句子翻译

中译英是新的大学英语四级考试样卷中的一个新题型。

在改革后的CET-4考试中不再有英译中，取而代之的是中译英。同时取消的题型还有“词汇与结构”，但这并不表示新的四级考试不再重视对语法结构和词汇的考查，相反，新四级通过增加中译英、改错，以及保留完型填空，使得考试仍然注重考查考生的语言知识。

相对于原来的英译中，中译英的难度要低一些。因为是完成句子形式的题型，因此中译英的考查重点是考生对于语法知识和词汇、词组的掌握程度。要做好中译英题，考生不仅要熟悉基本语法和常用句型，会准确拼写和应用大学英语四级所要求掌握的词汇和词组，还要能够娴熟地构建简单的英语句子，自如地进行中英文之间的转换。

中英译题型要求考生在五分钟的时间内把五个句子中的汉语部分译为英语，使全句在语义、句子结构、词语搭配等方面符合英语句式表意的要求。

这一类翻译的要求并不是检查考生较为全面的对没英双语的理解能力和表达能力，以及在双语转换过程中对语言所承载的文化因素的驾驭能力；而是着重检查考生在英语学习过程中是否掌握并能够运用较丰富的词汇和基本句式，同时着重检查在这一基础上对汉语句子中所包含的信息的解读能力，从而能在此基础上构思出相应的英语句式，或在上下文（句）的启发下，勾勒出相应的英语句式，把汉语原句中的信息按英语语言的表达习惯转换出来。

这一转换，简而言之，是一个阅读、理解到表达的完整过程的转换。而要完成这一转换，就大学英语四级的要求来说，主要落实在转换过程中对英语语言基础知识与基本技能的掌握和运用。

不过，在转换时，有部分学生首先对中文句子的理解不够仔细，其次对句子中汉语部分的理解不能结合句中的英语部分解读出全句的整体意义；同时，在对汉语部分作英语的转换时处理粗糙，不能在所要求的句式中有效地运用、表达出已掌握的英语语言基础知识和基本技能，或者是由于缺乏一定的英语句式或短语表达形式而不知如何下手。其实，这种翻译只是一种半成品的中英句式转换，要求的只是对句中某一个句型进行中英转换。例如：The substance does not dissolve in water ____________________

(不管是否加热)。（取自样卷）

答案：whether (it is ) heated or not

By contrast, American mothers were more likely _________________

(把孩子的成功归因于) natural talent.（取自样卷）

答案：to attribute their children’s success to

从这两题中可知，中译英主要考查考生对英语常用语法知识和词语知识的掌握。在转换过程中，考生只要充分利用自己所掌握的英语基本语法知识，如时态、语态、语气、主谓一致、倒装、从句等，并能够充分掌握常用的英语词语，就能够比较轻松地把所给的中文词语或部分句子翻译成英语，完成中英文的转换。

还有包括名词、形容词、介词以及副词词组或短语的运用。这些英语语言的基础知识与基本技能的掌握和运用便是英语语言能力在阅读、写作和翻译等方面的基本表现。

解题步骤：

1）透彻汉语题干的意思，确定句型结构。如英语中最常用的句型结构有：肯定句/否定句，倒装结构，比较结构，强调结构，虚拟语气，定语从句/状语从句/名词性从句等。

2）确定译文的时态、语态、语序，选择恰当的词汇或词组。

第2步与第1步紧密相关，是将第1步确定的句型结构落实到细节。在这一步

中，应确定译文的时态，英语中有16种时态，最常用，且翻译最容易考到的有7种，分别是：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时态、将来完成时。在确定译文时态时，要把译文放在全句中进行观察，根据上下文来把握译文的时态。

其他需要确定的还有译文的语态，即是主动语态还是被劝语态，语序，即主语部分是什么，谓语部分又是什么。此外，还要选择恰当的词汇或词组。选好词汇后，要考试译文中词汇的具体形式，例如：名词的单复数形式，动词的第三人称单数形式，或过去式形式、过去分词形式、现在分词形式等等。

3）校对译文。

校对译文是不可缺少的一个重要环节。首先，检查译文是否正确表达了汉语题干的内容，是否有错译、翻译。其次，检查是否有语法或语言错误，如：时态、主谓一致、单复数、拼写、大小写等。

注意事项：

考生在做翻译题时，还应注意以下几个方面：

1）用自己熟悉的词语和结构，也就是英语中最常用的2500词就差不多了。

2）用尽量简单的词语和结构。

3）理清时态、语态。

4）灵活应用各种中译英技巧。

第二节英语常用句型结构

英语语言的核心句型通常为五个：

S + V

S + V +O

S + V + O + O

S + V + O + C

S + V + C

这五个基本句型都是以主语和谓语作为构成句子的核心要素。几乎所有英语句子都是包含着其中一个为核心构建起来的，而这之中起决定作用的又是动词。

在S + V句型中，V具有不及物属性的动词，只能构成主语+谓语的句子，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。常见的有以下三类句式。

1. S + Vi:

The bell rings.

2. S + Vi + Adv. (Adv. Phrase):

You must not talk aloud in the library.

The pen writs smoothly.

They talked for half an hour.

3. S + Vi + Adv. Infinitive:

I will come to see you soon.

在S + V +O，S + V + O + O，S + V + O + C句型

中，V均为具有及物属性的动词，但所构成的句型又因动词的功能没而互不相同，结构较为复杂。这在翻译和写作中都是必须注意的。

S + V +O句型中，O为名词或有名词功能的短语或句子，作及物动词V的宾语，英语句型大多为这类及物动词所构建。常见的有以下11种。

1. S + Vt + Noun:

He waters the flowers every morning.

2. S + Vt. + Pronoun:

She knows you very well.

3. S + Vt. + -ing:

I like playing football.

They do not advise his seeing the boss at this time.

4. S + Vt + Prep. + -ing:

My mother objected to our swimming after lunch.

The girl insists on going to the movies by herself.

He persists in doing something in his own way.

5. S + Vt + to–Infinitive:

I refused to play tennis with them.

6. S + Vt. + what (whom, which) + to-Infinitive:

I don’t know what to do.

We must understand whom to choose.

I don’t know which book to read.

Do you know which way to take?

7. S + Vt. + how (when, where) + to-Infinitive:

You must learn how to swim.

We must decide when to start.

She will show where to sit.

8. S + Vt. + that Clause:

I hear that he is in Singapore now.

9. S + Vt. + what (who, whom, which) Clause:

I wonder what his name is.

Do you see what answer he made?

Can you guess how he is?

I cannot see which way is better.

10. S + Vt. + how (when, where, why) Clause:

I wonder how he made such a fortune.

I forgot when (where) you were born.

No one knows why he did such a thing.

11. S + Vt. + if (whether) Clause:

I wonder if it will rain tomorrow.

I don’t doubt whether the news is true or not.

S + V + O +

O句型中，V的属性决定了这类动词带有双宾语，大多为直接宾语和间接宾语，其中间接宾语通常是人，直接宾语通常为物，或者是名词，或有名词功能的短语或句子。常见句子构成有以下3种。

1. S + Vt. + Noun (Pronoun) + Noun:

I gave John (him) the book.

I bought John (him) the book.

I asked John (him) the question.

2. S + Vt. + Noun (Pronoun) + how (when, where, what, which) +

to-Infinitive:

I taught John (him) how to drive a car.

Did he tell you when to start?

Please show me where to find them.

He told me what to do next.

He showed me which (which way) to choose.

3. S + Vt. + Noun (Pronoun) + that (what, which, who, how, when,

where, why, if, whether) Clause:

He told me that he did not know it.

He asked me what the right way was to do it.

Will you tell me which book you have read?

He does not tell me who is going with us.

He does not tell us whom he is going to bring.

He asked me how (whether) he is coming with us?

必须了解和熟悉这类动词的习惯用法与基本搭配，才能运用符合相应动词用法的句型准确表达出完整的信息。

S + V + O + C句型中，V的功能具有使役性，其宾语必须带有一个补语才能使全句的意义完整。常见句子构成有以下11种。

1. S + Vt. + Noun (Pronoun) + Noun (Pronoun):

I thought him an honest man.

They appointed him manager.

I thought your brother you.

2. S + Vt. + Noun (Pronoun) + Adjective:

Her words made the man (him) angry.

3. S + Vt. + Noun (Pronoun) + -ing:

I saw John (him) entering the room.

4. S + Vt. + Noun (Pronoun) + -ed:

This word made his mater (him) very pleased.

They found the house deserted.

5. S + Vt. + Noun (Pronoun) + to-Infinitive:

I want John (him) to come here at once.

6. S + Vt. + Noun (Pronoun) + zero-Infinitive:

No one can make John (him) do the work.

Will you please let me go in his place?

I did not see anyone (him) enter the room.

7. S + Vt. + Noun (Pronoun) + as + Adjective (Noun):

They represented him as reliable.

We will consider Hamlet as an example of a Shakespearian tragedy.

8. S + Vt. + Noun (Pronoun) + Prep. + Noun:

He put his affairs in order.

I found him in good health.

We consider this of the essence of the English character.

I thought it of no use.

He has set a new scheme on foot.

I mistook him for my brother.

Please make yourself at home.

9. S + Vt. + Noun (Pronoun) + Clause:

He has made the company what it is today.

Call it what you will.

在S + V + C这第五种句型中，V是不及物动词，这类动词叫做系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep,

seem等属于一类，表示情况；get, grow, become,

turn等属于另一类，表示变化。Be本身没有什么意义，只起联系主语和表语的作用。其他系动词仍保持其部分词义。但与第一种句型不一样的是，句中V必须有补语，全句的意思才完整。常见的句型构成有以下12种。

1. S + be-V. + Noun:

Jack is a schoolboy.

2. S + be-V. + Pronoun:

The umbrella is mine.

3. S + be- V. + Adjective:

He is kind.

Your story is interesting.

4. S + be-V. + to-Infinitive:

I am to start tomorrow.

5.S be-V.-ed to-Infinitive

5. S + be-V. + -ed + to-Infinitive:

I am pleased to meet you.

6. S + Vi. + Noun:

He became a merchant.

7. S + Vi. + Adjective:

He got angry.

He looks happy.

8. S + Vi. + -ing:

The boy came running.

He stood waiting for me.

9. S + Vi. + -ed:

He looked pleased.

He went home disappointed.

10. S + Vi. + Prep. + -ing:

The prices go on rising.

11. S + Vi. + Adjective + to-Infinitive:

He felt very happy to see me elected.

It remains much to be done.

12. S + Vi. + Adjective + that (if, whether, where, when, why, etc.)

Clause:

I feel certain that he is coming with me.

Are you sure if (whether) John is going with us?

He looked blank when he was informed of his dismissal.

第三节能翻译练习及答案

在进行类似以下句子翻译练习时，首先要注意括号内与括号外句子的句意逻辑关系，选择适当的的连接词或相应的短语以及必要的搭配，形成句型结构，以表达出中文句子包含的意思，同时关照好这一语段与另一已存语段在英语意义上的一致。

1. He suffered from the sore throat which

____________________________________ (连吞咽下这样一小粒药丸都很吃

力)。

2. Assuming that this painting really is a Picasso,

_________________________________ (你估得出其价值吗)？

3. If an animal can ________________________________ (表现出以物易物的手段来)，

why not in handing money?

4. Allen _________________________ (肯定还未傻到这地步) lend such a large sum

of money to that untrustworthy cousin of his.

5. And, more generally, he ________________________________

（不太可能把生活看成是系列境况）in which one has to learn to think for oneself.

6. Whether we like it or not, the world we live in has changed a

great deal in the last hundred years, and

______________________________ (再来一百年，变得还更多).

7. _________________________ （我脑子里断断续续地转着当作家的念头）since my childhood

in Belleville, but _______________________________

（直等到我上中学三年级，这一想法才有了实现的可能）.

8. Until then ____________________________________

（我对所有跟英文沾边的事都感到乏味）.

9. When our class was assigned to Mr. Fleagle for third-year English

_______________________ (我便想到又要在这门最乏味的课上再熬上闷气的一年了).

10. He was said to be very _______________________________

（拘谨刻板、完全落后于时代）.

11. ________________________________ （有关那天夜晚的清晰的回忆如潮水一般涌来）in

Belleville when all of us were seated around the supper table.

12. __________________________ (他一定是完全沉浸在所读的东西里了)because I had to

tap on the windshield to get his attention.

13. He __________________________ （他神情有点悲伤）.or as if he were trying

to see something in the distance.

14. He looked for ______________________ (一位他知其心，但不知其貌的姑娘)，the girl

with the rose.

15. This would not be love, but it would be something precious,

something perhaps even better than love, _________________________

(一种我曾经感激，并将永远感激的友情).

16. ____________________________（吃力地穿过那排树木之后）, they climbed to the

top of the steep roadbed, knelt down along the railroad and began to

play.

17. As his body crashed downward, Anthony covered Todd while

reaching out with one arm to grab Scott and

____________________________（把他拉离铁轨）.

18. Americans ________________________________（早就不再要求自己的孩子接受良好的教育）.

19. He ____________________________（一生在和平环境中过着富裕的生活）.

20. The key to our room was attached to

________________________（一块标有房间号码的大塑料板）.

21. He probably got ________________________（尽可能多的来自钥匙响声中的乐趣）as he

did those few times when the key actually found its way into the

slot.

22. The idea that learning should take place by continual careful

shaping and molding ____________________________ （同样适用于艺术）.

23. ___________________________（就对创造力的态度而言）there seems to be a

reversal of priorities.

24. The contrast between out two cultures can also be seen

_____________________（从我们各自所怀的忧虑中）.

25. American educators fear that

________________________________（除非从一开始就发展创造力）, it may never emerge.

26. _____________________________（美国父母会避免马上过去帮助孩子）as they try to

accomplish a task., thinking it better that children should learn to

so solve problems by themselves.