1980—2019年历年考研英语真题集含答案
1980—2019年历年考研英语真题集含答案
目录
1.2019年考研英语真题集含答案.....................................2-41
2.2018年考研英语真题集含答案.................................42-101
3.2017年考研英语真题集含答案...............................101-145
4.2016-1980年历年考研英语真题集含答案..............146-983
5.考研英语词汇..........................................................146-1098
6.考研英语资料收集.................................................1099-1195
2019考研英语二真题及答案
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. 1 , when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 .
As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of 4 the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.
I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight 7 altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.
For these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to 11 my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to 13 my training program.
I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly 15 and dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.
The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I’m experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-in. I’ve also e xperienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, 19 I’m training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.
Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel, how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.
1. A. Besides B. Therefore C. Otherwise D. However
2. A. helps B. cares C. warns D. reduces
3. A. initially B. solely C. occasionally D. formally
4. A. recording B. lowering C. explaining D. accepting
5. A. modify B. set C. review D. reach
6. A. definition B. depiction C. distribution D. prediction
7. A.due to B. regardless of C. aside from D. along with
8. A. orderly B. rigid C. precise D. immediate
9. A. claims B. judgments C. reasons D. methods
10. A. instead B. though C. again D. indeed
11. A. report B. track C. overlook D. conceal
12. A. depend on B. approve of C. hold onto D. account for
13. A. prepare B. share C. adjust D. confirm
14. A. results B. features C. rules D. tests
15. A. bored B. anxious C. hungry D. sick
16. A. principle B. secret C. belief D. sign
17. A. request B. necessity C. decision D. wish
18. A. disappointing B. surprising C. restricting D. consuming
19. A. if B. because C. unless D. until
20. A. obsessing B. dominating C. puzzling D. triumphing
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends –and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.
In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable –it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weig hted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary – feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.
And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.
Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.
In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magica lly become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.
“That’s good news,” Malti says. “We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”
21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help ______.
A. foster a c hild’s moral development
B. regulate a child’s basic emotions
C. improve a child’s intellectual ability
D. intensify a child’s positive feelings
22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be ______.
A. inexcusable
B. deceptive
C. addictive
D. burdensome
23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that ______.
A. emotions are context-independent
B. an emotion can play opposing roles
C. emotions are socially constructive
D. emotional stability can benefit health
24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing ______.
A. may be the outcome of impulsive acts
B. may help correct emotional deficiencies
C. can bring about emotional satisfaction
D. can result from either sympathy or guilt
25. The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to ______.
A. teachings
B. wrongdoings
C. discussions
D. restrictions
Text 2
Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.
Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap – but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.
The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.
The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.
California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 – financed from the proceeds of the state’s emissions-permit auctions. That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.
The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.
State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they’ve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.
26. By saying “one of the harder challenges,” the author implies that ______.
A. global climate change may get out of control
B. forests may become a potential threat
C. people may misunderstand global warming
D. extreme weather conditions may arise
27. To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks,” we may need to ______.
A. preserve the diversity of species in them
B. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity
C. accelerate the growth of young trees
D. strike a balance among different plants
28. California’s Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to ______.
A. restore its forests quickly after wildfires
B. cultivate more drought-resistant trees
C. find more effective ways to kill insects
D. reduce the density of some of its forests
29. What is essential to California’s plan according to Paragraph 5?
A. To obtain enough financial support.
B. To carry it out before the year of 2020.
C. To handle the areas in serious danger first.
D. To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.
30. The author’s attitude to California’s plan can best be described as ______.
A. supportive
B. ambiguous
C. tolerant
D. cautious
Text 3
American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.
Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry. If this doesn’t change, American businesses, communities, and consumers will be the losers.
Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and mor e likely to be married than single. They’re also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it’s been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.
Mechanization isn’t the answer, either–not yet, at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they’re automated.
As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.
The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers complain they aren’t given all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late. The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.
In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.
In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.
31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?
A. Decline of job opportunities in U.S. agriculture.
B. Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.
C. Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.
D. Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.
32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is ______.
A. the aging of immigrant farm workers
B. the rising number of illegal immigrants
C. the high mobility of crop workers
D. the lack of experienced laborers
33. What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?
A. To strengthen financial support for farmers.
B. To attract younger laborers to farm work.
C. To get native U.S. workers back to farming.
D. To use more robots to grow high-value crops.
34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its ______.
A. control of annual admissions
B. slow granting procedures
C. limit on duration of stay
D. tightened requirements
35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?
A. Manpower vs. Automation?
B. U.S. Agriculture in Decline?
C. Import Food or Labor?
D. America Saved by Mexico?
Text 4
Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day – encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples to combat the plastics crisis.
The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals.
My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be harmful, satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions –a kind of “moral licensing” that eases our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.
While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as “consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as “citizens” hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.
It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority– or even most people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things, Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.
This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.” There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.
DeSombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.
None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into perspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action, alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.
36. Some celebrities star in a new video to ______.
A. disclose the causes of the plastics crisis
B. demand new laws on the use of plastics
C. urge consumers to cut the use of plastics
D. invite public opinion on the plastics crisis
37. The author is concerned that “moral licensing” may ______.
A. suppress our desire for success
B. mislead us into doing worthless things
C. prevent us from making further efforts
D. weaken our sense of accomplishment
38. By pointing out our identity as “citizens,” the author indicates that ______.
A. we should press our governments to lead the combat
B. we have been actively exercising our civil rights
C. our relationship with local industries is improving
D. our focus should be shifted to community welfare
39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be ______.
A. a top-down process
B. a win-win arrangement
C. a self-driven mechanism
D. a cost-effective approach
40. The author concludes that individual efforts ______.
A. can be too aggressive
B. can be too inconsistent
C. are far from rational
D. are far from sufficient
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
How seriously should parents take kids’ opinions when searching for a home?
In choosing a new home, Camille McClain’s kids ha ve a single demand: a backyard.
McClain’s little ones aren’t the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters’ views weigh heavily on parents’ real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.
While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, realty agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids’ opinions may have.
The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan Hooper, a clinical psychologist in Chicago.
“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,” he said.
Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate broker with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he’s not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home –but their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.
Younger children should feel like they’re choosing their home – without actually getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.
Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.
Many of the aspects of homebuying aren’t a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.
“Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn’t base the purchasing decisio n solely on their opinions,” Hampson said.
The other issue is that many children – especially older ones –may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside, Calif.
“They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,” he said. “HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate. It’s not shelter, it’s a lifestyle. With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.”
Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said.
Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with https://www.360docs.net/doc/562139808.html,.
“Their opinions can change tomorrow,” Gurner said. “Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child’s opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best –and give them an
opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their ow n.”
This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.
Section III Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot. He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say, “I could write a book. I just haven’t the time.” Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game”. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practising, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic. Write him an email to
1) suggest a specific topic with your reasons, and
2) tell him about your arrangements.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
Part B
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
某高校2013年和2018年本科毕业生去向统计
绝密★启用前
2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试
○英语（二）试题参考答案○Ⅰ．英语知识运用
1. D
2. A
3. B
4. B
5. D
6. B
7. A
8. D
9. C 10. A 11. B 12. D 13. C 14. A 15. C 16. D 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. A
Ⅱ．阅读理解
A节
21. A 22. D 23. B 24. D 25. B
26. B 27. B 28. D 29. C 30. A
31. D 32. A 33. C 34. B 35. C
36. C 37. C 38. A 39. A 40. D
B节
41. A 42. D 43. C 44. G 45. F
Ⅲ．翻译
46.
英国作家詹姆斯·海里厄特容易被人低估。他的作品风格欢快易读，让人觉得谁都可以模仿。有多少次我都听人说：“我也能写书。我只是没那时间。”说起来轻巧。做起来就没那么简单了。和一般人的想法相反，按詹姆斯·海里厄特的话说，“玩写作这种游戏”之初，他可没觉得容易。他显然天分极高，但他最终呈现给世人的精湛作品却是多年练习、重写和阅读的结果。跟大多数作家一样，他一路走来也不得不遭受了许多失望和被拒之苦，但这些更坚定了他要成功的决心。他一生的所有成就都是艰苦努力的结果，他在文学领域的成功也不例外。
IV．写作
A节
47.（略）
B节
48.（略）
Section I Use of English
1. 【C】Few 词义辨析题;此题考查考生对于前后文语境的把握;首句中提出“今天我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。空格之后的语句与前面语义方向一致，再考虑到句中的without a phone，可知，此处需要双重否定表达肯定，所以，选择few，符合文意;
2. 【C】run 固定搭配;此题考查与介词on的搭配情况;run on battery 表示手机使用电池得以运行;其他选项的搭配为：put on(增加;假装;使…上场);take on(承担;呈现;具有;流行);come on( 快点;开始;要求;上演;);语义搭配不通顺，故选择run on搭配;
3. 【B】If 逻辑关系;此处考查逻辑关系。空格处所在句为“... 你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，...找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航...文明”;前后句之间构成假设的逻辑关系，所以选择if;其余选项：since(因为，自从); though(虽然); until(直到) 代入后，不符合语义表达;
4. 【D】literally词义辨析题;空格处所在句为“假如你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，...找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航...文明”;literally表示确实地，真正地;符合语义表达;其余选项：formally(正式地);relatively(相对地);gradually(逐渐地)不符合语义表达;
5. 【A】back词义辨析题;出题处的语义表达“我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航...文明”，只有back 与前文的lost(迷路)形成相互呼应，故而选择back;
6. 【B】off 词义辨析题;空格所在句提到“为当你发现自己...路径。但不是完全...的
区域。你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域中，哪个..是下坡路?哪里有最近的水源?”
因此，根据句意表达，off(远离，离开)符合句意;其它选项：onto(在…之上;对…了解);across (穿过，根穿)，alone (独白地，单独地)，故选择off;
7. 【D】unfamiliar 词义辨析题;根据出题处的语义表达，“为当你发现自己...路径。但不是完全...的区域”，语义搭配，unfamiliar更符合要求;其他选项：unattractive (不吸引人的);
uncrowded (不利挤的，宽敞的);C选项unchanged (未改变的，无变化
的);不符合语义表达;
8. 【C】way词义辨析题;根据出题处的语境表述“你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域中，哪个...是下坡路?哪里有最近的水源?”因此只有way符合要求;其他选项：site(地点;位置;场所);point(要点;得分;标点);place(地方;住所;座位)，不符合句意表达;
9. 【A】so逻辑关系题;出题句指出“生活在山谷里的人，基本上需要淡水为生，...如果你下山，沿着水走，你会发现人类的踪迹...”，此处语义逻辑很明显，考察因果逻辑关系;故选择so，其它选项：yet(但是，然而); instead(反而，替代); besides(此外，而且);不符合句义要求;
10. 【D】eventually 词义辨析题;出题句提及“...如果你下山，沿着水走，你会发现人类的踪迹...”，只有eventually(最后，终于)符合题目要求，语义通顺;其它选项：immediately (立即，立刻);intentionally(故意地，有意地);unexpectedly(出乎意料地);不符合语义表达，故排除;
11. 【A】surprised词义辨析题;出题句提及“如果你之前去过这个地方，一定要注意熟悉景象，你或许会...快速识别出一块特征明显的石头或者树木来唤起你的记忆”;此处只有surprised符合题目要求;其他选项带有明显的贬义色彩，故不符合;
12. 【B】option词义辨析题;本文第一段中提到“如果你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路了，而且你真的找不到北方，我们会有一些技巧可言帮助你回到文明社会”，此处考查的地方就是前文提及的“另一个...：登到高处寻找有人类居住的标志”;只有option(选择)符合句义及情感色彩要求;
13. 【D】For example逻辑关系题;出题句前后构抽象到具体的例证关系(前文提到“另一个选择就是登高寻找有人类居住的标志”，与后文的look for signs形成抽象到具体的过程)，故选择For example;
14. 【C】spot 词义辨析题;此题需借助前面的语义内容及逻辑关系辅助做题;此处需填入的动词和look for 语义相近，故选择spot(发现)，符合语义表达;其他选项：bridge(架桥，渡过);avoid(避开，消除);separate(分开);不符合语义要求;
15. 【B】through词义辨析题;分析：本题为语义题及固定搭配题，考查carve与woods之间的关系，根据常识可知，路应该是穿过森林开凿出来的，故本句意为穿过森林开凿出的公路，故B选项through为正确答案。
16. 【D】breaks语义辨析题;本题为语义题，根据上一句信息，因为人为原因而造成的gaps in the tree line，不难判断，朝着有树木缺口的地方走，就能找到出去的路，故D选项breaks为正确答案。
17. 【A】artificial词义辨析题及逻辑关系题;因题干中such as表示举例关系，故我们首先根据例子信息可以判断文中fires and streetlights 可以确定火与街灯的共同特征是人造光源，故本题A选项artificial为正确答案。
18. 【A】Finally 语义题;文章后面指出假设你在人类常去的地方迷路，
寻找我们在地面上留下的······，因前文已经举例说明了几种情况，如当你在一个并非完全不熟悉的环境中迷路······，可知此处应是最后一种假设情况，故本题A选项finally为正确答案。
19. 【B】mark词义辨析题;根据常识，在人类常去的地方，地面上必定有很多标志，故寻找我们在地面上留下的标志，在此处更符合文意，故本题B 选项marks为正确答案。
20. 【C】lead词义辨析题;道路上的树皮刻痕、轮胎印和其他特征能够指引你去有人烟的地方，此外，本题处的单词应该与前文中的navigate同义，故本题C选项lead为正确答案。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21.【A】enhance banker's sense of responsibility;细节题。题目中明确出题段落(According to Paragraph 1)及相应的信息点(one motive in imposing the new rule)，因此，答案来源句则为第一段的第三句(The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution这个规则主要目的是让银行家为不良风险负责以及修复公众对金融机构的信任)，那么答案基本就很容易提取出来。选项中的“sense of responsibility”则对应到句中的“enhance banker's sense of responsibility(增加银行的责任感)”;而其他的选项则与最佳选项无缘，在定位区间中没有相应的对应信息。
22.【D】 "short-termism" in economic activities;细节题。题干中的定位信息在“Alfred Marshall”上，直接定位到第二段的第二句“He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting...”，定位信息里的“this financial impatience”则是回指第二段首句的“Short-termism”，故信息点则为“Short-termism”，所以最佳选项则为"short-termism" in economic activities，而其他选项在定位信息中未提及;
23.【B】 adverse;细节题。此题的定位信息为题干的“transient investment”，直接定位到第三段的第二句“Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty”，从四个选项的褒贬正负来看indirect、minimal 和temporary为中性的表述，只有B选项的adverse为明确的负面表达，意思为“不利的”，与原文中的“hinder”(阻碍打扰)对应上。
24.【C】the approaches to promoting "long-termism" ;例证题。根据题干的具体信息定位，美国和法国的例子是用来支撑什么论点。原文的第五、六段则提供了具体的信息，第五段中美国延迟发放才上任一年左右的高
管绩效津贴，继而促进缓解“短期主义”盛行的现状;第六段则提及在法国持股两年以上者拥有更大的选票权。所以，最佳选项应为“促进长期主义的方法”，与原文一致;
25.【B】Patience as a Corporate Virtue;主旨题。题干中的title为标题题的信息，所以此题考查的是文章的主旨大意;B 选项里的patience可以对应到全文中反复出现的主题词“short-termism”和“long-termism”，corporate本身在文章中出现多次，所以B 选项则为最近标题，体现主旨大意;其余选项均不能概括全文，故排除。
Text 2
26.【D】The influence of consumer culture;细节题。根据题干中的关键词grade inflation 可以定位到首段第一句话，此句话的句子主干：“Grade inflation is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education.”题干中的be regarded as对应原文中的is considered，题干中的the cause of(后边接结果)与原文中的a product of (前边接结果)都表示因果关系。选项D中consumer是原文中的复现，其他选项都不具备干扰性，因此答案选择D。
27.【A】To help freshmen adapt to college learning;细节题。根据题干中的关键词，我们只能定位到文章的第二段，但是第二段讲的是grade forgiveness具体是什么，并没有提及它的目的，然后接下看第三段的首句，出现了this little-known practice指的就是grade forgiveness。而且题干中的the original purpose对应原文中的在第三段第二句话: “When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.”选项A 中的freshmen是原词复现，help是对应原文中的give them a second chance，adapt to对应原文中的struggled in their transition to，college learning 对应原文中的college-level courses。因此答案为A。
28.【A】obtain more financial support;细节题。根据题干中的关键词paragraph 5、grade forgiveness和colleges可以定位到第五段的第一句，即grade forgiveness能够满足学生的需求，但是对应选项并没有对应的答案，所以接着往下看，提到了国家基金与他们的成功有关，得到更好地分数意为这拿到更多的钱。选项A中的financial support指的就是state funds。因此答案为A。
29.【C】to be identical with each other;猜词题。根据题干，可以定位到第六段最后一句话：“On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.”所以解题的关键是找到this指代的内容。This指代的是前一句话，即：因为学生和家长都希望通过大学学历来找工作，所以学校的最佳利益是尽可能地把学生培养成有能力胜任的人，或者至少看起来是那样。由此可以的出学生和学校的目标是一致的，选项C中的be identical