qualities of a scientist with those of an industrialist. 3.像工作单位取代居住地一样，我们的种族身份已被职业身份所取代。这一现象在流动作业的行业中表现得尤为明显。 We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity, the way we replaced neighborhoods with workplace, which is quite obvious among the mobile professions. 4.显然，任何一家大公司的老板都不可能事事亲力亲为，需要找一些方法把他们的理念传达给他人。 Plainly, in any large enterprise the boss cannot be directly involved in everything, and some means have to be found to transfer his belief to others. 5.没有任何人愿意再过那种自己无法控制、要别人认可、任人摆布的日子了。No one was willing to experience the feeling of being out of control and dependent on someone else’s approval, at someone else’s mercy. 6.人们渴望一种成就感，渴望有能力凭自己的手、自己的脑、自己的意志办成事情。 The human being longs for a sense of accomplishment, and being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind and with his will. 7.政府希望通过大量出售资产来弥补损失。 The government hopes that the sale of a chunk of its assets will help make up for its lose. 8.现代社会里人们的身份更多地由他们所从事的职业，而不是他们所生活的社区来界定。

针对藏汉翻译中多义词的翻译

针对藏汉翻译中多义词的翻译发表时间：2018-11-03T15:20:01.390Z 来源：《中国教师》2018年12月刊作者：欧珠[导读] 多义词是我们日常学习交流中常常会用到的词语，这类词语运用到不同的语境中有着不同的意义，通常情况下，对于本民族的人来说，能够非常清楚的区分多义词在不同语境中的意义，但是在进行藏汉翻译的过程中，如果忽视了语句的整体而单纯的针对词进行翻译的话，就可能导致翻译出来的语句与原语句不符，影响人们之间的学习沟通。本文就对藏汉翻译中多义词的翻译进行分析。欧珠西藏日喀则市定日县第二中学 858200 【摘要】多义词是我们日常学习交流中常常会用到的词语，这类词语运用到不同的语境中有着不同的意义，通常情况下，对于本民族的人来说，能够非常清楚的区分多义词在不同语境中的意义，但是在进行藏汉翻译的过程中，如果忽视了语句的整体而单纯的针对词进行翻译的话，就可能导致翻译出来的语句与原语句不符，影响人们之间的学习沟通。本文就对藏汉翻译中多义词的翻译进行分析。【关键词】藏汉翻译；多义词；翻译；辨析中图分类号：G633.67 文献标识码：A 文章编号：ISSN1672-2051 （2018）12-133-01 引言：在藏汉翻译的过程中，多义词的翻译是最为困难的一项内容，如果在翻译的过程中没有正确的运用多义词的意思，就会导致翻译出现语义上的偏差，出现翻译错误。要想提高藏汉翻译的准确性，就需要针对多义词进行研究，全面的掌握多义词，在真正的了解的基础上才能提高翻译的水平与准确性。 1多义词简述简单的说，多义词就是指一个词语有不同的含义，当它所处的环境不同的时候，代表着不同的意义，这类词通常都会有一个普遍存在的基本意义。比如词语：积极，它在不同的语句中就有不同的翻译形式，比如：“带来的积极影响”，在这其中就是指好的，正面的意思，由一件事情或者是一个人带给被人的启发从而引发的一系列行为；“激发参与的积极性”这里就是指主动、努力的意思，通过一定的手段能够让人们主动的加入到活动之中。在多义词的运用过程中，一定要重视结合情境语境来运用，通常在一个语境下多义词也只体现其中一层的意思。多义词运用在文学中，可以通过结合文章内容来运用本意、引申义等，在不同的语境下代表着不同的意思；多义词运用在实际生活中，常常需要结合现实情况去考量说话者的意图，往往有更深层含义的表达。 2藏汉翻译中多义词的翻译 2.1根据语句中词所表达的词类确定词义从词语所表达的词类来确定词义，首先要判断其在原句中属于哪类词语，然后再选择合适的译词。比如“代表”一词，在词典中解释为三种意义，即：代替某个人或者集体去发表意见或担任工作；能显示同一类事务共同特征的人或事物；作为某种质量或抽象概念的典型体现。①小明作为学生代表参加了毕业演讲会。②小明代表小李来参加了毕业晚会。③这本绘画集是他的代表作品。④他的作品代表了那个时代的风尚。在四个句子中，①中的“代表”是一个名词，是能显示同一类事务共同特征的人或物；②中的“代表”是动词，指代替执行任务、行使权利的意思；③和④中的“代表”是阐明、展示的意思，即作为某种质量或抽象概念的典型体现。再比如，“积极”一词，其在词典中解释为四种意义，即：跟“消极”相对的肯定的、正面的、促进发展意思，多用于抽象事物；跟“消极”相对的努力进取的、热心的意思。①在这件事情中我们要看到积极的一面。②要将员工们的工作积极性调动起来。③我们可以看到，小明在这件事情中表现出的态度是积极的。④广大群众积极参与到大生产运动中。在四个例句中，“积极”一词作为多义词被运用在多个语境中，在①中解释为“正面的、肯定的”，是形容词；在②中是“努力、进取”的意思；在③中是也是“正面的、肯定的、有利于事物发展的”，并结合语境带有“真诚”的含义；④中作为动词，并带有“自愿、自觉”的深层含义。由此看见，在进行藏汉翻译时要根据上下文的语境来对词语进行分析分类，通过协调整体与局部间的关系，从词语的结构和语法结构方面来选择适合语境的词语解译。 2.2根据言语行为发生的语言环境确定词义多义词在特定的环境中会有特定的含义，因此在实际翻译中要结合上下文语境，并结合言语行为的发生来判断词义，以此来选择适合的译词。比如“先进”一词，其在词典中的解释为：前辈；首先仕进；犹先行；位于前列，可为表率；先进性，首先创造、规定，使用物品、制度、行为等，并为人们认可、学习、推广和遵守。①我们要学先进，赶先进。②先进于礼乐，野人也。③或无声而至矣，或先进以道之。 ④先进人物。首先对①中“先进”的理解要与之搭配的对象来进行分析，其“赶”作为动词与“先进”搭配是“追”的意思，因此“先进”的意思是已经确定的表率、规则的意思；②中的“先进”为“前辈”的意思；3中解释为“犹先行”；④中与①1句大致相同，即为“表率”的意思。因此可以看出多义词在不同语境中受到与之搭配的对象的约束也会产生不同的含义，在实际翻译过程中要特别注意这一点，要通过对语言行为进行分析来明确词义。结语：通过上述的分析我们可以知道，在进行藏汉翻译的过程中，对于多义词的翻译是最为重要的部门。这就需要翻译人员不仅能够对于多义词有一个正确而全面的认识，还能够通过结合语境正确的判断采用哪种意思来进行翻译，避免产生错误翻译，给人带来不好的体验。在进行多义词的搭配的过程中，一定要注重联系上下文，保持语句通顺，语义相同。参考文献： [1]浅谈当前藏汉语言的关系及和谐发展的对策[J]. 顿珠次仁,德吉. 西藏科技. 2013(02). [2]藏汉民族的文化差异对翻译的影响[J]. 尼玛卓玛. 文学教育(中). 2012(07).

英语翻译--英汉互译中的谚语巧合(1)

英语翻译--英汉互译中的谚语巧合（1）来源：翻译界浏览次数：717 添加时间：2008-4-28 1.After meat, mustard; after death, doctor . 雨后送伞 Explanation: this describes a situation where assistance or comfort is given when it is too late. Example: just as I had cancelled my application to go abroad, I had a promise of money for my fare. It was a case of fter death, the doctor. 2. After praising the wine they sell us vinegar. 挂羊头卖狗肉 Explanation: to offer to give or sell something that is inferior to what you claim it to be. Example: that fellow completely misled us about what he was capable of doing. After praising the wine, he sold us vinegar. 3. All is over but the shouting. 大势已去 Explanation: finally decided or won; brought to the end; not able to be changed. Example: after Bill’s to uch down, the game is all over but shouting. 4. All lay load on the willing horse. 人善被人欺，马善被人骑 Explanation: a willing horse is someone who is always doing things for others. Very often the implication is that others impose on him. Examples: the trouble is you're too good-natured and people take advantage of it. all lay load on the willing horse. You will have to learn to refuse people who ask too much. 5.anger and haste hinder good counsel. 小不忍则乱大谋 Explanation: one can not act wisely when one is angry or in a hurry. Example: you should calm down before you decide the next move. Anger and haste hinder good counsel. 6. As poor as a church mouse

日汉翻译技巧

日汉翻译技巧之新究摘要:谚语承载着丰富的文化内涵,它与民族特定的地理环境、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、历史背景和道德观念等都有着千丝万缕的关系。日本的谚语显示了浓厚的民族文化特色。谚语翻译则是传达寓意,传播文化的桥梁。而翻译中的“注释”是译者实现其翻译目的不可缺少的一种手段,是翻译中的一个重要的组成部分。但是,从翻译实践来看,翻译“注释”策略运用不当,难免导致当注不注、繁简失度、注犹不注的现象。因此,我们在翻译日语谚语时应了解其文化内涵及中日两国文化差异,灵活、准确地运用“注释”翻译策略,使“注释”技巧在翻译中发挥其特有的作用。关键词:日汉文化注释翻译 1 日语谚语所体现的社会文化生活 1.1 表现日本气象及自然环境的谚语日本的谚语中表现气象方面及自然环境的谚语很多,这一方面可能是跟日本的天气富于变化及日本的自然环境优美,四季分明有关。因此激发了日本人珍爱自然,对大自然讴歌赞美的情怀。在大量的日本谚语中反映了这种情绪。总结出大量生活观念、教训。关于天气的有: 朝曇りは大日のもと雨の夜あがり明日は雨蟻が高いところに集まると雨关于动物的有: 猫は三年の恩を三日で忘れる浅みに鯉猫は長者の生まれ変わり关于植物的有: 六日の菖蒲十日の菊蕎麦の花も一盛り青菜に塩 1.2 传递社会经验、发人深省的“社会谚” 除了反映天气和自然现象的谚语之外,日本的谚语中很多还传递了社会经验、耐人寻味的“社会谚”。这些谚语告诉人们在社会中为人处世的方法以及如何丰富人们的生活知识,如何开阔眼界。从这些谚语中明显地反映了日本人的世界观和价值观。比如: 己の欲せざる所は人に施すなかれ可愛い子には旅をさせよ三人よれば門殊の知恵 1.3 反映日本宗教信仰的谚语日本宗教信仰自由,同时又是个信仰无常观的国度。古代的日本人受儒教及佛教等思想的影响,形成了淡泊,无常的国民性格。这些性格使日本人在对待人生,处事方面显得尤为明显。在日本那种独具个性,不达目的不罢休的行为得不到周围人的认可。在日本人的思想、行为、生活中儒教给予他们的影响也是非常之大。而神道是日本本土的教义,也影响了日本人的生活方式及思想。儒教的仁爱,神道的调和以及佛教的行善治恶,因果报应这种思想对日本人的生活态度产生了极大地影响。从日语的谚语中也得到了很好的体现:

英语(汉译英)

公交常用英语一、常用词语： 1、公共汽车 Bus 巴斯 2、出租车 Taxi 太克sei 3、电车 Trolleybus 超类巴斯 4、您好 Hello / How do you do. 好度有度 5、劳驾或请问 Excuse me…… A科斯Q私密 6、抱歉或对不起 Sorry 扫瑞 7、对不起打扰了 I’m sorry to trouble you 阿姆扫瑞兔揣宝有 8、谢谢 Thank you / Thanks 9、没关系 Not at all / It doesn’t matter 闹特爱特奥/ A特大怎特迈特 10、可以 It’s OK. A次欧凯 11、月票 commutation / monthly ticket 抗缪忒什/ 忙特雷忒K特 12、票价 carfare 卡fai尔 13、起点站 The starting stop 泽思达挺思道普 14、终点站 terminal / The Last stop 特妹闹泽拉斯特思道普 15、市区路线 Urban route 饿本入特 16、郊区路线 Suburban route 瑟波本入特 17、请等一下 Wait a moment 维特饿某们特 18、再见 Goodbye / Bye 19、首班车 The first bus 泽发斯特巴斯 20、末班车 The last bus 泽拉斯特巴斯 21、驾驶员 Driver 拽玩儿 22、乘务员 Conductor 肯达科特儿 23、调度员 Dispatcher 得死派车儿 24、请上车 Get on please 盖特昂普类似 25、请下车 Get off please 盖特奥夫普雷斯 26、中国济南 Jinan , China 济南柴那 27、空调车 Air-conditioned bus 艾尔可得什恩德巴斯 28、K系列豪华车 K series bus /可sei儿瑞丝巴斯 K series comfortable express 可sei儿瑞斯抗木否特包A科丝普ruai 丝 29、欢迎您！ Welcome 维尔康目 30、先生，您好！ How do you do , sir? 好读有度色儿31、小姐，你好！ How do you do , miss?

藏汉翻译系统实验

藏汉翻译系统实验 1 藏汉双语语料标点处理 ●双引号、单引号、尾部连续标点以及开头不合法标点的处理系统Chiero 开发集测试集(1250) 短语表3.6G 52.02 31.62（0.2 ↑）实验结果：测试集上升了0.2个点，说明对于语料的细节处理提升了翻译系统的性能。 ●尾部非成对标点删除进行实验系统Chiero 开发集（650）测试集(1250) 短语表3G 51.11 30.31 实验结果：不管在开发和测试集上都降低了，说明去除尾部标点的方法对于藏语不适合。 2 藏汉新老开发集的对比实验系统Chiero 开发集（650）测试集(1250) 老的开发集（650）52.02 31.62 新开发集（1259）60.86 32.56 实验结果：在使用新开发集进行调参的情况下，开发集和测试集性能都提升了。由于之前开发集650句，不能很好的覆盖语料中的情况，新的开发集具有更好的覆盖。 3 重现孙萌2012年12月藏汉翻译系统系统Chiero 开发集（650）测试集（500）未过滤（12月）58.41 41.16 过滤后52.80 41.12 实验说明：开发集有34.9%的在训练集中出现，过滤后因此降低了5.6个点。由于赵老师的测试集没有进行测试，据李响统计，测试集和训练集有重合，因此12月份的结果偏高。 4 GIZA工具不同版本对比系统版本开发集（650）测试集（500）目前采用50.72 37.28 Moses Giza 52.80 41.12 实验结果：使用目前版本的GIZA降低了翻译系统的性能，测试集约降了4个点，开发集降了2.1个点。Moses Giza效果要更好一些。 5 服务器版本chiero和12月ict-chiero对比系统版本开发集（650）测试集（500）

日语专业《汉日翻译》试卷(A)

（共10页）第1错误！未找到引用源。错误！未找到引用源。错误！未找到引用源。错误！未找到引用源。页（共10页）第2错误！未找到引用源。错误！未找到引用源。错误！未找到引用源。错误！未找到引用源。页一、次の日本語を中国語に訳しなさい。（2点＊10） (1)、亀の甲より年の功（） (2)、噂をすれば影（） (3)、顔を貸す（） (4)、顔に泥を塗る（） (5)、虫が治まらぬ（） (6)、あばたもえくぼ（） (7)、虻蜂取らず（） (8)、多角関係（） (9)、合意書（） (10)、青書（）二、次の中国語を日本語に訳しなさい。（2点＊10） (1)、伙伴关系（） (2)、争端、纠纷（） (3)、回访（） (4)、勿忘初衷（） (5)、祸从口出（） (6)、后来居上（） (7)、厦门（） (8)、座右铭（） (9)、面子（） (10)、耳背、听力差（）三、次の文を中国語か日本語に訳しなさい。（6点＊5） 1、アメリカで炭疽熱にかかって死亡した人が出て、テロとの関連性が騒がれた。単なる単発の事故だと発表された直後、更に一人から炭疽菌が発見された。 2、笑容可掬地说声“早上好”。只这一句话，对方就会感觉精神舒畅。自己做错了就鼓起勇气说声对不起，对方就与你重归于好。礼貌语是创造幸福的放射线。 3、有一天，收款处的女收款员笑嘻嘻地问我：“你有几个男朋友了？你长得漂亮，一定有好多人追求你吧？”我被这突如其来的提问羞得涨红了脸，不知怎么回答才好。 4、欧米人は苦境に陥ると、よく「神様」に助けを求め、「神様、お助けください」または「おお、私の神様」と言う。そして、中国人はこんな場合は「天」に助けを求め、「天よ、お助けください」あるいは「お天道様よ、助けください」と言う。 5、若い頃はいくら食べても太る心配がなかった人も、30代、40代になると、太り始 ····装·······················订························密························封························线························· 别：_____________ 年级：____________ 专业：____________________ 姓名：_______________ 学号：________________ ························阅·······················卷············· ···········密······················· ·封························线·········· ·············· 日语专业《汉日翻译》试卷（A ）（110分钟）

汉翻英译文

（1） William Cowper - Country Music My greenhouse is never so pleasant as when we are just upon the point of being turned out of it. The gentleness of the autumnal suns, and the calmness of this latter season make it a much more agreeable retreat than we ever find it in summer: when, the winds being generally brisk, we cannot cool it by admitting a sufficient quantity of air without being at the same time incommoded by it. But now I sit with all the windows and the door wide open, and am regaled with the scent of every flower in a garden as full of flowers as I have known how to make it. We keep no bees, but if I lived in a hive I should hardly hear more of their music. All the bees in the neighbourhood resort to a bed of mignonette, opposite to the window, and pay me for the honey they get out of it by a hum, which, though rather monotonous, is as agreeable to my ear as the whistling of my linnets. All the sounds that nature utters are delightful, --at least in this country. I should not perhaps find the roaring of lions in Africa, or of bears in Russia, very pleasing; but I know no beast in England whose voice I do not account musical, save and except always the braying of an ass.

藏汉翻译培训的心得体会

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藏语裁判文书，可以用藏语书写藏文裁判文书，用藏文开庭，在我们培训班举行的藏语模拟法庭中，不管是合议庭、公诉方或者是辩护方，大家都能用流畅的藏语扮演好自己的角色，这就是非常鲜活的例子，我们真正学到的知识，同时也证明了本次培训的针对性、有用性。最后，本次培训虽然是封闭式管理，但是学院充分利用课余时间开展了文体等课外活动，这不仅丰富了我们的培训生活，同时加强了学员们之间、地区之间的沟通和交流，增进了学员间的感情，也使我们有机会展现基层预备法官的精神面貌。国家法官学院西藏分院给我们提供了丰富而有意义的培训，回到单位后，我将自己所学到的分享给单位同事们，将学到的真正用于司法实践中，力争办好每一起案件，尤其是充分利用所学到的藏语法律术语，满足基层群众的需求，不且不断学习和提高自己，努力做到为民司法、公正司法、廉洁司法。最后，我代表所有学院对各位领导、学院和老师们表示衷心的感谢。篇二：英译汉学习心得体会英译汉学习心得体会通过一学期的英语翻译学习，使我们又掌握了一项英语专业技能，更好的掌握了英译汉的翻译要领。本学期使我印象最深刻的翻译要领就是翻译的三大准则：“信”“达”“雅”，我会将我的理解描述出来。所谓“信”，就是指在翻译过程中要保持原文原意，不可自己自由发挥，而委屈的英语原文的本

英语翻译汉翻译英语[2]

1、他们不顾害怕，继续前进。They kept going in spite of their fears. 2、虽然他们今天不能加入我们中间来，但在精神上他们是与我们在一起的。Though unable to join us today, they are with us in spirit. 3、不管她是赢是输，这是她的最后一次锦标赛。 Whether she wins or whether she loses, this is her last tournament. 4、在这个问题的处理上，没有理论与实践的结合是办不到的。 In order to solve the problem, we need to combine theory with practice. 5、科学家们一直在探究宇宙的起源。 The scientists have been speculating on the origin of the universe. 6、我的书不在身边，以后再拿给你看吧。 I haven’t my book at hand, but I will show it to you later. 7、多亏你们的帮助，我们提前完成了任务。 Thanks to your help, we accomplished the task ahead of schedule. 8、如果我们为他们的产品找到出路，新的工业一夜间就能出现。 New industries can blossom over night if we find an outlet for their products. 9、一阵风把炉子里冒出的烟吹散了。 A gust of wind dispersed the smoke from the stove. 10、我们将把你的建议加到新计划中去。 We will incorporate your suggestion in the new plan. 11、我们现在需要的是建设性的意见。 What is needed now is some constructive suggestion. 12、金钱不是万能的，但没有钱是万万不能的。 Money is not capable of everything, nor are we capable of anything without it. 13、对中国人来说学习英语很难，但对外国人来说学习汉语一样难。 Learning English is difficult for the Chinese, as is learning Chinese for foreigners. 14、如果你坐在木椅上，那曾经是一棵树。这书用的纸原来也是树。 If you are sitting on a wooden chair, it was a tree once; and so was the paper of this book. 15、我一直没有同我在学校里的熟人保持联系。 I haven’t really kept in touch with people I knew at school. 16、公司进行了一项调查了解当地对游乐活动中心的反映。 The company conducted a survey to find out local reaction to the leisure center. 17、两位老朋友愉快地交谈往事。 The two old friends were reminiscing about their youth. 18、俄罗斯和日本刚刚签订了一项新的贸易协定。 Russia has just signed a new trade agreement with Japan.

英汉汉英实用翻译教程

一、汉译英部分 1.道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。 ?Tao Te Ching - The Way of Life - The Wisdom of Ancient China ?The tao that can be described is not the eternal Tao. ?The name that can be spoken is not the eternal Name. The Way that can be told of is not an Unvarying Way; The names that can be named are not unvarying names. 2.子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？” ?The Master "Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application? ?"Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? ?"Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him?" ?The Master said, "Fine words and an insinuating appearance are seldom associated with true virtue." 曾子曰：“吾日三省吾身：为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？传不习乎？” The philosopher Tsang said, "I daily examine myself on three points:-whether,in transacting business for others, I may have been not faithful;-whether, in intercourse with friends, I may have been not sincere;-whether I may have not mastered and practiced the instructions of my teacher." 3. 子曰：“不患人之不己知，患不知人也。” ...子曰：“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。” The Master said, "I will not be afflicted at men's not knowing me; I will be afflicted that I do not know men." …The Master said, "Learning without thought is labor lost; thought without learning is perilous." 子曰：“温故而知新，可以为师矣。” The Master said, "If a man keeps cherishing his old knowledge, so as continually to be acquiring new, he may be a teacher of others." 4. 古之学者必有师。师者，所以传道受业解惑也。人非生而知之者，孰能无惑？惑而不从师，其为惑也，终不解矣。生乎吾前，其闻道也，固先乎吾，吾从而师之；生乎吾后，其闻道也，亦先乎吾，吾从而师之。吾师道也，夫庸知其年之先后生于吾乎？是故无贵无贱，无长无少，道之所存，师之所存也。 In ancient times those who wanted to learn would seek out a teacher, one who could propagate the doctrine, impart professional knowledge, and resolve doubts. Since no one is born omniscient, who can claim to have no doubts? If one has doubts and is not willing to learn from a teacher, his doubts will never be resolved. Anyone who was born before me and learned the doctrine before me is my teacher. Anyone who was born after me and learned the doctrine before me is also my teacher. Since

日汉翻译中的语序转换

日汉翻译中的语序转换语言研究日汉翻译中的语序转换李青峰山东师范大学外国语学院,山东济南摘要:语序转换在日汉翻译中占据重要地位。在翻译时。原色麻布手绢”一种译法。因此在翻译多层定语时,按照汉语定语文与译语之间在句子结构、思维方式等方面有许多相似或相同顺序的要求通常需要“倒译”。之处.无需调整语序的情况叫做顺译。反之,在翻译时需要调整 . . 数量词与名词语序.进行语序变化的情况则称之为倒译。本文则主要讨论倒译日语中数量词在句子中可以有如下位置关系。现象,从中日句法比较、修辞及中日语言习惯等方面对其进行探例 :教室二人学生勉强、为。讨。例 :教室汇学生人勉强为。关键字:倒序;句法;修辞;语言习惯例 :教室二学生人勉强为。中图分类号: 文献标识码: 译文:教室里有名学生在学习。/有名学生在教室里学文章编号:? 习。

日语中数量词的位置比较灵活。而在汉语的两个译文中,数对于日汉翻译的研究,角度有多种多样,其中语序转换问题量词只能在名词的前面。一直以来都占有重要地位。日语属于黏着语,有丰富的词形变 . . 句子与名词化,其语法功能多是通过词形变化来实现的,日语的语序相对比长句子作定语修饰名词的情况比较复杂。有译文语序和原较自由。而汉语属于孤立语。缺乏词形变化,语法功能的实现很文一致的情况,但并非总是如此简单。在日语中,无论是文学作品还是普通的议论文、说明文,长句子修饰名词都是很常见的现大程度要依靠语序变化,因此在汉语中。语序相对比较严格。由于汉语和日语的种种差异,在目译汉时,往往不都是顺译就可以象。在翻译时通常需要变换语序。解决的,通常需要进行语序的调整,因此便产生了“倒译”现象。例 ::彼首:面手卺加于、圭屯泣、、为彼女本文将从句法、修辞、语言习惯三个方面对日译汉中的“倒序”现老抱、、彼土允尢匕、。她两手勾着他的脖子。不停哭泣。他抱着她茫然若失。象进行分析,探求其产生的原因、策略等。例 :今世界下驮国匕呼求二为耋、恐岛日本岛、南。匕忙和服老身忙, 、下驮老未、

略述藏汉翻译中多义词的翻译

略述藏汉翻译中多义词的翻译谢日尖产（青海民族教材编译中心，西宁 810000） [摘要] 汉语的多义词通常有着不同的意义，所以在翻译多义词时，如果其词义选择不当或选错，将导致整段句子，乃至一个段落的意义发生偏移或错译。所以翻译多义词时要在语境的背景下,弄清原句结构后再分析其确切含义，并用贴切的译词来表达。 [关键词] 多义词；藏汉翻译；翻译技巧 [中图分类号]H214.59 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-280X（2010）01-0027-05 汉语的多义词是跟单一词相对而言的。只有一个意义的词是单义词，这类词本身要求意义单一，不允许同时存在几种含义，比如甘肃、钢笔等。而有的词同时存在着几个不同的意义，这些词就是多义词。多义词是词汇丰富的一种标志，它丰富了词的内容，扩大了它的使用范围，其作用如同增加了新词，正因为如此，给翻译带来了很大的困难。在翻译中词的翻译是整个翻译活动的基础，在翻译多义词时，如果其词义选择不当或选错，将导致整个句子，乃至一个段落的意义都发生偏移或错译。所以，翻译多义词时要根据词类和语境来分析其确切含义，并用贴切的译词来表达。一、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义选择某个词的词义，首先要判明这个词在原句中属哪一种词类，然后再进一步确定其词义，并选择合适的译词。例1：“积极”一词，在《现代汉语词典》中有两种解释：（1）肯定的、正面的、有利于发展的（跟“消极”相对，多用于抽象事物）；（2）进取的，热心的（跟“消极”相对）。“积极”一词本身是形容词，但在特定的语境中翻译成藏语，有时需用名词处理，有时需用动词处理，所以翻译时要选用不同的词来表达。 ① 首先找出事情的积极方面…… 超罢︽扳半︽车稗︽拜罢︽编︽拜扁︽扳颁稗︽卞︽柏︽伴档办︽拜便邦﹀这里的“积极”是“正面的”、“肯定的”意思，通俗地讲是“好的方面”，可译作拜扁︽扳颁稗﹀ ② 在教学过程中要充分调动学生学习的积极性。蝶搬︽避拜︽宝︽边拜︽吵︽蝶搬︽扳敌︽蝶搬︽蹿爸︽编︽谍半︽搬惮稗︽半爸︽搬得稗︽底爸邦︽碉︽迸办︽蝶爸︽椿拜︽拜便邦﹀这里的“积极”是“努力”、“进取”的意思，可译作谍半︽搬惮稗﹀ ③ 纠错的态度必须是积极肯定的。惩半︽伴陛办︽底︽搬凋爸︽椿拜︽斑敌︽秤扳︽伴辨半︽炒︽驳邦︽斑半︽吵︽秤扳︽拜罢︽翟稗︽拜便邦﹀这里的“积极”有“真诚”的意思。

英译汉翻译的基本程序

一、英译汉翻译的基本程序 1.通读并透彻理解原文。翻译之前仔细研读原文，解决好“翻译什么”的问题。边读边琢磨，确切理解原文所述事物本身的含义与之相关的外延联想，如原句的中心意思是什么，有没有褒贬义或寓意，对其中的修饰语的把握等。 2. 组织语言。考生要根据上下文的语境选择适当的词汇和表达手段。 3. 表达。考生要从内容和语言两方面来考虑译文，尤其注意不能扭曲原意，不能错译或漏译。 4. 审校。这是英汉翻译过程中必不可少的环节。考生将自己的译文与原文进行对照，看看译文是否忠实于原文，是否通顺易懂，是否符合汉语规范。二、英汉翻译的基本方法直译与意译直译指基本保留原有句子结构，照字面意思翻译；意译是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下，为了表达的需要，对原文做相应的调整。如： Good marriage doesn’t just happen. They take a lot of love and a lot of work. 直译：好的婚姻不会仅仅发生—它们需要大量的爱和大量的工作。意译:幸福的婚姻不是凭空发生的---它需要你为它付出大量的爱和做大量的工作。或：美满的婚姻不会从天上掉下来---你必须为它付出大量的爱，做大量的工作。很显然，本句话的意译要比直译更符合汉语表达习惯。当然，一句话并不限于一种译法，要根据具体需要而定。一般来说，在英汉翻译考试中，如果直译能达意就用直译，如果直译效果不好，就应该考虑意译。只要译文内容忠实，意思明白就行了。顺译法（又名句型对应法）顾名思义，顺译法（句型对应法）就是按原文句子结构的排列顺序进行翻译，这种译法适合于原文叙述层次与汉语相近的长句翻译，如只含名词性从句的复合句、前置的状语从句或从句在后的长复合句等等。 As an obedient son, I had to accept my parents’ decision that I was to be a doctor ,though the prospect interested in me not at all. 作为一个孝顺的儿子，我不得不接收父母的决定，去当大夫，虽然我对这样的前途毫无兴趣。 3.倒译法倒译法就是颠倒原文句子结构的排列顺序来进行翻译。例1： The moon is completely empty of water because the gravity on the moon is much less than on the earth. 因为月球的引力比地球小的多，所以月球上根本没有水。例2：The football students can be removed from the university if they fail to pass their examination. 作为足球运动员的学生如果考试不及格就要被开除。 4.分译法分译法，又称拆译法，也是一种基本的句法变通手段。从被分译成份的结构而言，分译大致可以分为单词的分译、短语的分译和从句的分译三种。单词的分译即拆词，将难译的词从句子主干中拆离出来，另作处理，这种方法常常引起句式上的调整，英译汉中要拆译的词常常是形容词和副词。如： 1

英语翻译

汉译英 U5 1.She felt excited when she won the first prize in an English speech. 她在英语演讲中得了一等奖，感到非常兴奋。 2.The boy feels it is difficulty to fit into the new school environment. 那个小男孩发觉自己很难适应新学校的环境。 3.He is very satisfied with everything here, and he never complains about it. 他对这里的一切都很满意，从不抱怨任何事情。 4.If I can pass the school text, I will be filled with a sense that I will soon become perfect. 如果我能通过学校的考试，心里就会洋溢着这样一种感觉：我很快会变得完美无瑕。 5.Some parents buy stories of child geniuses for children, hoping the child will become remarkable in the future.. 有些父母选购神童故事给孩子看，希望孩子将来有一天会出人头地。 U6 1.One of the most beautiful and happiest events in one?s life takes place on the day in which one?s wedding is held. 一个人一生中最美好，最幸福的重大事件之一发生在举行婚礼的那天。 2.Her mother slaved over the task of sewing cotton items. 她的母亲辛辛苦苦地缝制棉织品。 3.Many people spend a lot of time and money in preparing for their weddings parties. 许多人为准备婚礼而花费很多时间和金钱。 4.In the past, at her wedding a girl was expected to bring many things to her husband?s home, including quits sheets, a large chest and so on. 过去，姑娘出嫁时都要带许多东西到丈夫家去，包括被褥，床单，大衣橱等。 5.It?s a traditional custom that a couple?s wedding takes place one year after they are engaged. 男女订婚一年后举行婚礼，这是一种传统习俗。 U7 1.The football team he led took part in many international games, it lost its first game after 10 straight victories. 他率领的足球队参加了许多次国际比赛，10次连胜后，才第一次输了一场比赛。 2.The professor should focus on key and difficulty point in classroom teaching, so that their students car really grasp them. 教师授课时应突出重点和难点，以便让学生真正掌握。 3.He takes a postive attitude to his work and pours all his energy into whatever he does. 他对工作采取积极地态度，无论做什么总是全力以赴。 4.Wallenda would not have fallen to death if he had not worried so much about his safety during that midday walk. 如果沃伦德那天中午走钢丝时不过分担心自己的安全问题，他就不会摔死。 5.As an excellent manager, he is immediately corrects any wrong decision he has made. 他是一个优秀的经理，一旦做了错误的决定，便立即纠正。