【上海高考概要写作】summary writing4(10篇,有解析)

Exercise 1

College pays off financially. A wide range of statistics shows the economic advantage of a four-year college education. Over a lifetime, students who graduate from college can expect to make about 60% more than those who do not, well over a million dollars more than they would otherwise. But what about the benefits of college that are more difficult to measure? They are equally significant and add up to a lot of value over the course of a lifetime：

College takes students to places they’ve never been to before. College is a passport to different places, different times, and different ways of thinking —from learning new languages to considering the development of human history to diving deep into the building blocks of matter. It gives students a chance to understand themselves differently, seeing how their lives are both like and unlike those who populated other eras(时代)）and other lands.

College introduces students to people they've never met before. One of the most important ways in which students learn, at colleges and universities everywhere, is by interacting with people who are different from themselves both inside and outside the classroom. Students learn more at a place full of engaging people with a wide range of viewpoints.

In these ways and in so many others, college helps students see themselves differently, giving them the room and the license to imagine new possibilities. Yes, it opens opportunities reflected in earning and employment statistics. But, perhaps even more valuable, it opens minds and worlds in ways that are beyond measurement. The value of higher education is symbolized by people who dream bigger and achieve more, who create their own futures and shape their own futures.

参考答案：

According to statistics，college makes a great difference to students’ earning power,(要1) while it also contributes to other valuable aspects beyond assessment in life.(要点2) Firstly, college motivates students’ self-realization through various learning activities.(要点3) Secondly, it shapes students’ diverse perspectives by encouraging them to communicate with different

people.(要点4) In short, not only does college provide financial opportunities，but it opens up new possibilities.(要点5)

分析过程：

试题详解：

1，核心内容——本文是一篇议论文，全文共分四段。第一段主要讲高等教育经济回报丰厚，还具有一些益处，虽然它们难以衡量但却让人终生受益。第二至三段，进一步从两个方面说明这些益处。它们分别是：大学带领学生领略不一样的风景；大学让学生结交素不相识的人。第四段总结：大学不仅为学生创造就业机遇，而且用无法衡量的方式为其敞开了多个世界的大门。

2，写作思路

理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。该文第一段的主题句是“But what about the benefits of college that are more difficult to measure?”。第二至三段为无法衡量但却令人受益终生的益处的两个具体方面。各段的主题句均为每段第一句。第四段主题句为该段第二和第三句，并用but 起承转合，从两个角度来说明大学显性和隐性的益处。

确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。本文的摘要要把全文第一句作为一个要点，因为它是全文的逻辑起点。在确定表达要点后要思考如何准确灵活表达，这是难点。灵活表达的重要技巧是对原来的语言进行同义替换(paraphrase),同时要对相关内容进行整合。第一段要包括两个要点，要点1是全文的逻辑起点，要点2是该段的主题句。根据but可知“what about the benefits of college that are more difficult to measure”一句的言下之意为全文的论述关键，是大学的隐性益处，它们虽然无法衡量但却令人受益终生。为了避免重复，我们可以把“益处（benefits)”表达为“有价值的方面（valuable aspects)”，这样我们就可以整合并表达好要点1和2。因为第二、三段段落间存在比较明显的因果关系，所以要点3和4应该根据各段第一句，即主题句，进行适当的结论推导。第二段主题句的意思是大学带领学生领略不一样的风景。这样我们就可以将其灵活表达为“...motivates students’ self-realization through...”。第三段主题句的意思是大学让学生结交素不相识的人，故将其灵活表达为“shapes students’ diverse perspectives”。要点5是第四段主题句，即该段的第二和第三句，是全文的总结，用“not only... but (also)”的倒装句替换but,表达大学显性和隐性的益处。

范文分析：范文把要点1和2表达为一句，主要是为了用while替换原文的but，用“makes a great difference to”替换“pay off”，用“according to”替换shows，用“earning power”替换“the economic advantage of”，并用“beyond assessment”替换“are more difficult to measure”。要点1和要点2是对比关系，所以用while 连接。要点 3 和 4 分别用“motivates students’ self-realization through”和“shapes students’ diverse perspectives by”灵活表达第二、三段的大意，并用“firstly,secondly”来表达两者间的并列关系。它们跟要点 5 是分总关系，所以用“in short”相连。用“provide financial opportunities”替换“opportunities reflected in earning and employment statistics’’，用“opens up new possibilities”替换“opens minds and worlds in ways that are beyond measurement”，同时用“not only…but (also)...”的倒装句连接，既简洁又全面。归纳总结：

1，表达丰富

本范文中我们将本文核心话题“益处（benefits)”表达为“有价值的方面（valuable aspects)”，这可以避免重复原文内容，使用不同的语言进行准确的表达。

2，要点简明

我们需要对原文的观点进行必要的整合，使之更简洁。本范文中的要点3和要点4为无法衡量但却令人受益终生的益处的两个方面，其段落内部存在因果关系，故应该整合表达，将它们表达为Firstly, college motivates students' self-realization through various learning activities. Secondly, it shapes students’ diverse perspectives by encouraging them to communicate with different people.同时，最后一段总结就业回报和隐性益处，可以用“not only... but (also)...”的倒装句灵活表达为“In short，not only does college provide financial opportunities, but it opens up new possibilities.”。

Exercise 2

Ecotourism is a combination of ecology and tourism. The International Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as " responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and

improves the well-being of the local people”. Actually, ecotourism can mean travel to far-off places of great natural beauty, but not always in a responsible way.

Costa Rica, once a Spanish colony, and independent since 1821, has an ecotourism industry worth over one billion dollars yearly, and thousands of jobs have been created. Nearly 21 percent of the land is now protected national parks, largely thanks to ecotourism. Nonetheless, due to the number of people visiting the country’s natural places，, some damage to the ecosystem has occurred.

Although tourists can have a damaging influence on ecosystems, ecotourism brings countless benefits as well. Nature reserves have been created, keeping the ecosystem protected. And, by visiting beautiful rainforests and seeing rare animals, visitors get a sense of their value, and of gratitude for them. Tour guides can also be educators who train people to love and care for the environment. Visitors can take these lessons with them to their home countries. Unfortunately, while their effect may not be noticeable in the off-season, the constant procession of visitors in the high season can be damaging. At one national park in Costa Rica, wild monkeys now feed on garbage left by the tourists. Furthermore, eco-tourists tend to seek out places with the rarest animals and plants, pressuring the most delicate living things. In addition, corruption can lead officials to stand random ecological development and ecological damage. For example, a large resort facility, normally not allowed near a reserve, may be allowed if the company pays enough money to certain people in the government.

It is easy to be critical of the ecotourism industry but it is important to be positive as well. Ecotourism can never be “pure”. We can’t expect zero negative effects on the ecosystem. It is also unrealistic to think that humans won’t go anywhere accessible to them.

参考范文：

Ecotourism combines ecology and tourism, which means travel responsibly. However, it is not always so.(要点1) Take Costa Rica for example. The development of ecotourism offers benefits such as providing more job opportunities, setting up natural parks and building up sense of value and protection.(要点2) However，exploiting ecotourism at random leaves negative effects and breeds corruption.(要点3) Consequently，we should be reasonable about the development of ecotourism.(要点4)

分析过程：

试题详解

1，核心内容

本文是一篇说明文，全文共分为五段。第一段主要是介绍生态旅游的定义。第二至四段是以Costa Rica(哥斯达黎加）为例，具体说明生态旅游的“双刃剑”效应——既有利亦有弊。第五段陈述人们对待生态旅游应持有的态度。

2，写作思路

(1)理清脉络，概括各段大意。可以通过寻找各段主题句和段落间的逻辑关系来概括大意。本文第一段阐述生态旅游的定义，主题句是“Actually，ecotourism can mean travel to far-off places of great natural beauty，but not always in a responsible way.”；第二至四段的主题句是“Although tourists can have a damaging influence on ecosystems，ecotourism brings countless benefits as well. ”；第五段的主题句是“It is also unrealistic to think that humans won’t go anywhere accessible to them. ”。

(2)纵观要点，寻找逻辑关系。要点1阐明生态旅游理论定义和实际效应有所差异。要点2整合了第二至四段，根据主题句“Although tourists can have a damaging influence on ecosystems, ecotourism brings countless benefits as well?”总括出生态旅游产生的好处与坏处是对立统一关系。要点3具体举“Costa Rica”为例，具体说明生态旅游的好处。要点4、5具体举“Costa Rica”为例，具体说明生态旅游的坏处。所以要点3、4和5是解释说明关系。要点6是在综上所述的基础上，提出人们对待生态旅游发展的合理态度，体现出因果关系，所以用consequently来引出人们应有的态度。

(3)聚焦语言，善用多种表达。例如：combination —combine...；actually —in fact/as a matter of fact/in reality；travel in a responsible way —travel responsibly；although—while；damage occur—have a damaging impact on；constant procession of visitors —frequent visits；develop—exploit/with the development of ；lead to —breed 等。

范文解析：

范文要点1概括文本第一段内容，使用however体现出生态旅游理论定义和实际效应的差异。要点2、3具体举“Costa Rica”为例说明其好处和坏处时，运用连接词however来清晰地说明事物的两面性。要点4使用consequently —词表明人物态度合乎缘由。

归纳总结——

1，通读全文整体感知

浏览全文，在把握整体文意的基础上，迅速区分文中主、次信息，并关注体裁特点；例如写记叙文时，应明确who，what，when，where, how，opinion 等。

2，准确寻找筛选提取

在对文章内容进行整体把握的基础上，紧扣材料中关键语句，理解重点段、关键词、中心句；对没有明显中心句的语段，要对每个独立句意或对重要句子的意义进行综合归纳；对表达含蓄的文章，需通览全文，分析“潜台词”，联系主旨，归纳要点。总之，考生应当仔细分析各段每一句话的意思，理清段落之间的关系，了解行文思路，筛选提取出表明文章或文段主要意思的关键句和关键词。

3，仔细对照灵活替换

运用灵活多样的表达，用同义词、句替换掉原文中的关键信息，从而做到语言简洁、衔接连贯。例如：把长段的描述变成短小的句子；用词组代替从句；使用最简短的连接词，如“but, yet, thus, though”，避免使用“at the same time，in the first place”等较长的连接词。

Exercise 3

No satisfactory way exists to explain how to form a good idea. You think about a problem until you’re tired, ，forget it, ，maybe sleep on it，and then flash! When you aren’t thinking about it ,，suddenly the answer arrives as a gift from the gods.

Of course, all ideas don’t occur like that but so many do, particularly the most important ones. They burst into the mind, glowing with the heat of creation. How they do it is a mystery but they must come from somewhere. Let’s assume they come from “the unconscious”. This is reasonable, for psychologists use this term to describe mental processes which are unknown to the individual. Creative thought depends on what was unknown becoming known.

All of us have experienced this sudden arrival of a new idea, but it is easiest to examine it in the great creative personalities, many of whom experienced it in an intensified form and have written it down in their life stories and letters. One can draw examples from genius in any field, from religion, philosophy, and literature to art and music, even in mathematics, science, and technical invention, although these are often thought to depend only on logic and experiment. All truly creative activities depend in some degree on these signals from the unconscious, and the more highly insightful the person is, the sharper and more dramatic the signals become.

A type of creative experience is illustrated by the dreams which came to Descartes at the age of twenty-three and determined his life path. Descartes had unsuccessfully searched for certainty, first in the world of books, and then in the world of men. Then in a dream on November 10, 1619, he made the significant discovery that he could only find certainty in his own thoughts, cogito ergo sum ("I think, therefore, IThis dream filled him with intense religious enthusiasm. Descartes’ experience is representative of countless others in every field of culture. The unconscious is certainly the source of instinctive activity. But in creative thought the

unconscious is responsible for the production of new organized forms from relatively disorganized elements.

参考范文

Usually a good idea comes across one’s mind suddenly.(要点1) As a matter of fact, many important inspirations really appear in some way people are not aware of.(要点2) Such cases can be found in genius of any culture area.(要点3) For instance，it hit Descartes that “I think; therefore，I am” in the great man’s dream.(要，点4) So，something seemingly unrelated does contribute to creativity.(要点5)

分析过程：

试题详解

1，核心内容

本文为说明文，全文分五段。第一段提出话题:人们遇到问题想不出答案，却会不经意间突然得之。第二段进一步说明许多重要人物的重要发现过程都存在这种神秘的突然性。第三段解释在各个领域都有天才亲身经历的典型事例。第四段介绍具体事例：哲学家Descartes(笛卡尔）偶然的一个梦给他带来了一种哲学思想。第五段点明无意识活动往往基于直觉，却担负着理性创造的职责。

2，写作思路

(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。第一段要明确这一问题：Do people get good ideas logically or suddenly?第二、三、四段都通过在段首给出主题，然后进一步演绎和解释。第五段but —词引出了文章立意：无意识活动的确担负着理性创造的职责。

(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。摘要要简洁而具有概括性，所以范文五个要点都要具有归纳性。第一句用常用表达方式“a good idea comes across one’s mind”避免重复，再以usually点明是对现象的归纳。要点2 中“inspirations, in some way people are not aware of” 替换“must come from somewhere”和unconscious;要点 3 中的“such cases”、要点 4 中的“for instance”和“it hit”句型都是paraphrase的语言要素，是同义替换的产物。要点5,用了

“something seemingly unrelated”表达“the unconscious”之意，用“does contribute to”表达“is responsible for”的意义。

范文解析

范文以“usually…”一句导出说明文话题；以“as a matter of fact”强化本文重点或要点；以“such…” 一句解释这种例子之多；以“for instance...”一句具体介绍Descartes的事例；以“so...”一句明确突出全文

归纳总结

1，丰富语言

丰富的语言表达就是善于用自己的语言表达。例如：想到一个好办法，“a good idea comes across one’s mind”；用人们没有意识到的方法，“in some way people are not aware of”；这样的案例，“such cases” ；Descartes 突然想起，“ it hit Descartes that” ；看上去不相关的东西，“something seemingly unrelated”；的确带来，“does contribute to”

2，理清主线

在准确梳理原文要点的基础上，分析行文逻辑和核心内容：话题——要点——广泛案例——典型案例——点明中心。

Exercise 4

Daniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, believes it’s important to distinguish television’s influences on children from those of the family. We tend to blame TV, he says，, for problems it doesn’t really cause, overlooking our own roles in shaping children’s minds.

One traditional belief about television is that it reduces a child’s ability to think and to understand the world. While watching TV, children do not merely absorb words and images(影像). Instead, they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see. Actually, children learn early the psychology of characters in TV shows. Furthermore, as many teachers agree, children understand far more when parents watch TV with them, explaining new words

and ideas. Yet, most parents use an educational program as a chance to park their kids in front of the set and do something in another room.

Another argument against television is that it replaces reading as a form of entertainment. But according to Anderson, the amount of time spent watching television is not related to reading ability. TV doesn’t take the place of reading for most children; it takes the place of similar sorts of recreation, such as listening to the radio and playing sports. Things like parents’ educational background have a stronger influence on a child’s reading. “A child’s reading ability is best predicted by how much a parent reads，’’ Anderson says.

Traditional wisdom also has it that heavy television-watching lowers IQ(智商)scores and affects school performance. But here, too, Anderson notes that no studies have proved it. In fact, research suggests that it’s the other way around. “If you’re smart young, you’ll watch less TV when you’re older，” Anderson says. Yet, people of lower IQ tend to be lifelong television viewers.

For years researchers have attempted to show that television is dangerous to children. However, by showing that television promotes none of the dangerous effects as conventionally believed, Anderson suggests that television cannot be condemned without considering other influences.

Bonus(奖金）)culture has become the subject of many studies nowadays. But few have asked whether performance-related bonuses really do improve performance. It may come as a shock to many to learn that paying for results can actually make people perform badly in many circumstances, and that the more you pay, the worse they perform.

参考范文

Daniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, believes that television’s influence on children was mistaken by people.(要点1) He argues against three traditional believes. First, television does not reduce children’s ability instead it helps improve their understanding.(要点2) Second，television does not affect children’s reading, however, parents’ educational background does.(要

点3) Third, watching television does not lower children’s IQ score.(要点、4) Thus，Anderson thinks that we should not blindly condemn the influence of television.(要点5)

分析过程

一试题详解

1，核心内容

本文是一篇议论文，全文共分五段。第一段主要讲述著名心理学家Daniel Anderson认为孩子看电视并不会产生不好的影响，起到总起全文的作用。第二、三、四段为并列关系，从三个角度进一步阐释了第一段的观点。.第二段解释如果父母可以陪同孩子看电视，孩子可以学到更多的知识，既可以学到显性的知识也可以学到一些隐藏的意义。第三段则是Anderson对另一个传统观点的反驳，许多人认为孩子看电视会占据他们读书的时间，然而Anderson认为看电视并不会影响到孩子的阅读，孩子的阅读更多的是受到父母教育背景的影响。第四段说明了看电视并不会影响到孩子的智商。第五段起到总结全文的作用，Anderson提出人们不应该按照常规，不考虑电视的其他影响而去谴责电视。

2，写作思路

(1)依据文本特征，理清文章中心。该文第一段的主题句是“Daniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, believes it's important to distinguish television's influences on children from those of the family段的主题句均为段落的首句。第五段从however转折处开始点明了本段的中心思想。

(2)依据文章中心，转换核心表达。本文第一段总起全文句“Daniel Anderson...influences on children from those of the family”实际是在说明电视对孩子的影响受到人们的误解，所以可以将本句进行适当的转换，“television’s influences on children was mistaken by people”，第二、三、四段为并列关

系，分别是概要当中的要点1、2、3,这三个要点主要讲了Anderson对于三个传统观念“television reduces a child’s ability，replaces reading and lowers IQ”的反驳，所以可以将这三点组合成一句话“He argues against three traditional believes”，用“first，second，third”连接增强逻辑性；除此之外，Anderson 还提出了相应的自己的三个观点，观点1“they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see...”可总结成“improve children’s

understanding”；观点2“things like parents’ educational background have a stronger...”可与传统观点结合转换成“television does not effect children’s reading time，parent’s educational background does”；观点3“If you’re smart young，you’ll watch less TV when you’re older” 则可以简单地转述成“television does not lower children’s IQ score”。将三个观点整合起来，为与之前提到的传统观念分开我们可以用“instead, however”等词表明转折。最后一段是要点5,可以概括成“Thus，we should not blindly condemn the influence of television.”。

范文解析

范文把Anderson反驳的传统观点与他自己的观点整合表达，用“first, second, third”连接，增强了范文的逻辑性。要点2用“their understanding”代替原文中的“explicit and hidden meaning”，用常用词汇代替隐晦词汇。要点2和要点3均做到了观点整合，并用上了instead 及however进行转折衔接。要点4当中用“watching television”作为主语，避免了行文用词单一重复。要点5用thus引导进行总结，概要当中沿用了原文关键词condemn,因为该词更能表达Anderson对于人们错误观念的看法，保留了原文作者叙述的感情色彩。

归纳总结

1，确保行文简洁

本范文将原文最后一段关键句“condemned without considering other influences”表达成“condemn blindly”，这样可以做到行文简洁达意。

哭出论说特征

本范文的主体部分围绕“He argues against three traditional believes”这一总起句，然后从三个方面整合作者观点：“television does not reduce children’s ability instead it will improve their understanding; television does not affect children’s reading，however，parents’ educational background does;watching television does not lower children’s IQ score’’。这种安排突出了论说文的特征。

Exercise 5

Working with a group of baboons (狒狒)）in the Namibian desert, Dr. Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, while others had to learn for themselves. To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were, Dr. Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.

She found that personality had a major impact on learning. The braver baboons learnt, but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did. In effect, despite being made aware of what to do, they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did. The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching. This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals, something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things. The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive (认知的)）tasks not because they aren’t clever enough to solve them, but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information.

The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning. If some individuals are unable to get information from others because they don't associate with the knowledgeable individuals, or they are too shy to use the information once they have it, information may not travel between all group members, preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.

参考范文

Dr. Alecia Carter made a new study on how the different baboons recognized different food?(要点1) According to her research, the brave and anxious baboons succeeded in learning while the shy and quiet ones failed，（要点2) which proved that both character and nature had a great influence on social learning.(要点3) The result can help us know how our own culture develops.(要点4)

分析过程：

本文是一篇说明文，其中心概括为：动物学家Dr. Alecia Carter在狒狒身上进行的一项曾经被忽略的研究显示动物的性格在社会化的学习中起着很重要的作用。研究启示我们，人类也与此相似，我们的文化形成是通过交换信息等社会学习活动实现的。第一段主要叙述了一位动物学家Dr. Alecia Carter在狒狒身上进行的一项有关动物如何学习的研究。第二段通过对比不同性格的猩猩的社会性学习情况存在明显的差异性，来力证动物的性格对他们的学习有着重大的影响，并提出了以往在动物的学习研究中忽略了对动物性格研究的问题。第三段讲述了研究的启示：帮助我们认识“文化的形成正是通过交换信息等社会学习活动来实现的”。

1.写作思路

(1)理清文章结构，概括段落大意。对于总分或者是分总结构的段落，应准确找到每段的主题句，没有中心句的段落则是通过理清句与句之间的逻辑关系来概括段落大意。文中各段落首句均为主题句。

(2)列出写作要点，思考灵活表达。这篇说明文介绍了研究的新发现，在写作过程中可按照文本的结构“实验介绍——实验的发现和结论——实验的意义”展开。要点1是第一段实验介绍，主题句是"*Dr. Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box.”。明确要点后，可以考虑怎样用自己的语言进行简洁的表达。我们可把人物介绍变为“a zoologist”，可把具体信息“set baboons learning tasks”转换成一般的信息“made a new study on the baboons’’，用“how the different baboons recognized different food”替换文本中的“involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box’’。要点2 是第二段介绍的研究发现“brave and curious baboons succeeded in learning while shy and quiet ones not”。要点3 介绍该段的主题句“She found that personality had a major impact on learning”。核心、词personality 可换成“character and nature”；“play a key role”可替换成近义短语“have a great influence on’’。要点2和3可以分开表达，也可整合在一起表达，即研究表明性格勇敢好奇的猩猩在学习新事物上要比害羞平静的猩猩学得好，这证明了性格在学习过程中起到了重要的作用。整合可用非限制性定语从句“...，which proved...”连接。要点4是最后一段，研究启示我们重新看待人类文化的形成，“the formation of culture”可改为“culture comes into being”或者“culture develops”替换。

范文解析

范文按照文本介绍研究的顺序展开，即“实验介绍——实验的发现和结论——实验的意义”。要点1直接介绍研究的内容和目的。要点2具体阐述对比研究的发现，要点3是研究总的结论，我们把要点2、3合并在一起，用定语从句连接，可以使概要更简洁连贯。要点4对原文最后一段进行同义替换，把“may impact how we understand...” 替换为“can help us know”，把文化的形成“the formation of culture”替换为文化的发展“how our own culture develops”。

提炼归纳

1.要点整合

为了合理的概要写作词数，首先我们应梳理清楚文本结构，概括好段落大意，在此基础上我们可以根据文本的结构对写作的要点进行整合。例如，本篇文章是一篇研究的科普文，文本结构为“实验介绍——实验的发现和结论——实验的意义”,有了这个框架，我们可以把要点2和3整合在一起。

2.语言的替换

如何用自己的语言进行简洁的表述是评判得分高低的重要因素。语言的精简和替换是概要写作中的重要技能。我们可以通过用一般替换具体的方法做到精练概括，也可以通过近义词的使用来避免重复，或通过词性转换进行。例如，本文中最后一段的主题句中“the formation of culture”，如果是同义替换可以变为“culture develops”或者“culture comes into being”；如果是词性替换，则可变为“culture is formed”。

Exercise 6

You’ve decided to try advertising your business with postcards. The idea came to you from the postcards you receive from other businesses. You like it because it seems easy to do and

economical. However, you've never tried this before so you question whether this method will bring you customers.

Let me say this first, ，“All Forms of Advertising Work!” However，, you have to understand how the advertising medium works and realize that each form has its limitations. Advertising in any medium has always been about repetition and getting your name remembered. It’s called “ Branding”. Businesses using television commercials constantly repeat their business message 1,000 times a day. They are the best examples to watch and learn from. So you can conclude that the more your potential customers see your message repeated, the easier it is for them to get to know you and what you offer. Then it becomes an easier task to get them to buy from you.

So how does postcard advertising work? You create an ad on a postcard. This can be done in your favorite graphics or Word program. Then use the mail merge feature in the program to insert mailing addresses automatically. In case you haven’t set up your address book you would need to do this before you do a mail merger. Print out the cards, stamp them and then mail them out. If done correctly and repeated over and over again, your customer base will grow. This is the simple mechanics of postcard advertising.

How much should you send out? Start with 500 postcards a month. Then I would repeat the mail out to the same group over the next 1—2 years. Even if they do not buy the first or second time after they’ve received your card, they are beginning to get to know you and your product and services. As time goes by, your chances of converting them to a buyer increase. There is also a good chance that those you target may pass your offer onto someone else.

参考范文

Postcard advertising, like any other form of advertising that works, is about repetition to get your name remembered.(要点1、2) To advertise on postcards，you create an ad on your computer，set up an address book，insert mailing addresses，print out the cars and stamp them.(要点3) To begin with，you mail 500 postcards a month. The same postcards can be repeatedly sent to the same group, who will be likely to become your buyers and even your advertisers.(要点4)

分析过程

试题详解

核心内容

本文是一篇说明文,全文共分四段。第一段提出本文要说明的问题，即使用明信片来做广告。第二段提出了用任何形式打广告都是包含同样的原理，就是不断重复。第三段提出了用明信片打广告的流程。第四段提出散发明信片的数量。

写作思路

根据自己找出的关键信息，将其组成段落。根据这样的体裁，我们可以将要点罗列出来：问题

(advertising your business with postcards)原理（advertising in any medium has always been about repetition and getting your name remembered)操作过程（create an ad on your computer, set up...，insert... print out... and stamp...)数量（500 postcards a month)。接下来就可以粗略地组成段落。

根据初步组合成的段落进行同义替换，避免照抄原文。第一步可以先进行句子层面上的替换。原文中会有一些冗长的句式可以被替换。比如为了提出问题，第一句和第二句可以合并成一句，整合得到以下句子“Postcard advertising, like any other form of advertising that works, is about repetition to get your name remembered”，接下来开始描述制作过程，将制作过程最后提到的“send them out”整合到

“数量”这一要点中，并用“to begin with”表达原文中的“start with...”。最后用buyers和advertisers两个词表达“潜在买家”和“为卖家传递（广告)信息”两层意思。

范文解析

范文将本篇说明文中的问题、原理、操作过程以及数量等重要信息找出来并用多样的句式将其组合起来，经过删减和同义替换，得到符合题目要求的概要。范文中将要点1和要点2结合起来，以最精简的方式说明了本文的问题以及涉及的类似原理。需要说明的是，本文聚焦“ postcard advertising”，所以范文整合要点时，用“like any other form of advertising that works”替换了原文第二段的主题句，既保证了概要的全面性，又突出了全文的主题词。要点3说明的是制作流程，比较冗长，因此进行了适当的整合。要点4总体上是关于明信片广告的邮寄，但其中有两个小点：发给谁、有什么效果。

提炼归纳

判断体裁

本文是说明文，浏览全文就可以发现关键句就在每段的首句，这样就很容易提炼出所有的要点。例如，本文中四个段落的首句分别是，“You’ve decided to try advertising your business with postcards”，“All Forms of Advertising Work”，“So how does postcard advertising work”以及“How much should you send out”。根据首句，在相应段落中找出细节，构成完整的要点。

挑出要点

本文将第一段和第二段中说明的两个要点用了一句话表述清楚，如文中“postcard advertising”这一名词词组提出了文章说明的对象，并且用“be about”引出。这样的处理是由文本结构决定的。本文首段相当于“引子”，第二段是对广告的一般性介绍。最后两段才是详细讲述明信片广告的，所以要多一些篇幅。

Exercise 7

How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments----mostly for entertainment purposes —is fair and respectful?

Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain “collections” of interesting “things” rather than protective habitats. Zoos teach people that it is acceptable to keep animals bored, lonely, and far from their natural homes.

Zoos claim to educate people and save endangered species, but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals' natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty. Zoos keep animals in small spaces or cages, and most signs only mention the species’ name, diet, and natural range. The animals’ normal behavior is seldom noticed because zoos don’t usually take care of the animals' natural needs.

The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusual and self-destructive behavior called zoochosis. A worldwide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain.

Furthermore, most animals in zoos are not endangered. Captive breeding (圈养繁殖)）of endangered big cats, Asian elephants, and other species has not resulted in their being sent back to the wild. Zoos talk a lot about their captive breeding programs because they do not want people to worry about a species dying out. In fact, baby animals also attract a lot of paying customers. Haven’t we seen enough competitions to name baby animals?

Actually, we will save endangered species only if we save their habitats and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals’ natural habitats.

参考答案：

It is unfair to keep animals in zoos，because most zoos only collect interesting animals but don’t protect them.(要点1) Firstly，when visitors leave zoos，they haven’t increased their knowledge of animals and animal protection.(要点2) Secondly，the animals are kept in such small crowded spaces that they even abnormally hurt themselves.(要，存3) And thirdly，most animals kept in zoos are not those dying out.(要点、4) So we should support groups protecting animals’ natural habitats instead of supporting zoos.(要点5)

分析过程：

试题详解

核心内容

本文是一篇议论文，全文共分六段。第一段引出话题：为了娱乐而将动物关进动物园是公平的吗？第二段提出论点：大多数动物园并不保护动物。第三、四、五段用论据进行论证。游客在动物园没有学到动物保护知识;动物在动物园无法保持身心健康；动物园里大多数不是濒危动物。第六段作出总结：我们应该支持保护动物栖息地的团体而不是支持动物园。

写作思路

理清逻辑起点。该文第一段通过问题引出话题“把动物关进动物园是公平的吗？”。第二段提出鲜明的观点“动物园并不保护动物”。第三、四、五段提供论据，进行论证。最后是总结和呼吁。所以第二段第二句是全文的逻辑起点。动物园并不保护动物，所以把动物关进动物园是不公平的。第一，游客在动物园没有学到动物及动物保护知识;第二，动物在动物园无法保持身心健康；第三，动物园里大多数动物不是濒危动物。正因为动物园不保护动物，所以没有必要支持动物园。