生物期中

Chapter 1

1.1

Biology : the study of life

Zoology : the study of animals

Botany : the study of plants

Microbiology : the study of microorganisms

Biochemistry : the interface between biology and chemistry

Molecular biology : looks at life on the molecular level

Ecology : studies the interactions between organisms

Ethology (动物行为学): the study of the behaviour of animals

Genetics : studies the code of life

1.2

Stromatolites : wavy geological formations

Proto-genome : the primitive form of a genome

Paleontologist (古生物学者): a scientist who studies paleontology, learning about the forms of life that existed in former geologic periods, chiefly by studying fossils

Proto-cell : the primitive form of a cell

Hypothesis : a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.

1.3

Agriculture : the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life.

Morphological (形态学的): relating to or concerned with the morphology of plants, microorganisms and animals

Hereditary : genetically transmitted or transmittable from parent to offspring

Heamophilia (血友病): a group of hereditary genetic disorders that impair the body’s ability to control blood clotting or coagulation. Decompose : to separate into component or basic elements or cause to rot Eugenics （优生学）: the applied science or the biosocial movement which advocates the use of practices aimed at improving the genetic composition of a population

Chapter 2

2.1

Biomass(指定体积内所有生物的总体积) : Biological material from living, or recently living organisms.

Virus : a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms.

Bacteriologist : microbiologists who focus mainly on bacteria. Immunology : a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms.

Pesticide : any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest.

Allergy (过敏): a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system Bioremediation (生物修复) : the use of microorganism metabolism to remove pollutants

Pathogen（病原体）: a microbe or microorganism such as a virus, bacterium, prion, or fungus that causes disease in its animal or plant host. Vaccine : a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.

Enzyme : proteins that catalyze chemical reactions.

2.2

Hemorrhagic fever （出血热）: a diverse group of animal and human illnesses that are caused by four distinct families of RNA viruses.

Drug resistance : the reduction in effectiveness of a drug such as an antimicrobial or an antineoplastic in curing a disease or conduction. Autoimmune （自身免疫的）: of, relating to, or caused by autoantibodies or T cells that attack molecules, cells, or tissues of the organism producing them

Extreme environment : extreme conditions which are challenging to most life forms.

Biofilm（生物膜）: an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other or a surface.

Symbiotic relationship（共生作用）: a relationship between two entities which is mutually beneficial for the participants of the relationship. Inanimate world : non-living world

2.3

Chlorophyll （叶绿素）: a green pigment found in almost all plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

Prokaryote （原核生物）: a group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryote （真核生物）: a group of organisms that have a cell nucleus Myxobacteria（黏细菌）: slime（粘液）bacteria

Eukaryotic microbes (真核微生物): microorganisms that have a cell nucleus

Gamete （配偶子）: a cell that fuses with another cell during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually.

Nucleotide （核苷酸）: molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA

Nucleic acid （核酸）: biological molecules essential for life, and include DNA and RNA.

Virion （病毒粒子）: virus particle

Chapter 3

1.Microscope an instrument used to see objects too small for the naked eye.

2.Cell wall, the tough, usually flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells.

3.Animalcule, a older term for a microscopic animal or protozoan.

4.Botanist, a scientist who studies plants.

5.Noncellular, without a cell structure.

6.Zoologist, a biologist who studies animals.

7.Pathologist(病理学家), a doctor who studies the cause and the development of a disease.

8.Cell division, the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

9.Subcellular, of less than cellular scope or level of organization.

10.Multicellular, of or related to more than two cells.

11.Genetic program, a physiological change brought about by a temporal pattern of activation of a particular subset of genes.

12.Chromosome(染色体), any of the rod-shaped or threadlike DNA-containing structures of cellular organisms that we located in the nucleus of eukaryotes, are usually ring-shaped in prokaryotes(as bacteria), and contain all or most of the genes of the organism.

13.Genetic material, the parts of a cell that carry information that can be

inherited, e.g.DNA, genes or chromosomes.

14.Electron microscope, a type of microscope that uses a particle beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen and produce a magnified image.

15.Pigment(色素）, a coloring matter in animals and plants especially in

a cell or tissue.

16.Oocyte（卵母细胞）, an egg before maturation.

17.Receptor(受体), a chemical group or molecule ( as a protein) on the cell surface or in the cell interior that has a affinity for a specific chemical group, molecule, or virus.

18.Growth factor, a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation and cellular differentiation(分化).

19.Mutation(突变), a relatively permanent change in hereditary material involving either a physical change in chromosome relations or a biochemical change in the codons that make up genes.

20.Secretion(分泌), the process of segregating, elaborating, and releasing some material either functionally specialized or isolated for excretion.

21.Cell culture, the culturing of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells.

22.Transformation, the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material( exogenous DNA) from its surrounding and taken up through the

cell membrane.

23.Collagenase(胶原酶), enzymes that break the peptide bonds in collagen.

24.Hayflick limit, the number of times a normal cell population will divide before it stops, presumably because the telomeres reach a critical length.

25.Cell line, a permanently established cell culture that will proliferate indefinitely given appropriate fresh medium and space.

26.Phenotype(表现型), any observable characteristic or trait of an organism.

27.Cell cycle(细胞周期), the series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication(replication).

28.Sterile technique(消毒技术), also named aseptic technique, a procedure that is performed under sterile conditions.

29.Transduction(转导), the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus.