英文文章的常用篇章结构

英文文章的常用篇章结构
英文文章的常用篇章结构

英文文章的常用篇章结构:

Introduction

1.Interest drawing material.

2.Thesis statement

3.

3.Transitional sentence

Body

(One or more paragraphs)

1. (Transitional sentence or phrase)

2. Topic sentence.

3. Developments.

4. (Transitional sentence)

Ending

1. (Transitional sentence or phrase )

2. Conclusion, summary, restatement of the thesis, etc.

开篇部分或称引言部分(introduction)的长短无定式,可以因为不同文体,不同题材,不同作者风格而有所不同。

吸引读者兴趣的材料(interest drawing material)可以多种多样。可以是一句惊世骇俗论断(如一位女性作者在文章第一句就说“I also want a wife”),可以是一段逸闻趣事,可以是发人深省的问题,可以是名人学者的一段语录,也可以是一个具体情景的细致生动的描述。这样的材料短则一句,长则一段甚至数段。

主题陈述(thesis statement)相当于中文所说的中心思想。但是,受中国传统文化的影响,中文作者往往讲究含蓄、隐而不露。因此中文文章的中心思想往往需要读者自己去归纳总结。英文则相反。英文文章讲究逻辑性、一致性、连贯性,讲究“重点先表达”。因而可以在开篇部分找到thesis的重要信息。主题陈述的特征是一个需要发展支持,可以而且实际上也被文章的主体部分发展支持的一个论断或陈述(a statement that requires development or support, one that can be, and is practically covered by the body of the essay)。相反,一个具体事实的陈述,或一个无须支持发展的观点的陈述,或一个过于广泛,或一个下文中没有支持发展的观点的陈述,不能看作是主题陈述。

主体部分(body)长短不论,从几段到几十段不等。主要作用是发展支持开篇部分所提出的主题陈述。

转折句或词语(transitional sentence or phrase)可以在某一段的段尾,起着承接下文的作用,或在某一段的段首,起着承上启下的作用。

主体部分的段落,或称发展段,主要由本段主题句(topic sentence)及发展句构成。

主题句的特征与主题陈述大同小异,是一个需要发展支持,可以而且实际上也被本段的主体部分发展支持的一个论断或陈述。主题句最多出现在段首,也可出现在段尾,或段中,有时甚至没有,称为暗含的主题句(implied topic sentence)。在实际阅读中,通常不会刻意去寻找主题句。有经验的读者会自动地(automatically)去留意表现本段主题的思想(idea)。阅读练习中,可以有重点地注意段首、段尾。

段落发展可以有一个到数个要点,依然是遵循“重点先表达,越往后越详细,后句支持前句,一个要点交代完毕转向另一个要点”的规律。在一个要点转向另一个要点时,可以出现承上启下的,表现各种关系的信号词语。

结尾部分(ending)通常是一个小段。一些长篇大论可以有三段甚至更多段落结尾。作者

可以在此部分归纳总结全文思想,或得出结论,或提出建议、警告,或提出自己的“真知灼见”,或以一种不同的、更概括的、更强调的方式重申全文主题。因此凡是涉及全文主旨大意,作者观点的题目都应该重视结尾部分的理解。

9.文体分类:

英文文体的分类与中文文体的分类有些不同。注意英文文体的分类及各种文体的发展规律,对于提高阅读理解的准确性以及阅读题的正确率很有帮助。

1)记叙文(Narration)

记叙一系列的事件的发生。有时有一个主题陈述(thesis statement)。此类文章在考研英语试题中很少出现。

2)说明文(Exposition)

说明一个事物或事理,主要目的是介绍信息(providing information, or informing somebody of something)。主要特点是生词多,涉及广泛背景知识。乍一看似乎难度大,题目却很简单。此类文章在考研英语试题中大量出现。

介绍事物的说明文通常在开篇部分对所说明的事物有一个总的概括介绍。一般采用写作中的描述手法(description)。描述总要循着某个规律,或从左到右,或由表及里,或由本质到现象,或由一般到具体,或由整体到部分,或进行比较对比(comparison or contrast),或进行因果分析(cause analysis)。因此这类文章往往层次分明,读者容易跟上思路。说明事理的文章可有一个主题陈述。这个主题陈述虽然可能是有争议的,但是不能将这个文体与议论文混淆。作者并不去试图证明或反驳某个观点,只是通过陈述一些事实或事例来解释说明主题陈述。在罗列相关事实或事例时,作者不用遵循什么规律,只要能够达到说明主题陈述的目的就行。若不了解这一点的读者可能会摸不着头脑,跟不上思路。

阅读这类文章时,对生词要有一个正确的心态。由于中文不重视结构,侧重意会,因而与英文相比,中文更重视词语意义的准确性。因此,在中文环境下长大的中国读者,一旦遇到英文材料中出现一些甚至许多词语的意义不确切时,就会感到焦虑(anxiety),从而极大地影响阅读效果。其实,在中文环境中,我们经常遇到一些词语意义不明确的场合,却并不影响交流。如果你能根据上下文判断eucalypt是一种树,CT是一种医疗诊断技术,embryo stem-cell是人体组织的一部分,那么即使你不知道这些词语的准确意义也无关紧要。事实上,有多少人能够科学准确地解释“桉树”(eucalypt),“计算机X射线断层造影术”(CT—Computerized Tomography),或“胚胎干细胞”(embryo stem-cell)呢?即使我们知道了这些词语的汉语意义,又给我们增加了多少信息呢?如果确实涉及重要思想的词语,作者自然会采用各种手段(definition, explanation, example, etc.)来帮助读者。此类文章也包括了一些新闻报道类的文章。不宜将新闻报道作为单独的一个类别,因为除了一般报道之外,还有新闻综述,新闻述评等。单纯从阅读的角度(而不是从文体学分类的角度)来看,后者最好归为议论文。

需要注意的是,无论是说明文还是下面要提到的议论文,都有两种情况:一种是正式的(formal),一种是非正式的(informal)。Formal类的特点是:客观,基于事实,作者试图诉诸于读者的reasoning(推理能力)。Informal类的特点是:同样基于事实,但是可能大量采用所谓的figurative language(形象生动的语言,修辞语言),作者试图诉诸于读者的emotions(情感)。对这些特点的了解有助于判断作者的态度。

3)议论文(Argumentation)

这也是一个常考文体。如同中文,议论文有论点,论据,结论。论点往往涉及一个常见话题(issue)。读者需要平时关注热点话题,多读报纸杂志。若能直接阅读英文报纸杂志固然好(比如可以在网上浏览),或读一些中文的,经常刊载国外报刊杂志文章的刊物。不然,要么对文中思想莫名其妙,要么似懂非懂。

这类文章的作者为了保持所谓客观公正,常常在文中引入正反双方的观点。而作者自己的观点常常混杂在其中。这就需要读者分清哪些是作者本人的观点,哪些是作者反对的观点,哪些是作者引用并反对的观点,哪些是作者引用来作为自己的观点。这类文章字面上的理解(understanding)很容易,深层的理解(comprehension)却较难,因为作者常常采用各种修辞技巧。由于国内英文教材中说明文多,议论文少,中国读者对议论文中常用的修辞技巧和强调表达的句式缺乏了解,因而对字里行间的隐含信息把握不住。常出现自己觉得读懂了,做题时却出现许多错误的情况。

4)说服性的文章或称分析劝导型文章(Persuasion)

此类文章常常可分为两大部分。第一部分介绍某事多么有趣,多么简单容易,多么必要,多么紧迫等。第二部分告诉读者如何去做。这类文章的一种变体是解决问题型(problem solving)。第一部分说明问题的严重性,解决这一问题的必要性,重要性,紧迫性等。第二部分提出各种可能的解决办法。进一步的变化是只有第一部分,只讨论问题,而不去讨论解决办法。

尽管这类文章内容层次清楚,但是由于考研英语入学考试在知识水平方面的特点(通常涉及“三新”),往往涉及到新的科技发展或社会进步所引发的新的社会问题,或在某一学科方面的新问题,如新的法律问题,医疗问题,伦理道德问题。因此,在文章内容的理解上仍然存在一定的难度。

5)书评(Book Review)

为了简单化,我将对一篇文章的评论也包括在内,也可包括对作家,艺术家,音乐家及其思想、理论和作品的介绍等。这类文章生词多,语句难度大,背景知识要求高,题目也很难。而且,西方人士写作书评时与中国大陆的人士有很大区别。中国大陆的人士往往喜欢先肯定优点,然后隔靴搔痒地提一些无关紧要的缺点,或者是完全相反,彻底否定。西方人士可能根据不同的思路来写书评,不一定是“先肯定,再批评”的套路。此类文章在考题中时有出现,如1996年考题的第五篇文章。

10.题材特点

由于在知识水平上的较高要求,考研英语阅读材料通常反映出知识的更新,科技的进步,涉及社会普遍关注的热点话题,也可包括介绍或综述文学艺术、音乐以及各社会科学最新发展及问题的文章。从题材上看可以归纳为“三新特点”:即新发展,新问题,新思路。

所谓新发展,是指在各个学科,各个领域的最新进展情况。所谓新问题,是指新的科技发展或社会发展进步所引发的新的社会问题,或在某一学科方面的新问题,如新的法律问题,医疗问题,伦理道德问题,金融经济问题,教育办学问题,环境生态问题,心理健康问题等等。所谓新思路,不仅指新的条件下各种新的思想,尤其是指与中国大陆社会文化环境下人们很少接触到的,甚至相互抵触的一些思想观点。

由于中国大陆目前教育体制方面客观存在的一些问题,更由于许多学生本身思想观念方面的问题,造成许多中国学生在象牙塔里呆上几年后,几乎变成了“火星人”,或是“桃花源中人”。

事实上,许多学生在英语阅读方面存在的并不只是单纯的语言困难,更有相关知识不熟悉,相关思想观念不了解的问题。而后者却是短时间内不易克服的巨大障碍。

(完)

英语经典句子整理背诵

Are you kidding me? 你在跟我开玩笑吧? Back in a moment! 马上回来!Better luck next time! 下次会更好!Boy will be boys 本性难移!Come to the point! 有话直说!Does it keep long? 可以保存吗?Dont be so fussy! 别挑剔了! Dont count to me! 别指望我!Dont fall for it! 不要上当! Dont get me wrong! 你搞错了!Dont give me that! 少来这套!Dont let me down! 别让我失望!Dont lose your head! 别乐昏了头!Dont over do it! 别做过头了!Dont sit there daydreaming! 别闲着做白日梦! Drop me a line! 要写信给我!Easy come easy go! 来得容易去得也快! First come first served! 先到先得!Get a move on! 快点吧 Get off my back! 不要嘲笑我!Give him the works! 给他点教训!Give me a break! 饶了我吧! Give me a hand! 帮我一个忙!Great minds think alike! 英雄所见略同! I beg your pardon! 请你再说一遍!The dice is cast! 已成定局了! The same as usual! 一如既往!The walls have ears! 隔墙有耳!There you go again! 你又来了!Time is running out! 没有时间了!We better get going! 最好马上就走! Well discuss it later! 回头再说吧!We are all for it! 我们全都赞成!Weve been expecting you! 我们正等着你呢! What a good deal! 真便宜! What a let down! 真令人失望!What do you figure? 你有什么想法? What happened to you? 你怎么了?Whats would you recommend? 你有何意见? whats come over you? 你怎么了? Whats it to you? 这跟你有关吗? Whats on your mind? 你在想什么? Which would you prefer? 你要选哪个? Wouldnt you say so? 你说不是这样吗? You are most understanding! 你真体贴! You asked for it! 你自讨苦吃! You cant be serious! 你不是认真的吧 You cant miss it! 你不可能找不到的! One should love animals. They are so tasty.每个人都应该热爱动物,因 为它们很好吃. Every man should marry. After all, happiness is not the only thing in life. 再快乐的单身汉迟早也会结婚,幸 福不是永久的嘛. The wise never marry, And when they marry they become otherwise. 聪明人都是未婚的,结婚的人很难 再聪明起来. 1.I'll say! 我有同感! 2.No comment!无可奉告! 3.You've got a big mouth!你真是一 个大嘴巴! 4.Things will work out! 船到桥头自然直! 6.Love is best!爱情至上! 7.Money talks!有钱能使鬼推磨! 8.What if I do? what If I don't? 我做了会怎么样?我不做又会怎 么样啊? 9.So long!再见! 10.I have no idea!我不知道! 12.Everything will be fine! 一切都会好起来的! 15.All men are mortal,because we are all mortal!每个人都终究一死, 因为我们都是凡人! 18.When reading books,start from the easy to the difficult,and then from the redundant to the concise. 读书要从薄到厚,再从厚到薄。 19.Every dog has his day! 每个人都会有时来运转的一天的。 21.How will I break the ice? 我怎样才能打破僵局呢? 24.East,west,home is the best! 金窝,银窝,不如自己的狗窝。 25.Don't let the cat out of the bag. 不要泄秘哦。 26.from China to Peru (从中国到秘鲁)全世界。 27.You can't go anywhere without english.不懂英语寸步难行。 29.We can't all be heroes.Somebody has to sit on the curb and clap as they go by. 我们不可能都成为英雄,总得有人 在英雄走过的时候坐在路边鼓掌。 12. I'm not going to kid you. 我不是跟你开玩笑的。 13. That's something. 太好了,太棒了。 14. Brilliant idea! 这主意真棒!这主意真高明! 15. Do you really mean it? 此话当真? 16. You are a great help. 你帮了大忙 17. I couldn't be more sure. 我再也肯定不过。 18. I am behind you.我支持你。 Whatever decision you're going to make, I am behind you. 19. I'm broke./I am penniless. 我身无分文。 20. Mind you!请注意!听着! 21. You can count on it. 你尽管相信好了,尽管放心。 22. I never liked it anyway.我一直 不太喜欢这东西。(当朋友或同事 不小心摔坏你的东西时就可以用 上这句话给他一个台阶,打破尴尬 局面。) 1

经典英语短文背诵42篇

经典英语短文背诵 第一天:THE NEWSPAPER 报纸 Nowadays the newspaper possesses [p?'zes] considerable value. Everybody should read it. It supplies us with a variety of news every day. It tells us the political [p?'litik?l] situation of the world. If we form. the habit of reading the newspaper, we shall (will) get enough knowledge to cope with our circumstance['s?:k?mst?ns]. Though students have to do the homework everyday, they should spare at least one or two hours to read newspaper. In this way, they can not only increase knowledge, but also keep up with the times. In a word, reading newspaper is of great benefit to students. 现今报纸拥有极大的价值,人人都应该看它。它每天提供我们各种类类的消息。它告诉我们世界政治局势。如果我们养成看报的习惯,我们就能得到足够的知识来因应我们的环境。学生虽然每天须做功课,但他们至少应该匀出一两个小时来看报。哪些,他们不但能增加知识而且也能赶上时代。总而言之,看报对学生很有益处。 第二天:MY DAIL Y LIFE 我的日常生活 Though my daily life is extremely monotonous[m?'n?t?n?s], I try hard to adapt myself to it. Why? Because I intend to be a good student. I wish to render['rend?]报答service to my country. I get up at six o’cl ock every day. After I wash my face and brush my teeth, I begin to review my lessons. I go to school at seven o’clock. After school is over, I return home. We usually have supper at seven o’clock. Then I begin to do my homework. I want to finish it before I go to bed. 虽然我的日常生活十分单调,但我却竭力设法去适应它。为什么?因为我打算做一个好学生,希望将来为国家服务。 我每天六点起床、洗脸刷牙后,就开始复习功课,七点钟我就去上学。 放学后,我就回家了。我们通常在七点钟吃晚餐,之后我就开始做家庭作业,希望在睡觉前把它做完。 第三天:A MODEL STUDENT 模范学生 Do you mind being called a bad student? Of course not.So far as I know, everybody intends to be (become) a model student. However, to be a model student is by no means an easy thing. Firstly, he must do his best to obtain knowledge. A man without sufficient knowledge will not succeed. Secondly, he must remember to improve his health. Only a strong man can do great tasks. Thirdly, he should receive moral education. If his conduct is not good, no one will consider making friends with him. 你介意被称为坏学生吗?当然不。就我所知,每个人都打算做模范学生。 然而,做模范学生却不容易。第一,他必须尽力获得知识(求知)。一个没有足够知识的人是不会成功的。第二,他必须记住促进健康。只有强壮的人才能做大事。第三,他应该接受道德教育。如果他品行不好,没有人会考虑和他交朋友的。 第四天:HOW TO GET HAPPINESS 如何获得快乐 There is no doubt that happiness is the most precious thing in the world. Without it, life will be empty and meaningless. If you wish to know how to get happiness, you must pay attention to the following two points.

经典英文背诵50篇(带翻译)

经典英文美文 >01 The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm -- two entirely different movements. Singers and instrumentalists have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties: the hammers that hit the strings have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear. This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds with fanatical but selfless authority. Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century. 01 音乐的语言 画家将已完成的作品挂在墙上,每个人都可以观赏到。作曲家写完了一部作品,得由 演奏者将其演奏出来,其他人才能得以欣赏。因为作曲家是如此完全地依赖于职业歌手和职业演奏者,所以职业歌手和职业演奏者肩上的担子可谓不轻。 一名学音乐的学生要想成为一名演奏者,需要经受长期的、严格的训练,就象一名医科的学生要成为一名医生一样。绝大多数的训练是技巧性的。 音乐家们控制肌肉的熟练程度,必须达到与运动员或巴蕾舞演员相当的水平。歌手们每天都练习吊嗓子,因为如果不能有效地控制肌肉的话,他们的声 带将不能满足演唱的要求。弦乐器的演奏者练习的则是在左手的手指上下滑动的同时,用 右手前后拉动琴弓--两个截然不同的动作。歌手和乐器演奏者必须使所有的音符完全相同协调。钢琴家们则不用操这份心,因为每个音符都已在那里等待着他们了。 给钢琴调音是调音师的职责。但调音师们也有他们的难处:他们必须耐心地调理敲击琴弦的音锤,不能让

经典英语短文背诵教学文案

第一天:THE NEWSPAPER 报纸 Nowadays the newspaper possesses considerable value. Everybody should read it. It supplies us with a variety of news every day. It tells us the political situation of the world. If we form. the habit of reading the newspaper, we shall (will) get enough knowledge to cope with our circumstance. Though students have to do the homework everyday, they should spare at least one or two hours to read newspaper. In this way, they can not only increase knowledge, but also keep up with the times. In a word, reading newspaper is of great benefit to students. 现今报纸拥有极大的价值,人人都应该看它。它每天提供我们各种类类的消息。它告诉我们世界政治局势。如果我们养成看报的习惯,我们就能得到足够的知识来因应我们的环境。 学生虽然每天须做功课,但他们至少应该匀出一两个小时来看报。哪些,他们不但能增加知识而且也能赶上时代。总而言之,看报对学生

经典优美励志的英文句子50句(上)

经典优美励志英文句子(上) 每天阅读背诵一句,不要求多背,贵在持之以恒!在阅读背诵的感受句子背后带来的生活启示,在轻松中学习英语! 1、If it is wrong to love you, then my heart just won’t let me be right——爱上你是一种错,但我的心却怂恿我一错再错。 2、The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved. - 生活中最大的幸福是坚信有人爱着我们。 3、Not every morning wake up your alarm clock, but dream! 每天早上叫醒你的不是闹钟,而是梦想! 4、Blessed is he whose fame does not outshine his truth.——Tagore 有福之人,是因为他的真实比他的名誉更耀眼。——泰戈尔 5、Life is too short to not experience the madness of love. 生命太短,不能不疯狂地去爱一把。 6、Sometimes goodbye is the only way. 有时候,除了说再见,无路可走。 7、Life is too short to waste time hating anyone. 人生太短暂,不要把时间浪费在伤害他人上。 8、Sometimes it sucks being strong. Because when people know that you are strong, they think that it is okay to hurt you, over and over again. 有时候坚强并不是什么好事情,因为有些人会认为你坚强,所以伤害你问题不大,于是一再的伤害你。 9、Spend life with who makes you happy, not who you have to impress——选择让你快乐的那个人来共度余生,而不是你必须努力取悦的那一个。 10、Shall I hang on or shall I let you go? 我该死缠烂打,还是放手让你走? 11、Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.-Aristotle 认识自己是一切智慧的开端。-亚里士多德 12、Education is what remains after one has forgotten everything he learned in school. 我们忘记学校所教的东西以后,最终剩下的就是教育。--Albert Einstein 13、A conundrum of a city. Same scenes, same routes, and same destinies.迷宫般的城市,让人习惯看相同的景物,走相同的路线,到相同的目的地. 14、Never do something permanently stupid just because you are temporarily upset. 不要因为一时的心烦,做出一辈子的傻事。

英语经典语句背诵

一、最美的十大经典爱情句子 1) I love you not because of who you are, but because of who I am when I am with you. 我爱你,不是因为你是一个怎样的人,而是因为我喜欢与你在一起时的感觉。 2) No man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won‘t make you cry. 没有人值得你流泪,值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。 3) The worst way to miss someone is to be sitting right beside them knowing you can‘t have them. 失去某人,最糟糕的莫过于,他近在身旁,却犹如远在天边。???? 4) Never frown, even when you are sad, because you never know who is falling in love with your smile. 纵然伤心,也不要愁眉不展,因为你不知是谁会爱上你的笑容。 5) To the world you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world. 对于世界而言,你是一个人;但是对于某个人,你是他的整个世界。 6) Don‘t waste your time on a man/woman, who isn‘t willing to waste their time on you. 不要为那些不愿在你身上花费时间的人而浪费你的时间。 7) Just because someone doesn‘t love you the way you want them to, doesn‘t mean they don‘t love you with all they have. 爱你的人如果没有按你所希望的方式来爱你,那并不代表他们没有全心全意地爱你。 8) Don‘t try so hard, the best things come when you least expect them to. 不要着急,最好的总会在最不经意的时候出现。 9) Maybe God wants us to meet a few wrong people before meeting the right one, so that when we finally meet the person, we will know how to be grateful. 在遇到梦中人之前,上天也许会安排我们先遇到别的人;在我们终于遇见心仪的人时,便应当心存感激。 10) Don‘t cry because it is over, smile because it happened. 不要因为结束而哭泣,微笑吧,为你的曾经拥有。 二、经典电影台词(中英文对照版) NO.1 Forrest Gump 阿甘正传 1.Life was like a box of chocolates, you never know what you’re gonna get. (生命就像一盒巧克力,结果往往出人意料) 2.Stupid is as stupid does. (蠢人做蠢事,也可理解为傻人有傻福) 3.Miracles happen every day. (奇迹每天都在发生) 4.Jenny and I was like peas and carrots.(我和珍妮形影不离) 5.Have you given any thought to your future?(你有没有为将来打算过呢) 6.You just stay away from me please.(求你离开我) 7.If you are ever in trouble, don’t try to be brave, just run, just run away.(你若遇上麻烦,不要逞强,你就跑,远远跑开) 8.It made me look like a duck in water.(它让我如鱼得水) 9.Death is just a part of life, something we’re all destined to do.(死亡是生命的一部分,是我们注定要做的一件事) 10.I was messed up for a long time.(这些年我一塌糊涂) 11.I don’t know if we each have a destiny, or if we’re all just floating around accidental—like

(完整)初一英语经典美文背诵必备阅读(2)

初一英语经典美文背诵必备阅读 通过背诵,不仅能提高我们的英语口语,还能有效加深我们学习到的知识,今天在这里为大家分享一些初一英语经典美文背诵,欢迎大家阅读! Genius at Work 天才在工作 Henry Ford didn’t always pay attention in school. One day ,he and a friend took a watch apart. Angry and upset, the teacher told him both to stay after school. Their punishment was to stay until they had fixed the watch. But the teacher did not know young Ford’s genius. In ten minutes, this mechanical wizard had repaired the watch and was on this way home.. 亨利.福特在学校里常常心不在焉。有一天,他和一个小朋友把一块手表拆开了。老师很生气,让他们放学后留下来,把表修好才能回家。当时这位老师并不知道小福特的天才。只用了十分钟,这位机械奇才就把手表修好,走在回家的路上了。 Ford was always interested in how things worked. He once plugged up the spout of a teapot and placed it on the fire. Then he waited to see what would happen. The water boiled and, of course, turned to steam. Since the steam had no way to

新东方背诵经典50篇

新东方背诵经典50篇(带翻译)珍贵值得收藏 >01 The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm -- two entirely different movements. Singers and instrumentalists have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties: the hammers that hit the strings have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear. This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds with fanatical but selfless authority. Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century. 01 音乐的语言 画家将已完成的作品挂在墙上,每个人都可以观赏到。作曲家写完了一部作品,得由演奏者将其演奏出来,其他人才能得以欣赏。因为作曲家是如此完全地依赖于职业歌手和职业演奏者,所以职业歌手和职业演奏者肩上的担子可谓不轻。 一名学音乐的学生要想成为一名演奏者,需要经受长期的、严格的训练,就象一名医科的学生要成为一名医生一样。绝大多数的训练是技巧性的。 音乐家们控制肌肉的熟练程度,必须达到与运动员或巴蕾舞演员相当的水平。歌手们每天都练习吊嗓子,因为如果不能有效地控制肌肉的话,他们的声带将不能满足演唱的要求。弦乐器的演奏者练习的则是在左手的手指上下滑动的同时,用右手前后拉动琴弓--两个截然不同的动作。歌手和乐器演奏者必须使所有的音符完全相同协调。钢琴家们则不用操这份心,因为每个音符都已在那里等待着他们了。 给钢琴调音是调音师的职责。但调音师们也有他们的难处:他们必须耐心地调理敲击琴弦的音锤,不能让 音锤发出的声音象是打击乐器,而且每个交叠的音都必须要清晰。如何得到乐章清晰的纹理是学生指挥们所面临的难题:他们必须学会了解音乐中的每一个音及其发音之道。他们还

值得背诵的经典英文电影台词

值得背诵的经典英文电影台词 (一)《Shawshank Redemption 肖申克的救赎》 1.You know some birds are not meant to be caged, their feathers are just too bright. 你知道,有些鸟儿是注定不会被关在牢笼里的,它们的每一片羽毛都闪耀着自由的光辉。 2. There is something inside, that they can't get to, that they can't touch. That's yours. 那是一种内在的东西, 他们到达不了,也无法触及的,那是你的。 3. Hope is a good thing and maybe the best of things. And no good thing ever dies. 希望是一个好东西,也许是最好的,好东西是不会消亡的。 (二)《Forrest Gump 阿甘正传》 1.Life was like a box of chocolates, you never know what you're gonna get. 生命就像一盒巧克力,结果往往出人意料。 2. Stupid is as stupid does. 蠢人做蠢事(也可理解为傻人有傻福)。 3.Miracles happen every day. 奇迹每天都在发生。 4.Jenny and I was like peas and carrots. 我和詹妮形影不离。 5. Have you given any thought to your future? 你有没有为将来打算过呢? 6. You just stay away from me please. 求你离开我。

绝对值得背诵的经典英语短文

绝对值得背诵的经典英语短文 第一篇 01 The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm—two entirely different movements. Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it i s the piano tuner’s responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties; the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear. This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority. Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century. 第二篇 02 Schooling and Education It is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important. Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life. Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught. For example, high school students know that there not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.

相关主题
相关文档
最新文档