英语词汇学作业答案

1、American women were ________ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle.

1. A. ignored

2. B. neglected

3. C. denied

4. D. refused

2、The antonym of soft is in “a ________ voice”and in “a ________ cushion”.

1. A. rough, hard

2. B. rough, rough

3. C. hard, rough

4. D. hard, hard

3、The figure of speech employed in “My father is a sanitary engineer”is _________.

1. A. hyperbole

2. B. euphemism

3. C. litotes

4. D. metonymy

4、Mrs. Smith is afraid that she and her husband don’t see _________ on New Year Resolutions.

1. A. face to face

2. B. eye to eye

3. C. back to back

4. D. heart to heart

5、Among the synonymous group, old man, daddy, dad, father and male parent, _______

would most probably used by a lawyer in the court.

1. A. dad

2. B. old man

3. C. father

4. D. male parent

6、Our teacher is now not with us. Aha! When the ________ is away, the ________ will play.

1. A. tiger, monkeys

2. B. cat, mice

3. C. hawk, birds

4. D. old, young

7、I could give an opinion ________, but I would rather think about it.

1. A. off the sleeve

2. B. off the cuffs

3. C. off the cuff

4. D. off the sleeves

8、Choked traffic has been a(n) ________ to urban transportation system.

1. A. archenemy

2. B. primary enemy

3. C. main enemy

4. D. major enemy

9、Which one of the following abbreviations means “and so on”? ________.

1. A. i.e.

2. B. e.g.

3. C. etc.

4. D. viz.

10、“ex-”in ex-husband reads ________ and means _______.

1. A. /iks/, “out”

2. B. /iks/, “former”

3. C. /eks/, “out”

4. D. /eks/, “former”

11、Our work calls for mutual support. We shouldn’t ________ each other's efforts.

1. A. activate

2. B. interact

3. C. counteract

4. D. active

12、I am not sure whether I should fly to London or take the train. I’m really caught between two ________.

1. A. choices

2. B. options

3. C. alternatives

4. D. stools

13、Hey! Don’t sit there and count your ________. You need to work really hard.

1. A. chicken

2. B. chickens

3. C. duck

4. D. ducks

14、The figure of speech employed in “The past is a bucket of ashes”is _________.

1. A. metaphor

2. B. euphemism

3. C. irony

4. D. litotes

15、When the crowd saw the prize-fighter stretched out on the canvas, shouts and cheers ________ from it.

1. A. broke up

2. B. b roke forth

3. C. broke through

4. D. break upon

16、persona non grata means ________.

1. A. someone who is not acceptable or welcome

2. B. someone who is slim

3. C. someone who does not take the leading role

4. D. someone who has graduated with no degree

17、The figure of speech employed in “I haven’t seen you for ages”is ________.

1. A. metaphor

2. B. hyperbole

3. C. irony

4. D. metonymy

18、Communication is the process of ________ a message from a source to an audience via a channel.

1. A. transmitting

2. B. submitting

3. C. transforming

4. D. switching

19、Johnson had already ________ in an intimate book.

1. A. thrown out the beans

2. B. thrown out his beans

3. C. spilled the beans

4. D. spilled his beans

20、Free medical treatment in this country covers sickness of mind as well as ________ sicknesses.

1. A. normal

2. B. ordinary

3. C. average

4. D. regular

21、For an English word, the shift of stress may indicate a change of part of speech; export is a perfect example

22、dies, died, dying, dead, etc. are different word forms of the same lexeme DIE.

23、The figurative use of words is an important cause for words to develop new meanings

24、An idiom is semantically integrated, thus an idiom cannot be understood even if you know all its components

25、In the sentence, “More hands are needed on the farm”, metonymy is employed

26、air-conditioner is a word derived from adding -er to air-condition

27、house is the superordinate of wall, roof, floor, etc.

28、According to cognitive semantics, our mind can be explored via the study of linguistic meanings

29、Word equivalents are a necessary part for lexicology and all phrases fall within the range of lexicology

30、Compared with horse, gee-gee is stylistically more formal.

31、In standard AmE, the letter r is pronounced wherever it appears as in bar, board, park, etc

32、The most important role for derivation is word class transformation.

33、Lexical semantics is not only a subset of lexicology, but also a subset of semantics.

34、“sense”, as a term in semantics, denotes the relationship between words within language.

36、Celtic is a branch of the Indo-European Language Family.

37、de-urbanization is a word composed of 5 morphemes, all of which are bound ones

38、Human languages have originated from human’s natural cries for pain, anger and joy, etc

39、The word nice has gone through a semantic change called “generalization

40、Answering the question “Will you marry me?”with “Yes, I will”, the speaker is using

substitution

35、Absolute synonyms are not easy to found in any language

41、Define the following term and give examples when needed.

lexeme

Lexeme is an abstract unit of meaning with all its grammatical inflectional endings wiped out. Most of the words listed in the dictionary are lexemes

42、Define the following term and give examples when needed.

grammar

Grammar is a set of rules or regularities applied to form complex expressions via simpler ones.

43、Define the following term and give examples when needed.

polysemy

Polysemy refers to semantic phenomenon where a single word or phrase has several meanings.

44、Define the following term and give examples when needed.

generalization

Generalization refers to the extension of the word range, or the widening of the semantic scope.

45、Define the following term and give examples when needed.

context of situation

Context of situation refers to the immediate environment of the text.

46、Define the following term and give examples when needed.

function word

A function word is a word that contributes to the major structure of a sentence. It belongs to the close-class

elements of the vocabulary of a given language in the sense that their numbers is small and fixed.

47、Define the following term and give examples when needed.

clipping

Clippings are forms abbreviated from larger words but share a common function with words they are clipped

from.

48、Define the following term and give examples when needed.

affix

An affix is the morpheme added to a root and contributes to the meaning of a word as a whole.For

example,"dis-" in "dishonest" is an affix.

49、Answer the following question with appropriate illustration.

What are the characteristics of native element in English vocabulary?

The following are the 7 general characteristics of native (Aglo-Saxon) elements:

1. All-national character. Native element is shared by all the native speakers, regardless of whether he is a king under the crown, a fisherman on the sea or a vagrant on the street.

2. Monosyllabicity. Most of the native element in Modem English has only one syllable. e.g. sun, cow, go, run, etc.

3. Productivity. Most of the native elements are monosyllabic or root words and are semantically basic. Thus, they are productive in the sense that clusters of words are derived or compounded from them. For example, the word hand, has brought such derivatives and compounds as handy, handle, handkerchief, handiwork, handicraft, handful, handbook, handbarrow, handcuff, etc.

4. Collocational extensiveness. The native element has a wide range of collocation. Many native words enter quite a number of expressions, idioms, phrases and proverbial sayings. For example, the word heel is found in the following units: Achilles’ heel (a vulnerable point), heel over head or head over heels (upside down), cool one’s heels (be kept waiting), show a clean pair of heels, take to one’s heels (run away), turn on one’s heels (turn sharply round), etc.

5. Semantic polysemy. The native words are highly polysemic because they have gone

through semantic changes due to their frequent use in daily life. For example, the verb tell conveys the following meanings: make known, express, explain, utter, confide in order, distinguish, count, reveal, scold, etc.

6. High-frequency value. The native element forms the bulk of the most frequent elements used in any style of speech. Every writer uses considerably more native words than borrowed ones. Corpus investigations show that about 90 percent of the words in Shakespeare’s works and 94 percent of words in King James Bible are native words.

7. Stylistic neutrality. Most native words are stylistically neutral and are equally fit to be used in a lecture, a poem, or when speaking to a child. This can be observed by a simple comparison, for example begin (neutral) vs. commence (formal).

50、Answer the following question with appropriate illustration.

What is the context and its role in shaping word meaning?

Word meaning is sensitive to context, speakers and hearers usually rely heavily on context in constructing and interpreting word meaning. Contextual information can exert two major effects. More specifically, it influences the interpretation of a word, on the one hand, and speeds up lexical access, on the other. In most cases, the contextual aspect plays a crucial role in recognizing the specific meaning of a word.

1. Context has the crucial role to resolve ambiguity.

e.g. Please give me a hamburger, a cup of cola, and some chips.

[a small piece of wood, the potato chip, or electronic circuit]

I saw a tattoo of dragon on the back of that naked young guy,

The big John has been accustomed to the constant tattoos,

Hearing the sound of tattoo, soldiers returned to the quarter as quickly as possible.

[tattoo1 a signal sounded on a drum or bugle to summon soldiers or sailors to their quarters at night;

tattoo2 a display of military exercises offered as evening entertainment;

tattoo3 a design that is drawn on someone’s skin using needles to make little holes and filling them with colored dye.]

2. Context gives rise to the joking effect of puns.

e.g. A: Why can’t a bicycle stand on its own?

B: Because it is two-tired.

[a thick piece of rubber of vehicles, to having used a lot of energy and wanting a rest]

3. Context is beneficial to the understanding of deixis.

There are three major kinds of deixis, that is, person deixis (I, you, we), spatial deixis (here, there), and temporal deixis (now, yesterday).

e.g. I didn’t see her yesterday. It only with the contextual information can the reader know whom the personal deixis her refers to. And the same is the case with the deixises in the following example:

Only contextual information can provides clues to the understanding of I, her and yesterday.

51、Translate the following into Chinese and pay special attention to the bold typed part.

His behavior means that you should stay a bit longer

他的行为表明，你得再呆一段时间。

52、Translate the following into Chinese and pay special attention to the bold typed part.

Brave it out, no matter how difficult it is.

无论那有多困难，你都应勇敢面对。

53、Translate the following into Chinese and pay special attention to the bold typed part.

Let’s cash in on the fine weather and go for an excursion.

54、Translate the following into Chinese and pay special attention to the bold typed part.

Be polite, but don’t kowtow to him.

对他，你应以礼相待，但也没必要卑躬屈膝。

55、Translate the following into Chinese and pay special attention to the bold typed part.

He that sups with the devil must have a long spoon.

与恶人交往，必须小心谨慎。

56、Translate the following into Chinese and pay special attention to the bold typed part.

You don’t have to go to Oxbridge to receive a good university education

接受良好的大学教育，你不需要非去牛津剑桥不可。

57、Translate the following into Chinese and pay special attention to the bold typed part. Spare the rod and spoil the child.

丢了棍子，坏了孩子。

58、Translate the following into Chinese and pay special attention to the bold typed part.

Nothing venture, nothing have.

不入虎穴焉得虎子

59、Translate the following into Chinese and pay special attention to the bold typed part.

I don’t like him. He speaks with too many “ifs”, “ands”and “buts”.

我不喜欢他。说话时满口“假设”、“况且”和“但是”。

60、Translate the following into Chinese and pay special attention to the bold typed part.

A politician thinks of the next election. A statesman, of the next generation.

政客们思考的是下一届竞选，政治家思考的是下一代人民。

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