2020年整理词汇学名词解释,复习提纲.doc
第一章：A word can be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a given syntactic function The development of English Vocabulary.
①Old English (OE) (449-1100)OE is chracterized by the frequent use of compounds. Some OE compounds involving alliteration have survived in Modern English.About 85% of OE words are no longer in use.②Middle English (1100-1500)ME is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.（law and governmental administration）③Modern English (1500-the present)
The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its causes：A. marked progress of science and technology （software, hardware）B.socio-economic, political and cultural changes（credit card, fringe benefit, pressure cooker）C. influence of other cultures and languages（maotai, sputnik）classification of English words according to different criteria 1. By origin：native words and loan words。Native words(Anglo-Saxon origin of OE) Loan words(borrowed from other language) features of basic word stock:1.National character2.Stability3.Word-forming ability4.Ability to form collocations. 2.By level of usage(1)Common words: stylistically neutral, appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech(2)Literary words:chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches .A. archaic words: They are sometimes employed in poetry, business letters, legal documents, religious speeches, and proses.B.poetical words（the deep (the sea), slumber (sleep) maiden( girl), etc.）(3) colloquial words：mainly used in spoken English, or in informal writing.(4) slang words（kick the bucket, top-notch teachers, buzz( telephone call)(5) technical words（psychoanalysis, interlanguage, discovery, assault and coversation）3. By notion Function words: determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries.Content words: nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs.
第二章：The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.
The classification of morpheme：1.free and bound morphemes： A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance. It must appear with at least one other morpheme.2. roots and affixes 1) roots: A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. A. free roots：In English, many roots are free morphemes. B. bound roots：Quite a number of roots derived from foreign sources, especially from
Greek and Latin.2) affixes A. inflectional affixes: plurality, tense, comparative or superlative degree. B. derivational affixes (prefixes and suffixes)
第三章：1. Derivation(1)prefixes：Prefixes can be classified into the following categories by their meaning.A. 表“方式”的前缀（mis.co.mal）B. 表“态度”的前缀(anti.counter.pro.re) C. 表“程度”的前缀(super.under.over)D. 表“时间”的前缀(pre.post.ex.pre)E. 表“地点”的前缀(inter.trans.super.over.sub)F. 表“否定”的前缀(un.in)G. 表“大小”的前缀(mini.maxi)(2)suffixes(1) -ee:加于动词后，表示受事者或施事者(2) -eer: 由其构成的名词有时含有贬义，表达作者或说话人对某人的蔑视态度(3）-er: 由其构成的新词在现代英语中显得生动活泼，带有浓厚的口语色彩(4) -ism(5) -wise: (in terms of, so far as... is concerned)在......方面，就......来说
2.Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shift into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero –derivation. Types of conversion 1.①N to V conversion A. to put in/on N 把.......放入.......使.......处于.......
B. to give N, to provide with N 给予，提供
C. to deprive of N 去掉
D. to ......with N 用......来做
E. to be/act as N with respect to 像......那样
F. to make/change... into N 使......成为......，把.......改变为......
G. to send/go by N
H. to spend the period of time denoted by N②Adj to https://www.360docs.net/doc/5515705465.html,ually this type of verb means "to make/become...adj.”Some adjectives can only be converted into transitive verbs. ③adv. to V（to up. To down）④conjunction to V（to but）2. ①V to N这一类词常与动词have, take, give, make 等词搭配使用形成一个短语2)表示行动的结果（a find, a catch, a cough, etc. ）3) 原动词表示一种行动或行为，转化为名词后表示行为的主体，如：（a bore, a cheat, a sneak, a coach, a good kick）②A to N(1) Partial conversionA. 表示一种类的概念，指具有某种特点的一类人，不指个别人。
B. 以-s, -sh, -se, -ch结尾表示民族概念的形容词转化为名词，与定冠词连用，指整个民族
C.表示抽象概念，指具有某种特点的东西
D.最高级形容词转化为名词，其中一些词用在固定词组或英语习语词组中。
E. 过去分词构成的形容词转化为名词。这类词前面加定冠词，不指一般人，而指特定的人。(2) Complete conversion
3. N to A. 英语中的名词可以直接用作定语修饰另一个名词，既不需要加形容词词尾，也不需要任何格的变化，这样的定语就是名词定语.
3. Compounding or composition is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more words to form a new unit, a compound word. Classification of compounds 1. Noun compounds(1)a+n（hard disk, easy chair, deadline) (2) n+n（mousemat, Dream Team, information highway, etc.)（3) adv+n（after-effect, overburden）(4) gerund+n（chewing gum, reading lamp）
(5）present participle+n（ruling class, floating bridge(6) v+n（swearword, driveway）(7) n+v（nightfall, toothpick, watersupply, snowfall）(8) v+adv(show-off, put-off)(9）adv+v(downfall, upset, upstart) 2. adjective compounds (1) 由状语转化而成的复合形容词（an off-the cuff opinion(临时想起的一点意见）(2）短语动词（a stand-up collar (竖领）(3）动词不定式（take-home pay(扣除税后的实得工资）a cross-border raid(越界袭击）(4）定语从句压缩（a difficult-to-operate machine）3. verb compounds
第四章：Acronymy: Initialism词首字母缩略词and Acronyms首字母缩略词Initialisms(首字母缩略词）Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name a technical term, or a phrase.（BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation), VIP(Very Important Person)
Three types of initialisms1.The letters represent full words: （CIA=Central Intelligence Agency ofthe U.S）2.The letters represent elements in a compound or just part of a word:（ID=Identification(card)3. A letter represents the complete form of the first word, while the second word is in full form.(V-Day=Victory Day) Acronyms :are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc.(SAM=surface-to-air missile SALT=Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) Rapid growth of acronyms and initialisms :space-saving and time-saving devices
Clipping: 1. Back clippings:(ad=advertisement;
gas=gasoline )2.Front clippings:(chute=parachute;)3.Front and back clippings:（flu=influenza;fridge=refrigerator） 4. Phrase clippings:（pub=public house;pop= popular music）
Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in it full form or both of which are not in their full forms.1. First part of the first word+the last part of the second word:（botel (boat+hotel):汽艇游客旅馆）2. First part of the first word+ First part of the second word:（psywar (psychological+warfare):心理战）3. Whole form of the first word +last part part of the second word:（viedophone (viedo+telephone))4. First part of the first word+ Whole form of the second word:（helipad (helicopter +pad)
从文体色彩来看，拼缀词可分为以下三大类：1.俚语或临时语2.科技用语3. 报刊用语
Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language. Words From Proper Names From names of people From names of places From
trdemarks From literature
第五章：Word Meaning and Semantic Features
1. Conventionality and Motivation 1.1 Conventionality归略法：Most English words are conventioal, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense.1.2 Motivation有理据的：Motivation refers to the connection between word-symbol and its sense.①Phonetic motivation: Words motivated phonetically are called echoic words or onomatopoeic words,whose pronounciation suggests the meaning.They show a close relationship of sound to sense.（miaow of a cat; roar of a lion; quack of a duck）②Morphological motivation:When a word is morphologically motivated, a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning. （anticancer, kilometer, etc.）③Semantic motivation:
It refers to motivation based on semantic factors. It is a kind of mental association.
隐喻：在20世纪的绝大部分的时间里，隐喻被认为是语义演变的主要因素。相似性是构成隐喻的基础，是词义得以演变的依据the eye of a needle(针眼）the eye of a potato(土豆的芽眼）相似性包括外观相似、功能相似、褒贬相似、心理相似等。
隐喻的分类（1）结构隐喻：一个概念通过隐喻的方式系统地用另一个概念表达出来，两个概念具有结构上的相似性（2）方位隐喻：方位隐喻是指参照空间方位而构建的一系列隐喻概念。（3）本体隐喻：用关于物体的概念或概念结构来认识和理解我们的经验，如可将抽象的概念喻说成具体的物体，可使后者的有关特征映射到前者上去。（4）容器隐喻：将本体（不是容器的事物，如大地、视野、事件、行动、状态、心境等）视为一种容器（5）拟人隐喻：将事体视为具有人性。
转喻：转喻基于邻近联想突显性（salience)一件事情、一个物体或一个概念有很多属性，而人的认知往往更多地注意到其最突出、最容易记忆和理解的属性，即突显属性。语境依赖性
2.Main types of word meaning 2.1 grammatical meaning语法意义指词中表示语法概念或关系的那部分意义，如词的词性、名词的单复数、动词的时态。
2.2Lexical meaning①denotative meaning/conceptual meaning/cognitive meaningIt is the central factor in linguistic communication.The denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary. It is that aspect of lexical meaning which makes communication possible.②Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind ③Compared with conceptual meaning, connotative meaning is peripheral, and relatively unstable, that is, it may vary according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual. 2.3 Social or stylistic meaning：One of the consequences of the way in which English has developed over the past
1,500 years has been the emergence of different styles. This has been partly due to the influx of new words from other languages such as Latin and French and partly to the variety of social needs which English has had to fulfill. 2.4. Affective meaning2.5. Reflexive meaning：R eflexive meaning is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meanings, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense.
2.6.collocative meaning：The associations a word gets because of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its linguistic context are called collocative meanings. 2.7.Thematic meaning i：mainly a matter of choice between alternative grammatical constructions.
3.文化差异：文化差异往往和不可译性联系起来，主要表现在带有文化含义的语项翻译上。英汉两种语言所体现出来的文化异同表现在多个方面，但主要集中在概念意义和联想意义上，可粗略归类为等额对应、差额对应和文化空缺。
(1)等额对应，是指甲文化语境下的某一表达形式在另一语言文化背景下能找到现成的表达形式。（入乡随俗When in Rome, do as the Romans do）(2)差额对应指英汉两种语言都拥有某一文化概念，但两种概念在文化语义层面并不完全对应。(母亲望子成龙The mother longs to see her son become a dragon.)
4.英汉文化差异的表现(1)动物的联想意义(狗急跳墙A cornered beast will do something desperate)(2)颜色的联想意义(红包red envelope红娘matchmaker)
第六章：1.Polysemy：When a word has two or more meanings that are related conceptually or historically, it is said to be polysemous or polysemic.Polysemy is also an essential feature of language’s
金融学名词解释
第二张 信用货币——能够发挥货币功能的信用工具，包括商业票据、商业银行发行的银行券、中央银行发行的银行券和可以进行转帐结算的银行存款等。信用货币在流通中发挥的各项货币职能主要是依赖于其发行机构的信用作基础 存款货币——是指能够发挥货币交易媒介和资产职能的银行存款，包括可以直接进行转账支付的活期存款和企业定期存款、居民储蓄存款等。 货币层次——是指对流通中各种货币形式按不同的统计口径划分为不同的层次。目前，各国中央银行在对货币进行层次划分时，都以“流动性”作为依据和标准。货币制度——是针对货币的有关要素、货币流通的组织与管理等内容以国家法律形式或国际协议形式加以规定所形成的制度，简称币制。 主币——即本位币，是一个国家流通中的基本通货，一般作为该国法定的价格标准。 辅币——是本位货币单位以下的小面额货币，它是本位币的等分，主要解决商品流通中不足1个货币单位的小额货币支付问题 限制铸造——是指只能由国家来铸造金属货币，特别是不足值的辅币必须由国家铸造，其他机构和个人不得铸造。 无限法偿——是指不论支付数额多大，不论属于何种性质的支付（买东西、还账、缴税等），对方都不能拒绝接受。 有限法偿——是指在一次支付中若超过规定的数额，收款人有权拒收，但在法定限额内不能拒收。 格雷欣法则——也称“劣币驱逐良币”，即两种实际价值不同而法定价格相同的货币同时流通时，市场价格偏高的货币（良币）就会被市场价格偏低的货币（劣币）所排斥，在价值规律的作用下，良币退出流通进入贮藏，而劣币充斥市 场 布雷顿森林体系——是二战以后实行的以美元为中心的国际货币制度。1944年7月在美国新罕布什尔州的布雷顿森林召开了由44国参加的“联合国联盟国家国际货币金融会议”，并建立了以美元为中心的国际货币制度。在布雷顿森林体系下，美元与黄金直接挂钩，其他国家的货币与美元挂钩，各国货币对美元的汇率一般只能在平价上下一定幅度内浮动。1971年8月15日美国宣布放弃金本位，各国也随后纷纷宣布放弃固定汇率，以美元为中心的布雷顿森林体系彻第三章 外汇——动态含义：是指人们通过特定的金融机构（外汇银行）将一种货币兑换成另一种货币，借助于各种金融工具对国际债权债务关系进行非现金结算的行为。静态含义：广义上泛指以外币标示的各种金融资产，包括外国货币、外币有价证券（例如外国政府的债券、信用级别比较高的外国公司债券和股票）、外币支付凭证一切可用于国际结算的债权；狭义上（静态外汇），是指以外币标示的、可用于国际间结算的支付手段。 汇率——一种货币用另一种货币表示的价格称为汇率，又称汇价。 直接标价法——是以一定单位(l个或100、10000个单位)的外国货币作为标准计算应付多少本国货币来表示汇率，因此也被称为应付标价法。在直接标价法下，汇率越高，表示单位外币能换取的本国货币越多，则本国货币价值越低；汇率越低，则本国货币价值越高。包括中国在内的大多数国家目前都采用直接标价法。 4.间接标价法——是以一定数量的本国货币单位为基准，来计算应收多少外币来表示汇率，也称为应收标价法。在间接标价法下，本币汇率的升值、贬值方向与汇率的数值上升或下降的变化方向一致，汇率越高，表示单位本币所能兑换的外
词汇学复习重点
Terms: 1. lexicology 2. morpheme 3. root 4. derivational affixes 5. affixes 6. compounding 7. blending 8. conversion 9. back formation 10. synonymy 11. homonymy 12. hyponymy Questions: 1. Explain the relationship between sound and meaning with examples. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means “Frau” in German, “Femme” in French and “Funv” in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound /rait/ can mean right, rite and write, though denoting different things, yet have the same sound. 2. Illustrate four types of antonyms with examples. 3. What are allomorphs? Please list the allomorphes of the morpheme{plural} in English. The different morphological or phonetic forms of a morpheme are allomorphs of the morpheme. The noun plural morpheme {plural} in English has a numer of allomorphs, such as [-s] in cats, [-z] in bags, [-iz] in fishes, [-ai] in mice, [-n] in oxen, [-i:] in geese and so on. 4. As language changes over time, the meaning of a word may deviate from its original denotation. Discuss the major types of semantic changes. Major types of semantic changes are semantic broadening, semantic narrowing and semantic shift. Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation. Take the word “holiday”for example, the orlder meaning was a “holy day”. Today everyone enjoys a holiday, regardless of religious background. Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less gneral or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning. For example. “wife”used to mean “any woman”, but now it only means “a married female”. Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related, meaning. For example, the word silly meant “happy”in Old English, and naive in Middle English, but “foolish”in Modern Engilsh. 5. Illustrate four types of synonyms with examples.
金融学名词解释(含答案)
1.货币：（1）货币是一般等价物（2）货币就是货币行使的职能（3）货币是“流动性”（4） 货币是社会计算的工具和选票（5）货币是财富（6）货币是一种法律规定（7） 货币是M0, M1,M2…… 2.纸币：纸制的货币 3.铸币：铸成一定形状并由国家印记证明其重量和成色的金属货币 4.辅币：本位货币单位以下的小面额货币，是本位币的等分 5.主币：就是本位币，是一个国家流通中的基本通货，一般作为该国法定的价格标准 6.银行券： 7.实物货币：以自然界中存在的物品或直接以商品形式发挥货币职能的货币形式 8.金属货币：以金属作为货币材料的货币形式 9.信用货币：以信用活动为基础产生的,能够发挥货币作用的信用工具 10.存款货币：能够发挥货币交易媒介和资产职能的银行存款 11.电子货币：以现代电子技术为基础，利用电子信息形式进行价值存储和转移的货币形式 12.狭义货币：现实流通的货币,为实现即期社会购买力服务（M0+企业单位活期存款+农村 存款+机关团体部队存款） 13.广义货币：M1+准货币（企业单位定期存款+自筹基本建设存款+个人储蓄存款+其它存 款） 14.货币制度：关于货币流通的结构和组织形式的一系列规定 15.自由铸造：公民有权把法令规定的金属币材送到国家造币厂铸成金属货币；公民也有权 把铸币融化，还原为金属 16.限制铸造：只能由国家来铸造金属货币，特别是不足值的辅币必须由国家铸造，其他机 构和个人不得铸造 17.无限法偿：不论支付数额多大，不论属于何种性质的支付，对方都不能拒绝接受 18.有限法偿：在一次支付中若超过规定的数额，收款人有权拒收，但在法定限额内不能拒 收 19.布雷顿森林体系：第二次世界大战以后实行的以美元为中心的国际货币制度 20.牙买加体系： 21.区域性货币制度：一定地区内的有关国家在经济联盟的基础上共同实行的,取代原有的国 家货币制度的统一的货币制度 22.外汇：（1）动态：货币之间的兑换 （2）静态：以外币标示的,能够用于结算国际收支差额的资产 23.汇率：两国货币的兑换比例，货币的对外价值 24.直接标价法：以一定单位的外国货币作为标准计算应付多少本国货币来表示汇率，也被 称为应付标价法 25.间接标价法：以一定数量的本国货币单位为基准，来计算应收多少外币来表示汇率，也 被称为应收标价法 26.固定汇率：指两国货币的汇率基本固定，汇率的波动幅度被限制在较小的范围内，各国 中央银行有义务维持本币币值的基本稳定 27.浮动汇率：不规定汇率波动的上下限，汇率随外汇市场的供求关系自由波动 28.换汇成本说：将购买力平价说中的非贸易品剔除，而只考虑贸易品的价格对比如何决定 汇率及其变动。 29.购买力平价：瑞典经济学家卡塞尔1916提出，基本思想是货币价值在于购买力，汇率 取决于货币的购买力之比； 30.利率平价：关于短期汇率波动的理论，认为汇率与利率之间具有密切的关系。若其他条
词汇学相关的一些名词解释 (1)
Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound Blending is a process of word formation by which a word is created by combining parts of other words. Words formed in this way are called blends. From morphological viewpoints, there are four types of blending: Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as lettersEEC: European Economic Community Acronyms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as words:OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Export Countries According to Leonard Bloomfield’s point of view, a word is a minimum free form, that is to say, the smallest form that may appear in isolation. There are two types of linguistic forms: one is the bound form, the other is the free form. A bound form is one which cannot occur on its own as a separate word, e.g. the various affixes: de-, -tion, -ize, etc. A free form is one which can occur as a separate word. For example, the word lovely contains the free form love and the suffix –ly. The suffix –ly in the word lovely, of course, i s not a free for m, because it cannot stand by itself. So we call it a bound form. A word is a minimum free form The morpheme can be considered as the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 1)Morphemes are commonly classified into two forms according to their character: one is free form, and the other is bound form. 2)Free morphemes自由词素are morphemes which can occur as separate words. That is to say, a free morpheme can stand alone as a word. 3)Bound morphemes粘着词素are morphemes which cannot stand alone as words. They are mainly affixes. That is to say, a bound morpheme is one that must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free in a word. 4)2) Morphemes may be classified into two categories according to their lexical and grammatical relationships: 5)lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemesLexical morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words Grammatical morphemes are morphemes used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context, such as plurality or past tense There are three types of words according to morphology:Simple words,Compound words,Complex words Conversion Conversion is a main type of word-formation assigning the base to a different word
英语词汇学考试重点整理
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
(完整版)货币金融学复习名词解释
P527 1.货币失衡：即货币非均衡，是指货币供给偏离货币需求。 2.通货膨胀：是货币供给量超过了货币需求量，即货币供给大于社会经济活动对货币的实际需要。 3.通货紧缩：也称通货不足，是指货币供给量小于货币需要量，即货币供给满足不了社会经济活动对货币的实际需要。 4.居民消费物价指数（CPI）：是综合反映一定时期内居民生活消费品和服务项目价格变动的趋势和程度的价格指数，其中包括了与人们生活直接相关的衣食住行、水电、医疗、教育等商品和劳务价格的变动。 5．生产者价格指数（PPI）：也称批发物价指数，是根据商品的批发价格编制的物价指数，反映包括了原材料、中间品及最终产品在内的各种商品批发价格的变化。 6. 国民生产总值平减指数（GNP）：是按当年价格计算的国民生产总值与按不变价格计算的国民生产总值的比率．它可以反映全部生产资料、消费品和劳务费用的价格的变动。 7.通货膨胀的类型： 根据物价上涨的方式 （1）公开性通货膨胀：是指市场机制充分运行和政府对物价不加控制的情况下表现出来的通货膨胀，或是政府虽然施加控制，但因通货膨胀的压力太大而未 能生效，价格上涨的特征非常明显。 （2）隐蔽性通货膨胀：是指政府当局采取物价管制而使一般物价水平不能自由上升的通货膨胀。 根据物价上涨的速度 （1）爬行通货膨胀：物价上涨年率为2%-3%的状态 （2）温和通货膨胀：低于7%的通货膨胀率，或者是低于10%的通货膨胀率 （3）恶性通货膨胀：又称极度通货膨胀，物价连续暴涨但持续时间不会太久，货币完全丧失价值贮藏功能，并在一定程度上失去交易功能。 根据通货膨胀可否预期 （1）预期通货膨胀：在经济生活中，人们预计将要发生通货膨胀，无避免经济损失，在各种交易、合同投资中将未来的通货膨胀预先计算进去。 （2）非预期通货膨胀：没有预期到的通货膨胀。 根据通货膨胀的成因 （1）需求拉上型通货膨胀：总需求超出了社会潜在产出之后引起价格水平持续上涨而产生的通货膨胀。P504 （2）成本推动型通货膨胀：在总需求不变的情况下，生产要素价格（工资、利润、租金和利息）上涨，致使生产成本上涨，进而导致物价总体水平持续上涨的通 货膨胀。P506 （3）供求混合型通货膨胀：由总需求和总供给两个方面的因素共同引起的物价水平持续上涨而产生的通货膨胀。P508 （4）结构型通货膨胀：是指在总需求和总供给处于平衡状态时，经济结构方面的因素的变化使物价水平上涨，从而导致通货膨胀。 8.菲利普斯曲线：由菲利普斯研究的工资增长率和失业率之间呈反向变化的向下倾斜的曲线。
完全版英语词汇学名词解释_共6页
第一章word 1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 第三章formation 1 1. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 2. Allomorph --- Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs. 3. Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes. 4. Bound Morphemes --- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 7. Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes. 8. Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word. 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12. Stem --- a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 第四章formation 2 1. Affixation --- affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. 2. Prefixation --- is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. 3. Compounding（Compositon）-- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. 4. Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 5. Blending-- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word. 6. Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remain instead.
金融学名词解释整理
金融学名词解释整理
金融学名词解释整理
金融学名词解释 2017.1.7 一 1、货币：是充当一般等价物的商品。 2、收入（income）：是指一个人或一个家庭在一定时期（通常为一年）内的全部进帐和现金收入。所有收入的总和是国民收入，包括劳动收入和财产收入。 3、财富(wealth)：是人们在某一时点所拥有资产的货币净值。 4、金融：是指货币流通和信用活动以及与之相关的经济活动。狭义的金融是指资金融通；广义的金融还包括金融机构体系和金融市场的构成。 5、金融深化：是指放松对金融市场和金融体系的过度干预，使利率和汇率能够充分反映资金和外汇的实际供求情况，并能够抑制通货膨胀。 二 1、信用货币：是以信用作为保证、通过一定信用程序发行、充当流通手段和支付手段的货币形态，是货币发展中的现代形态。 2、表征货币：是指由足值货币的代表物，包括银行券、辅币等执行货币基本职能的货币形态。 3、本位币：亦称主币，是一个国家的基本通货和法定的计价结算货币。 4、辅币：是本位币以下的小额货币，主要提供小额零星交易和找零之用。 5、双本位制：是典型的金银复本位制，是指国家和法律规定金、银两种铸币的固定比价，两种铸币按国家比价流通，而不是随着金、银市场比价的变动而变动。 6、金汇兑本位制：亦称虚金本位制，主要特点是：不铸造金币，没有金币流通，实际流通的是纸币—银行券；中央银行将黄金和外汇存入另一实行金本位制国家的中央银行，并规定本国货币与该国货币的兑换比率；银行券规定含金量，但不能直接兑换黄金，只能兑换外汇；政府或中央银行通过按固定比价买卖外汇的办法来稳定本国币值和汇率。
自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳EnglishLexicology
《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构 Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义) Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world. Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n.认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) Motivation (词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning. Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. 很多合成词和派生词都是这类， Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.( 由字面义派生出来的引申 义) Etymological motivation (词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word. associative meaning 关联意义 Lexical meaning 词汇意义 Types of Meaning conceptual /denotative meaning 词义的分类概念意义 Grammatical meaning 语法意义directly to their origins. In other connotative meaning 内涵意义 stylistic meaning 文体意义 affective meaning 感情意义 collocative meaning 搭配意义 Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships. Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning( 外延意义 ), is the meaning given in the dictionary and
金融学名词解释和简答
一．名词解释 1.货币制度又称币制，是一国政府以法律形式确定的货币流通结构和组织形式。 2.金银复本位制是本位制的一种，在这种制度之下，黄金与白银同时作为本位币的制作材料，金币与银币都具有无限法偿的能力，都可以自由铸造、流通、输出与输入。金币和银币可以自由兑换 3.金本位制就是以黄金为本位币的货币制度。在金本位制下，每单位的货币价值等同于若干重量的黄金（即货币含金量）；当不同国家使用金本位时，国家之间的汇率由它们各自货币的含金量之比——金平价来决定。。 4.铸币税，也称为“货币税”。指发行货币的组织或国家，在发行货币并吸纳等值黄金等财富后，货币贬值，使持币方财富减少，发行方财富增加的经济现象 5.直接融资是以股票、债券为主要金融工具的一种融资机制，这种资金供给者与资金需求者通过股票、债券等金融工具直接融通资金的场所，即为直接融资市场，也称证券市场，直接融资能最大可能地吸收社会游资，直接投资于企业生产经营之中，从而弥补了间接融资的不足 6.间接融资是直接融资的对称，亦称“间接金融”。是指拥有暂时闲置货币资金的单位通过存款的形式，或者购买银行、信托、保险等金融机构发行的有价证券，将其暂时闲置的资金先行提供给这些金融中介机构，然后再由这些金融机构以贷款、贴现等形式，或通过购买需要资金的单位发行的有价证券，把资金提供给这些单位使用，从而实现资金融通的过程。 7.系统性风险又称市场风险，也称不可分散风险。是指由于多种因素的影响和变化，导致投资者风险增大，从而给投资者带来损失的可能性。 8.非系统风险又称非市场风险或可分散风险。它是与整个股票市场或者整个期货市场或外汇市场等相关金融投机市场波动无关的风险，是指某些因素的变化造成单个股票价格或者单个期货、外汇品种以及其他金融衍生品种下跌，从而给有价证券持有人带来损失的可能性。 9.信用风险又称违约风险，是指交易对手未能履行约定契约中的义务而造成经济损失的风险，即受信人不能履行还本付息的责任而使授信人的预期收益与实际收益发生偏离的可能性，它是金融风险的主要类型。 10.市场风险指在证券市场中因股市价格、利率、汇率等的变动而导致价值未预料到的潜在损失的风险 11.资本市场是长期资金市场，指期限在一年以上各种资金借贷和证券交易的场所。 12.货币市场是短期资金市场，是指融资期限在一年以下的金融市场，是金融市场的重要组成部分 13.汇票是由出票人签发的，要求付款人在见票时或在一定期限内，向收款人或持票人无条件支付一定款项的票据 14.本票是一项书面的无条件的支付承诺，由一个人作成，并交给另一人，经制票人签名承诺，即期或定期或在可以确定的将来时间，支付一定数目的金钱给一个特定的人或其指定人或来人。 15.承兑即承诺兑付，是付款人在汇票上签章表示承诺将来在汇票到期时承担付款义务的一种行为。承兑行为只发生在远期汇票的有关活动中。
词汇学 名词解释(部分)
Types of meaning Types of lexical changes 1.Elevation:词义升格 Definition: words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance Some words early in their history signify something quite low or humble, but change as time goes by to designate something agreeable or pleasant. For example: nice: ignorant---foolish---delightful, pleasant Marshal: a keeper of horses---a high ranking army officer So elevation refers that the meaning of word changes from the neutral/negative to positive. 2.Old English:It refers to the English starting from 450 to 1100 AD. The old English is made up of different sources of languages spoken then –that of Anglo-Saxons, that of Celts, and that of Jutes, with a lot of Latin elements used for common peopl e’s life. 3.Bound morpheme: It is the smallest unit of grammar, a unit which cannot occur as separate words. They have no independent semantic meaning; instead, they have: Attached meaning E.g. un-kind, hope-ful Grammatical meaning E.g. cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-ed For an exact example, in the word “careful”, care is free morpheme, “-ful” is a bound morpheme. 4.Hyponymy: Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion, or to say, the relationship between general lexical items and specific lexical items. That is to say, when X is a kind of Y, the lower term X is the“hyponym”, and the upper term Y is the “superordinate”. For example, “fiction”is the superordinate of “novel”, “novelette”and “short story”, which are the hyponyms of “fiction”. Knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness in expression.