名词和数量词

名词和数量词
名词和数量词

名词和数量词

一、名词

★名词的定义:名词是指人或事物的名称,例如:人的姓名与称呼,物品的名称,地点,时间,品行或行为以及抽象概念,等等。

★名词的分类:

分为普通名词和专有名词

其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词可用作单数,也可用作复数。

1)可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如:boy,desk,cat,window

和集体名词(由若干个体组成的集合体。如:family,class,police)。

2)不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如:water,paper,silk,money)

和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如:work,happiness,music,difficulty) 专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如:Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,the United States)

(一)名词的数

名词分为可数与不可数名词。

1.不可数名词

(1)不可数名词包括专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词。如:health,advice, information,

glass, wood, English, China.

(2)表示学科名称的以-ics结尾的名词常用作单数,如:politics, physics.

(3)表示以-s结尾指单一事物的专有名词用作单数,如:the United States, the United

Nations.

1) 不可数名词前无数、冠,后无复数;作主语为三单.

2) 不可数名词表量用约数some /any ; much ; a lot of 或用of短语修饰。

2.可数名词

可数名词包括个体名词,有单复数形式。

(1)规则名词复数构成的方法:

①以-s, -x, -ch, -sh 结尾的名词后加-es.如:

dress---dresses, watch—watches, box—boxes.

但stomach—stomachs 除外。

②以“辅音字母+-o”结尾的名词后加-es。如:

mosquito—mosquitoes, hero—heroes,

但一些特殊的以-o结尾的名词后加-s。如:

radio—radios, photo—photos, piano—pianos.

③有些以-o结尾的名词有两种复数形式。如:

zero—zeros (zeroes), volcano—volcanos(volcanoes)

但以-oo结尾的名词只加-s。如:

bamboo—bamboos, zoo—zoos

④以-f或-fe结尾的名词,一般把“f”或“-fe”改成“v”再加-es,读作/ vz/。如:

leaf—leaves, life—lives

但是roof—roofs, chies—chiefs, gulf—gulfs, serf—serfs, belief—beliefs, proof--proofs除外。

⑤以-th结尾的名词,直接在词尾加-s。如:

mouth—mouths, path—paths, youth—youths

(2)不规则变化(特殊变化):

1)单复数形式相同的名词。如:

a sheep – two sheep a deer – two deer

2) means, fish, works, 以及由汉语英译表示度量衡、币制等单位的名词, 它们用作主语,其谓语动词用单数。如:yuan(元), jiao(角), fen(分)jin(斤), mu(亩)

3)只有复数形式。如:

trousers, glasses(眼镜), compasses, thanks, clothes, remains(遗物、遗体), ashes, contents(内容), goods(货物)。

4)表示“某国人“的名词的单、复数形式因习惯不同而各异。

①单、复数形式相同,如:a Chinese –two Chinese, a Japan –two Japanese。

还包括以-ese(或-ss)结尾的表示某国人的词,如:Swiss, Portuguese等。

②词尾加-s, 如:a German –three Germans, an American –two Americans 。这类词还有Frenchman, Irishman 等。

5)复合名词的复数形式因词而异。如:

A.主题名词变成复数形式

looker(s)-on, sister(s)-in-law

B. 两个组成部分皆变成复数形式

Man servent –men servents woman doctor ---women doctors

6)单数和复数意思不同

sight (视力)—sights (名胜);water (水)—waters (水域);custom (习惯)—customs (海关);spirit (精神)—spirits (情绪);

7) 有些名词的复数形式表示特别意义。如:

Papaers报纸,文件manners礼貌goods货物works工厂,著作looks外表

glasses眼镜greens青菜hairs 几根头发times时代sands沙滩,沙地irons脚镣,手铐drinks forces 军队spirits酒精,情绪

8)一些物质名词有时以复数形式出现,表示不同类别。如:

vegetables各种蔬菜,silks各种丝绸, fruits 各种水果

9)有些名词形式上是单数但具有复数的意义,谓语动词要用复数:police, people, public, cattle,staff, the +adj., the + 分词;(表示一类人)等.

10) “word”作“消息”或“通知”解时,前面不加“a”或“the”,也不用复数形式。如:

Word came that the meeting will be held on Friday. 通知说,星期五开会。

Please send me word of your arrival. 你来的时候请告诉我。

注意下列词组中名词的单、复数:

keep/ break one’s word 守(失)信

leave word 留言

a man of his word 有信用的人

in a word 简言之

word for /by word 逐字地

upon my word 说实在的话

eat one’s word 收回前言,认错

in other words 换句话说

the last words 临终的话

waste one’s words 白费口舌

have few words /a word with 与某人说句话

(二)名词的用法

1. 集合名词的单、复数用法

(1)集合名词指整个集合体,则视为单数,动词用单数形式。

(2)集合名词指集合体中的个体,则视为复数,动词用复数形式。如:

The class is to have its picture taken this afternoon. (the class 指整体) 今天下午全班照相。

This class are hving lunch now.

(this class = the students of this class) 这个班级的同学在吃午饭。

2.名词用作形容词

有些名词没有相同意义的形容词形式,因此常直接以该名词作形容词,用来修饰另一个名词。

1. 有些直接用名词来修饰名词

金戒指gold ring; 物理实验室physics lab; 咖啡杯coffee cup; 油壶oil pot; 苹果籽apple seeds;

2.名词数量表达

1)可用来修饰可数名词的数量表达:some, a few, several, a group of, a lot of, lots of, many, a large number of, thousands of, two hundred/thousand, a pair of, a great many等。

可用来修饰不可数名词的数量表达:some, a little, a lot of, lots of, much, huge amounts of, a huge amount of, a bottle of, plenty of, a great deal of等。

eg. He is one of the best chemistry teachers in the school. 他是学校里最好的化学老师之一。

(三) 名词的所有格

1. 表示有生命的东西的名词

这类名词的所有格一般在词后加“’s”, 其构成形式如下:

(1)一般名词后加“’s”。如:my brother’s bag

(2)以-s或-es 结尾的名词的所有格,只在名词的右上方加“’”。如:the workers’ club

(3)以-s结尾的专有名词的所有格,一般可在名词的右上方加“’”,也可以加“’”。如:Dickens’ / Dickens’s books.

(4)复合名词所有格的词尾“’”加在后面的名词之后。如:his daughter-in-law’s picture

(5)如果一样东西为两个人共有,则只在后面的名词后加“’s”;如果不是共有,两个

名词后都要加“’s”。如:

Jane and Mary’s room (共有)

Jane’s and Tom’s books (不共有) 或Jane’s books and Tom’s books

(6) 在表示“某人家”、“店铺”的名词所有格后面,一般省略它所修饰的词。如:

at Mr.Green’s 在格林先生家

to my uncle’s 到我叔叔家

at the tailor’s 在裁缝店

(7)用作修饰作用的名词,如不表示所有关系,通常不用“’s”。如:room number, a tooth brush, coffee cup;若仅表示一种类别或类型时,名词往往用单数形式。

命题考点1 物质名词和抽象名词具体化

He gained his ______ by printing ______ of famous writer.(NMET1995)

A. wealth; work

B. wealth; works

C.. wealths; works

D. wealth; works

解析:本题主要考查了可数名词和不可数名词的用法。wealth财富,是不可数名词;work“工作”时是不可数名词,但表示“著作”时则是可数名词。本句意思是:他通过印刷著名作家的著作而获得了财富。答案为D。

命题考点2 名词作定语

1.The ______ is just around the corner and you won’t mis s it.(上海2001)

A. bicycle’s shop

B. bicycle shop

C. bicycles shop

D. bicycle’s shops

解析:本题考查名词修饰名词。答案为B。

考点完全解读:名词作定语是高考重点,也是语用焦点。其表达方法有:

(1)表示时间:evening paper

(2)表示地点:school life; railway station; college students

(3)表示材料或物资来源:stone bridge; fur hat

(4)表示目的和用途:shoe store; book shop; tooth brush

(5)表示职业、身份和性别等:girlfriend; pen name; bus drivers; man teachers;

(6)其他类别:stamp collection; animal life; body temperature; telephone number

2. You’ll find this map of great ______in helping you to get round Lond on.(NMET 1998)

A. price

B. cost

C. value

D. usefulness

解析:本题考查特定语境中名词的词义及“be of + 抽象名词”结构。Price (价格),cost(价钱,费用,成本)不符合题意,value作“quality of being useful or desirable”解时,常与of搭配,在句中作表语或补语,意为“有用,有价值”。故选择value。注意名词词义辨异及惯用法表达,题中“of + 抽象名词”相当于该名词的形容词形式。答案为C。

命题考点3 特殊名词作主语与谓语的关系;主谓一致的各种形式理解

1.Every possible means _____ to prevent air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.

A. is used

B. are used

C. has been used

D. have been used

解析:means单复数同形的名词,意思是“方法”,此处由Every断定此处表示单数,谓语动词应该用单数;再依据后半句提示谓语时态应该为现在完成时。答案为【C】

2.(2004北京卷28)The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, ______ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.

A. was

B. were

C. had been

D. would be

解析:名词、代词与介词短语连用作主语时,谓语动词形式由前面的名词、代词决定。答案【A】

【注意】集合名词;单复数同形的名词;复数形式单数概念名词;所有格后省略的名词;度量衡名词;成双成套的名词(a pair of…+V. single);every/no/each修饰的名词;more then one…/many a …构成复数意义,谓语要用单数[more than +n. (pl.)+ one +V.( pl.)];one or two+ n.(pl.)+V单数;。形容词/分词作主语时,复数集合/一家/夫妻,谓语用复数,但表示抽象概念/一个人时,谓语动词一般用单数;主语是句子、短语时,谓语动词一般用单数;强调句It +be+…that/who中be总是单数形式,that/who后的谓语必须跟被强调部分一致;定语从句中的谓语动词形式必须与先行词的单、复数形式保持一致(”one of +名词复数+定从” 谓语动词复数形式,但当one前有the

only/very或形容词最高级修饰时,谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式);there be结构中be动词的形式由紧跟be 后面的名词形式决定;在某些虚拟语气的句子中,无论主语是什么,be动词习惯上总是were形式。

命题考点4 与动词或介词构成的固定搭配

[例] It is said that dogs will keep you _____ for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely. (2006江西高考)

A. safety

B. company

C. house

D. friend

[析] 无论是动宾结构还是介宾结构,有时名词虽然近义,但却不能主观臆断,而要选择固定的搭配式。本题的keep sb company就是一个典型的固定搭配式,意为“与……为伴”。

命题考点5 名词搭配的语境限定

[例] You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of ________. (2006广东高考)

A. date

B. shape

C. order

D. balance

[析] out of date 意为“过期,不时髦”;out of shape意思是“不成形的”;out of order就是in disorder,意为“乱七八糟的”。搭配并无问题,而意义决定了B是正确答案。

命题考点6 名词的同、近义词辨析

[例] I’m sure David will be able to find the library—he has a pretty good ______ of direction. (2005浙江高考)

A. idea

B. feeling

C. experience

D. sense

[析] 名词的同、近义词辨析,不仅仅较多地应用于书面表达,而且还可以较为灵活地设题于单项填空、完形填空或短文改错题中。本题的四个近义词选项中,sense的“意识”性更强,因而答案选D。

常易设题的同、近义名词有如下各组:

(1)cause, reason, excuse, explanation;

(2)family, home, house, room, space;

(3)sign, signal, mark, example, symbol;

(4)award, reward, prize, money;

(5)value, price, cost, charge;

(6)kind, sort, type, variety;

(7)range, reach, distance, length;

(8)news, word, message, information, notice;

(9)energy, force, strength, power;

(10)accident, incident, affair, event, business, matter;

(11)practice, training, exercise, drill;

(12)sight, view, scenery;

(13)ache, pain, injury, damage, wound;

(14)means, way, method, approach, skill, experience;

(15)travel, trip, journey, voyage;

(16)idea, sense, feeling, opinion, thought, thinking;

(17)job, work, duty, task;

(18)pause, stop, rest, break;

(19) fact, deed, reality, practice;

(20)match, race, contest, competition

1.--- Where have you been, Tim?

--- I’ve been to ______.

A. the Henry house

B. the Henry family

C. The Henry’s home

D. Henry’s

(D)

2.In England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.

A. food

B. lunch

C. breakfast

D. dinner

3.You looked for it twice, but you haven’t found it. Why not try ____ .

A. three times

B. a third time

C. the third time

D. once

(B)

4. I opened the letter and it contained ________

A. . an important information

B. important information

C. the important information

D. a important information

(B)

5. All of the people at the meeting are _________.

A. mathematic teachers

B. mathematics teachers

C. mathematics teacher

D. mathematic’ teachers

(B)

6. The United States _______ in North American , ________ ?

A. are; aren’t they

B. is; isn’t it

C. was; wasn’t it

D. were; weren’t they

(B)

7. A young man cann’t have ___________.

A. experience of world

B. experience of the world

C.the experience of the world

D. the experience of world

(C)

8. We won’t have ________ tonight.

A. many homeworks

B. much homeworks

C. many homework

D. much homework

(D)

9.Julie went to the _______ to buy a pair of shoes.

A. shoes store

B. shoe store

C. shoe’s store

D. shoes’ store

(B)

10. You can find the bread on the __________

A. counter of the kitchen

B. kitchen counter

C. kitchen’s counter

D. counter of the kitchen’s

(B)

11. ____is the largest of the continents of the world.

A. Asia

B. An Asia

C. A Asia

D. The Asia

(A)

12. No human being can change the law of ________.

A. the nature

B. a nature

C. an nature

D. nature

(D)

13. I look forward to _______ your new apartment sometime next week.

A. visit

B. paying a visit

C. a visit

D. visiting to

(B)

14. Mary has ______ friends here that sometimes she feels lonely.

A. such few

B. so a few

C. very few

D. so few

(B)

15. There are several singers on the stage , but ________ are known to me.

A. no one

B. nobody

C. none

D. all

(C)

16. In another episode the woman she was on a date with _________ when he called her by another contestant’s name.

A. burst into tear

B. burst into tears

C. burst into crying

D. burst out tears

17. If books for children arenot written in a clear, easy and lovely ________, they will not like to read the books

A. style

B. design

C. shape

D. patten

(A)

18. An important part of the national government is the Foreign Service, a branch of the Department of State.

A. a devision

B. an office

C. an organization

D. a role

(A)

19. Soils are renewable resources that support all mankind.

A. gentlemen

B. humans

C. structures

D. culture

(B)

20. Alice is not fond of _______ , but, to lose weight, she takes a lot of _____ by riding a bike to and from work.

A. exercise … sport

B. sport … exercise

C. sport … practise

D. exercise … practice

(B).

21. He cannot drive yet, but he wants ________.

A. the own car

B.the car of his own

C. an own car

D. a car of his own

(D)

22. ___ _____ a wonderful sense of humour.

A. The English have

B. The English has

C. English have

D. English has

(A)

23. ________ peoeple in the world are sending information by E-mail every day.

A. Several million

B. Many millions

C. Several millions

D. Many million

(A)

24. Only 10 percent of the students in the class _________League members. About 40% of Jim’s income ________ to the rent.

A.are; goes

B. are; go

C. is; goes

D. is; go

(A)

25. One six of our classmates ________ from peasant families. One fifth of her time ______ developed to writing.

A. comes; is

B. come; are

C. come; is

D. comes; are

(C)

B 层

1. Although the long-term ___ _____ can’t be predicated, the project has been approved by the committee.

A. affect

B. effect

C. effort

D. afford

(B)

2. In the advanced course students must take performance test at monthly ________.

A. distance

B. gaps

C. length

D. intervals

(D)

3. Everyone says that he is the very _______ of his father.

A. person

B. figure

C. image

D. likelihood

(C)

4. ______ he was only interested in making money.

A. As he was a student

B. A student as he was

C.As student he was

D. Student though he was

(D)

5. His politics are rather conservative compared with other _________.

A. politicans

B. politican’s

C. politicans’

D. politician

6. Nowadays advertising costs are no longer in reasonable _______ to the total cost of the product. A.relation B. connection C. proportion D. reference

(C)

7. If you want to go to Chicago in time to go to the opening ceremony, you have no _______ but to go by plane.

A. substitute

B. preference

C. selection

D. alternative

(D)

8. All the teachers as well as the students at the ________ school _________ Proud of their school.

A. medicines …are

B. medical …. are

C. medicine’s … are

D. medical … is

(B)

9. One way to avoid too much exposure to sunlight is to always seek ________ when you walk.

A. shade

B. shadow

C. darkness

D. shallow

(A)

10. After failing to pass the test for three times , George finally succeeded on his fourth _______.

A. attempt

B. display

C. competition

D. trial

(A)

11. The project had its work cut out for it was fully restoring the temple to its ________ state.

A. former

B. first

C. original

D. old

(C)

12. _________ explanations have been offered for its origin, but nobody knows the true story for certain.

A. A number of

B. The number of

C. A large amount of D,. A great deal of

(A)

13. Violent programs on television may have a bad ______ on children.

A. affection

B. pressure

C. influence

D. control

(C)

14. Punishment had very little _______ on him .

A. affect

B. influence

C. effect

D. cause

(C)

15. _______ to you _______ Yale University!

A. Congratulations … on entering

B. Congratulations … for entering

C. Congratulation … in entering

D. Congratulation … to enter

(A)

16. _______ is missed in the sentence.

A. A word or two

B. One or two words

C. One and two words

D. Many words

(A)

17. Every means _______ been tried since then.

A. has

B. have

C. are

D. is

(A)

18. His family _______ all very well . His family ________ a “five good ” one.

A. are; is

B. is ; is

C. are; are

D. is; are.

(A)

19. My blue trousers _______ all worn out. One pair of trousers ________ not enough.

A. is ; are

B. are; are

C. is ; is

D. are ; is

(D)

20. The policeman _____ standing at the street corner. The police _______ searching for him.

A. are ; is

B. are ; are

C. is ; are

D. is ; is

21. The news at six o’clock _____ not true. Those pieces of news ________ to be broadcast.

A. are; is

B. are; are

C. is ; are

D. is; is

(C)

22. The population of the earth ________ increasing fast. One third of the population here _______ workers.

A. is ; are

B. is; is

C. are ; is

D. are ; are

(A)

23. One and a half banana ______ on the table.

A. are left

B. is left

C. have left

D. has left

(B)

24. Politics _______ one of the subjects that I study.

A. are

B. is

C. were

D. was

(B)

25. There ________ priceless jewellery on display at the exhibition hall.

A. are

B. have

C. is

D. has

(C)

26.The young man made a ______ to his parents that he would try to earn his own living after graduation.(2008湖北卷)

A. prediction

B. promise

C. plan

D. contribution

(B)

27The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly______(2008湖北卷)

A. atmosphere

B. state

C. situation

D. phenomenon

(A)

28To save some of the human languages before they are forgotten, the students in our school started a discussion “Save Our ________” (2008安徽卷)

A. Sky

B. Life

C. Arts

D. Voices

(D)

29Every ton of this recycled paper uses 90 litres of water in its ________. (2008上海春招)

A. structure

B. manufacture

C. construction

D. organization

(B)

30.very possible means_____ been tried,and we find only______ this means can we do it well.

A.have,in B.have,by C.has,in D.has,by

(D)

31.m is ______ person, and everyone is willing to be ______ with him.

A. so kind a, friends

B. so a kind, friends

C. so kind a, friend

D. so a kind, friend

(A)

32.May I take your order now?” “We’d like three black _______ and two green _______.”

A. coffee, cups of teas

B. coffees, teas

C. cups of coffee, tea

D. cup of coffees, teas

(B)

33. _____ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.

A. Walk

B. Walking

C. The walk

D. To walk

(B)

34. It is reported that a great number of ______died in the drought.

A.cattle B.polices C.peoples D.poultry

(A)

35.It is reported that the fire has caused_____ to the factory.

A. a damage

B. many damages

C. much damage

D. much damage

36.He likes furniture used in his home town, which______ made of______.

A. is…wood

B. are…wood

C. is…wooden

D. are…woods

(A)

37.It is good______ to thank the person who has done you a favour.

A. attitudes

B. attitude

C. manners

D. manner

(D)

38.. ______ came that the enemy troops had got to the foot of the mountain.

A. Word

B. Words

C. The words

D.A word

(A)

39.They stored ______food and water in the cave to prepare for the worst.

A. large quantities of

B. a great many

C. a plenty of

D. quite a lot

(A)

40.Tanks heaven I have finished______ at last.

A. a day work

B. a day’s work

C. one—day work

D. a work of the day

(B)

41.During the spring______ , many young plants became buried in______.

A. wind…sands

B. winds…sands

C. winds…sand

D. wind…that sands

(C)

42.With an initial investment of only ten thousand dollars, he has increased his money______.

A. by two thousand more

B. by two thousand

C. at two thousand more

D. with two thousand

(B)

43.The recently—built lab needed______.

A. several new equipments

B. quite a few equipment

C. a number of equipments

D. some new type of equipment

(D)

44.Our national team _______ reorganized.

A. have been

B. are being

C. has been

D. is to

(C)

45.It was______ that we went camping in the mountains last week.

A. such nice weather

B. too nice weather

C. so nice a weather

D. nice weather so

(A)

C层

1.________ he was only interested in making money.

A. As he was a student

B. A student as he was

C. As student he was

D. Student though he was

(D)

2. Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, whereas the behavior of animals depends mainly on ________.

A. instruction

B. instinct

C. intelligence

D. interaction

(B)

3. The movie was commented as excellent in the ______ published in the local newspaper.

A. survey

B. review

C. inspection

D. investigation

(B)

4. With the opening of the new computer lab, students have easy _____ to computers.

A. access

B. approach

C. accesses

D. approaches

5. I caught a _______ of her before she vanished into the crowd.

A. glimpse

B. stare

C. watch

D. glance

(A)

6. Be sure that the game you select is within the _______ of your students’ ability.

A. degree

B. range

C. extent

D. limit

(B)

7. At present, housework has been made much easier by electrical _______.

A. facilities

B. instruments

C. equipment

D. appliances

(D)

8. The result of the election was a (n) ________ of the great influence of public opinion on state affairs.

A. means

B. index

C. medium

D. reason

(B)

9.The reader will then be able to see at a __________ how you have structured your discussion.

A. glare

B. grip

C. glance

D. glitter

(C)

10. Half of the material _________ away.

A. has been taken

B. are taken

C. have been taken

D. were taken

(A)

11. There ________ in this room.

A. are too many furnitures

B. are too much furniture

C. are too much furnitures

D.is too much furniture

(D)

12. Only two hundred dallars _______ enough to deral with it .

A. are

B. is

C. has

D. have

(B)

13. Chinese _______ not so difficult to learn. The Chinese people _______ brave and hard working.

A. is; is

B. are ; is

C. is; are

D. are; are

(C)

14. Little ________ done to prevent the air from being polluted. Much _______ done to against fight pollution.

A. has been; have been

B. have; has

C. has been; has been

D. have been; have been

(C).

15. My brother asked me to keep ______ on the baby when she was cooking.

A. the eye

B. an eye

C. two eyes

D. much eyes

一)

1. Ten years had passed. I found she had _______.

A. a few white hairs

B. a little white hair

C. some white hair

D. more fifty hair

2.—Hi, this way, please.

—OK.I sometimes have no sense of ______ when I arrive at the crossroad.

A. position

B. Direction

C. situation

D. condition

3. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first ________.

A. intention

B. attempt

C. purpose

D. desire

4. I didn’t have to work all weekend — I did it by _______.

A. chance

B. choice

C. accident

D. myself

5. “Did you get _____ to the party?” “Yes, I replied to it this morning.”

A. an answer

B. an invitation

C. a question

D. a letter

6. I paid him £50 for the painting, but its true ______ must be at least £500.

A. price

B. money

C. value

D. importance

7. His letter was so confusing that I could hardly make any ______ of it.

A. explanation

B. meaning

C. sense

D. guess

8. You’ve just missed your ______, and you will have to wait for the next round.

A. chance

B. turn

C. time

D. part

9. —Li Lin is very bright and studies hard as well.

—It’s no ______ he always gets the first place in any examination.

A. question

B. doubt

C. problem

D. wonder

10. —How can I use this washing machine?

—Well, just refer to the _______.

A. explanations

B. Expressions

C. introductions

D. directions

11. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.

A. rooms numbe r

B. room number

C. room’s numbers

D. room numbers

12. —Hello, I’d like to speak to Henry.

—Oh, which _______? There are two ______ in our office.

A. Henrys, Henrys

B. Henries, Henries

C. Henry, Henrys

D. Henrys, Henries

13. Electricity, like other forms of ______, has greatly increased in price in recent years.

A. pressure

B. force

C. strength

D. energy

14. In order to learn the _______ of the family business, Bill took a job as messenger boy in one of the offices.

A. ins and outs

B. dos and don’ts

C. heads and tails

D. t’s and i’s

15. —I’ve got an “A” in the examination.

—That’s a good ______. You will surely win a second.

A. result

B. news

C. start

D. idea

【答案与解析】

1. 选A。hair 可用作可数或不可数名词,用作可数名词时,指一根一根的毛发或头发,如说There’s a hair in my soup (我的汤里有根头发);用作不可数名词时,则是整体地指一个人的头发。

2. 选B。需根据句意来分析。have no sense of direction 意为“没有方向感”。

3. 选B。需根据句意来分析。attempt 在此表示“尝试”。

4. 选B,由于上文说didn’t have to work,所以下文相应的语境应是did it by choice。类似地,下面一题应选D,也是因为choice与下文的have to do it 相呼应:

Were you given a _____, or did you have to do it?

A. job

B. duty

C. request

D. choice

5. 选B。注意其后的to the party 和replied to it。

6. 选C。value 指“价值”。

7. 选C。make sense of 意为“明白”、“理解”。比较:make sense 意为“有意义”、“意思清楚”、“有道理”。如下面一题选D:

What he told us about the situation simply doesn’t make any ______.

A. use

B. reason

C. value

D. sense

8. 选B。miss one’s turn 电为“错过机会”,注意下文的…have to wait for the next round 所表示的语境。

9. 选D。it’s no wonder (+that从句)的意思是“难怪”,也可说成No wonder (+that从句)。

10. 选D。directions 的意思是“使用说明”,空格前的refer to 意为“查看”、“参考”。

11. 选D。room 为无生命名词,不用room’s 这样的所有格形式,在此可直接用名词作定语。类似地,下面一题要选B,也是一样的道理(名词作定语通常用单数不用复数):

The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a ______ yesterday.

A. shoes shop

B. shoe shop

C. shoes’s shop

D. shoe’s

12. 选C。在通常情况下,专有名词具有“独一无二”性,因此它通常没有复数形式,即不可数。但是,专有名词的独一无二性有时是相对的,随着范围的扩大,这种独一无二性便会受到破坏。如在一个星期(week)内,只有一个星期六(Saturday), 一个星期日(Sunday)等,但是在一个月中甚至一年中,便有多个星期六,多个星期日了。所以我们有时可以说:We have spent many happy Sundays there. 我们在那儿度过了许多个愉快的星期日。另外一点值得注意的是,与一般的名词单数变复数不同,以“辅音字母+y”结尾的专有名词,其直接加词尾-s,而不将y改为i。

13. 选D。从常识来考虑,electricity 属于energy,结合全句的语境,只有D最合适。同样地,下面一题从常识和语境来考虑也应选D:

14. 选A。ins and outs 意为“细节”,dos and don’ts 意为“注意事项”,heads or tails 为掷钱币打赌时用语,意为“你赌正面还是赌反面”,p’s and q’s主要用于mind one’s p’s and q’s,意为“留意自己的言行”。结合句意,选A最合适。

15. 选C。从语法上看,news 不可选,因为它不可数;从意义上看,D不可选,因为选D意思不通;比较A和C,选C最合适,因为start与下文的a second 相吻合。

二)选词填空

1. In the next five years more _____________ should be put on elementary education in rural areas.

2. After all the misunderstandings and mistrust, we all hoped the two sides should look at the matter from

a brand-new ____.

3. It is quite natural that women like to hear __________ on their appearances.

4. Yoga is one of the most ____________ and one of the most beautiful forms of exercise.

5. The new computer is much more _____________ and is able to do nearly twice the work in a unit of time.

6. His voice was filled with _______________ when he spoke of what he had seen in the earthquake stricken area.

7. My father had much _____________ in doctors of traditional Chinese medicine.

8. Although she felt angry, she tried to _____________ her anger from her friends.

9. The exercises are designed to _____________ your stomach muscles.

10. Since we’ve settled the first problem, now let’s ________________ to the next in the list.

11. Jack is kind, honest and courageous. He is a man of great ______________.

12. The government will do everything in its power to _______________ economic growth.

13. My grandpa is as ______________ as a young man and hates sitting around doing nothing all day.

14. John is very ______________, always willing to try new things and unafraid of risks.

15. He just ______________ to his own theory, no matter what others said.

参考答案:

1. emphasis

2. perspective

3. compliment

4. beneficial

5. efficient

6. emotion

7. belief

8. conceal 9. strengthen 10. proceed 11. virtue 12. stimulate 13. energetic

14. adventurous 15. stick

二.数量词

数量词的重难点

1.序数词的一些特别的用法

2.一些特殊数量词的用法归类与考点总结

数词主要分为基数词和序数词两类。

一.基数词

表示数目的词称为基数词。其形式如下:

A.从1——10

one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten.

B.从11——19

eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen

这里除eleven,twelve,thirteen,fifteen,eighteen为特殊形式外,fourteen,sixteen,seventeen,nineteen都是由其个位数形式后添加后缀-teen构成。

C.从21——99

整数几十中除twenty,thirty, forty,fifty,eighty为特殊形式外,sixty,seventy,ninety都是其个位数形式后添加后缀-ty构成。表示几十几时,在几十和个位基数词形式之间添加连字符“-”

21 twenty-one

76 seventy-six

D.百位数

个数基数词形式加“hundred”,表示几百,在几十几与百位间加上and.

101 a hundred and one

320 three hundred and twenty

648 six hundred and forty-eight

E.千位数以上

从数字的右端向左端数起,每三位数加一个逗号“,”。从右开始,第一个“,”前的数字后添加thousand,第二个“,”前面的数字后添加million,第三个“,”前的数字后添加billion。然后一节一节分别表示,两个逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式。

2,648 two thousand six hundred and forty-eight

16,250,064 sixteen million two hundred and fifty thousand sixty-four

5,237,166,234 five billion,two hundred and thirty-seven million,one hundred and sixty-six thousand,two hundred and thirty-four

F.基数词在表示确切的数字时,不能使用百、千、百万、十亿的复数形式;但是,当基数词表示不确切数字,如成百、成千上万,三三两两时,基数词则以复数形式出现。

There are hundreds of people in the hall.

大厅里有数以百计的人。

Thousands and thousands of people come to visit the Museum of Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses every day.

每天有成千上万的人来参观秦兵马涌博物馆。

They went to the theatre in twos and threes.

他们三三两两地来到了剧院。

G.表示人的不确切岁数或年代,用几十的复数形式表示。

He became a professor in his thirties.

他三十多岁时成为了教授。

She died of lung cancer in forties.

她四十来岁时死于肺癌。

It was in the 1960s.

那是在二十世纪六十年代。

H.基数词的句法功能

基数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语。

The two happily opened the box.

两个人高兴地打开了盒子。(作主语)

I need three altogether.

我总共需要三个。(作宾语)

Four students are playing volleyball outside.

四个学生在外面打排球。(作定语)

We are sixteen.

我们是16个人。(作表语)

They three tried to finish the task before sunset.

他们三个人尽力想在日落前完成任务。(作同位语)

二. 序数词

表示顺序的词称为序数词。序数词的主要形式:

A.从第一至第十九

其中,one— first,two— second,three— third,five— fifth,eight—eighth,nine—ninth,twelve— twelfth 为特殊形式,其它的序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加“th”构成。例如:six— sixth、nineteen— nineteenth.B.从第二十至第九十九

整数第几十的形式由其对应的基数词改变结尾字母y为i,再加“eth”构成。

twenty——twentieth thirty——thirtieth

表示第几十几时,用几十的基数词形式加上连字符“-”和个位序数词形式一起表示。

thirty-first 第三十一

fifty-sixth 第五十六

seventy-third 第七十三

ninety-ninth 第九十九

C.第一百以上的多位序数词

由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。

one hundred and twenty-first 第一百二十一

one thousand,three hundred and twentieth 第一千三百二十

D.序数词的缩写形式

有时,序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有。

first——lst second——2nd third——3rd

fourth——4th sixth——6th twentieth——20th

twenty-third——23rd

其中lst,2nd,3rd为特殊形式,其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。

E.序数词的句法功能

序数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和表语。

The second is what I really need.

第二个是我真正需要的。(作主语)

He choose the second.

他挑选了第二个。(作宾语)

We are to carry out the first plan.

我们将执行第一个计划。(作定语)

She is the second in our class.在我们班她是第二名。(作表语)

注:序数词在使用时,通常前面要加定冠词the;但是如果序数词前出现不定冠词a或an时,则表示“再——”,“又——”。

We’ll go over it a second time.

我们得再念第二遍。

We’ve tried it three times.Must we try it a fourth time?

我们已经试过三遍了,还必须试一次(第四次)吗?

另外,基数词也可以表示顺序。只需将基数词放在它所修饰的名词之后即可,不需要添加定冠词。

the first lesson——Lesson One

the fifth page——Page 5(five)

the twenty-first room——Room 21(twenty-one)

★由基数词和序数词构成的分数讲解

1. 分数是由基数词和序数词一起来表示的。基数词作分子,序数词作分母,除了分子是“1”以外,其它情况下序数词都要用复数形式。

3/4 three fourths或three quarters

1/3 one third或a third

24/25 twenty-four twenty-fifths

3 1/

4 three and one fourth或three and one quarter

1/2 a half

1/4 one quarter或a quarter

1 1/

2 one and a half

1 1/4 one and a quarter

2. 当分数后面接名词时,如果分数表示的值大于1,名词用复数;小于1,名词用单数。

1 1/

2 hours 一个半小时(读作one and a half hours)

2 3/4 meters 二又四分之三米(读作two and three-fourths meters)

4/5 meter 五分之四米

5/6 inch 六分之五英寸

3. 表示“n次方”的说法:指数用序数词,底数用基数词。

10的7次方the seventh power of ten(ten to the seventh power)

6的10次方the tenth power of six(six to the tenth power)

常用表示法

一、时刻表示法

1. 表示几点钟用基数词加可以省略的o’clock

5:00 读作five o’clock 或five

2. 表示几点过几分,在分钟后加past,再加小时

five past seven 七点过五分

half past six 六点半

a quarter past eight 八点过一刻

seven past eight 八点过七分

3. 表示几点差几分,在分钟后面加to,再加小时

ten to eight 差十分八点(七点五十分)

a quarter to twelve 差一刻十二点(十一点四十五分)

twenty to six 差二十分六点(五点四十分)

在日常生活中,常用下列简单方法表示时间。

以小时、分种为单位分别读出数字。

6:31读作six thirty-one

10:26读作ten twenty-six

14:03 读作fourteen o three

16:15 读作sixteen fifteen

18:30 读作eighteen thirty

23:55 读作twenty-three fifty-five

注:时刻表上的时间大多采用24小时表示法,这样就不需要用a.m.表示上午,p.m.表示下午了。

二、年月表示法

1. 世纪可以用定冠词加序数词加世纪century表示,也可以用定冠词加百位进数加’s表示

the sixth(6th)century 公元六世纪

the eighteenth(18th)century 公元十八世纪

the 1900’s二十世纪

the 1600’s 十七世纪

这里,用百位数整数表示的世纪比这一百位阿拉伯数字本身多一个世纪。

2. 年代用定冠词及基数词表示的世纪加十位整数的复数形式构成

in the 1930’s(in the thirties of the twentieth century或in the nineteen thirties)

在二十世纪三十年代

in the 1860’s(in the sixties of the 19th century或in the eighteen sixties)

在十九世纪六十年代

In the 1870’s when Marx was already in his fifties,he found it important to study the situation in Russia,so he began to learn Russian.

在十九世纪七十年代当马克思已经五十多岁时,他发现研究俄国的形势很重要,便开始学习俄语。

3. 表示某年代的早期、中期和晚期,可以在定冠词后,年代前添加early,mid-,late

in the early 1920’s在二十世纪二十年代早期

in the mid-1950’s 在二十世纪五十年代中期

4. 年月日表示法

A.年份用基数词表示,一般写为阿拉伯数字,读时可以以hundred为单位,也可以以世纪、年代为单位分别来读。

1949 读作nineteen hundred and forty-nine 或nineteen forty-nine

1800 读作eighteen hundred

253 读作two hundred and fifty-three或two fifty-three

1902 读作nineteen hundred and two或nineteen o two

表示在哪一年,一般在年数前加介词in,使用year时,year放在数词之前。

in the year two fifty-three B.C. 在公元前253年

但是,通常采用in加表示年份的阿拉伯数字。

B. 月份,在哪个月用介词in加第一个字母大写的月份词表示。例如:in May在五月;in July在七月。为了简便起见,月份与日期连用时,月份常用缩写形式表示。缩写形式除May,June,July外,其它的月份都由其前

三个字母表示,但September除外。

January——Jan.一月February——Feb.二月

March——Mar. 三月April——Apr.四月

August——Aug.八月

September——Sept.九月

October——Oct.十月

November——Nov.十一月

December——Dec.十二月

注:这里缩写形式后面加点不能省略,因为它是表示缩写形式的符号。

C.日期用定冠词the加序数词表示。在哪一天要添加介词on。

National Day is on Oct. 1.

国庆节是十月一日。(读作October first)

此句也可以表示为National Day is on the 1st of October.

May 5 五月五日(读作May fifth)

也可以表示为the fifth(5th)of May

Mar. 1(st)三月一日(读作March first或the first of March)

5. 表示不具体、不确切的时间,如世纪、年代、年份、月份时,用介词in表示,表示具体确切的某一天用介词on表示通常情况下morning,afternoon,evening等词前用介词in。但是,当这些词前后有一修饰限定的词作为定语,把它们限定为某一天早晨、下午或晚上时,介词in应改为on。这里的修饰限定词可以是介词短语、名词、形容词、定语从句等。

On a cold morning,the old man died lonely in his house.

在一个寒冷的早晨,这个老人孤独地死在自己的房子里。

I don’t want to be disturbed on nights when I have to study.

我不愿意在我必须学习的晚上被打扰。

The accident happened on the afternoon of July 7.

这次事故发生在7月7日下午。

We are to have a small test on Monday morning.

星期一早晨我们将进行一次小测验。

三、加减乘除表示法

1. “加”用plus,and或add表示;“等于”用is,make,equal等词表示。

2+3=? 可表示为:How much is two plus three?

2+3=5

Two plus three is five.

Two and three is equal to five.

Two and three make five.

Two added to three equals five.

If we add two to/and three, we get five.

二加三等于五

2. “减”用minus或take from表示

10-6=?How much is ten minus six?

10-6=4

Ten minus six is four.

Take six from ten and the remainder is four.

Six (taken) from ten is four.

十减去六等于四

3. “乘”用time(动词)或multiply表示

3X4=? How much is three times four?

3X4=12

Three times four is/are twelve.

Multiply three by four,we get twelve.

Three multiplied by four makes twelve.

三乘以四等于十二

4. “除”用divide的过去分词形式表示

16÷4=? How much is sixteen divided by four?

16÷4=4

Sixteen divided by four is four.

Sixteen divided by four equals/gives/makes four.

十六除以四等于四。

四、小数表示法

1. 小数用基数词来表示,以小数点为界,小数点左首的数字为一个单位,表示整数,数字合起来读;小数点右首的数字为一个单位,表示小数,数字分开来读;小数点读作point,o读作zero或o[ou],整数部分为零时,可以省略不读。

0.4 zero point four或point four 零点四

10.23 ten point two three 十点二三

25.67 twenty-five point six seven 二十五点六七

l.03 one point o three 一点零三

2. 当数字值大于1时,小数后面的名词用复数,数字值小于1时,小数后面的名词用单数。

1.03 meters 一点零三米0.49 ton 零点四九吨

l.5 tons 一点五吨

五、百分数表示法

百分数用基数+percent表示

50%fifty percent百分之五十

3%three percent百分之三

0.12%zero point one two percent 百分之零点一二

这里的percent前半部per表示“每一”,cent这一后半部分表示“百”,所以百分之几中percent不用复数形式。

八、数量表示法

1. 表示长、宽、高、面积等,用基数词+单位词(meter,foot,inch,kilogram等)+ 形容词(long,wide,high等)表示,或者用基数词+单位词+ in + 名词(length,width,height,weight等)表示。

two meters long或two meters in length 2米长

three feet high或three feet in height 3英尺高

four inches wide或four inches in width 4英寸宽

This box is 2 kilograms in weight.

这个盒子有两千克重。

The city wall of Xi’an is 12 meters wide and 12 meters high.

西安城墙是12米宽,12米高。

2. 表示时间、距离时,使用含数词的名词所有格形式作定语。

five minutes’ walk

步行五分钟(的距离)

It’s an hour’s ride from my hometown to our university.

从我的家乡到我们大学是乘车一小时的路程。

或:从我的家乡到我们大学需要乘车一小时。

It’s three kilometers’ distance from our campus to the Bell Tower.

从我们校园到钟楼有三公里远。

3. 表示温度时,用below zero表示零下温度,温度用基数词+degree(s)+单位词(centigrade摄氏或Fahrenheit 华氏)表示。

thirty-six degrees centigrade或36℃摄氏36度

four degrees below zero centigrade或-4℃摄氏零下4度

Water freezes at thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit.

水在华氏三十二度时结冰。

Water boils at one hundred degrees centigrade.

水在摄氏一百度时沸腾。

这里的单位词在人们都很清楚是什么度量制度时,可以省略。

You are 37℃.(读作thirty-seven degrees)

你是三十七度。(摄氏)

It’s seven degrees below zero.

今天是零下七度。(摄氏)

4. 由数词和其他名词构成的名词性短语作定语时,其中的名词用单数形式,名词性短语中各部分间要用连字符“-”来连接。

It’s a five-minute walk from the library to the playground.

从图书馆到操场需要走五分钟。

She’s a sixteen-year-old girl.

她是个十六岁的女孩。

5. 表示“比···大(或)几倍”的说法。

This room is two times bigger than that one.

这个房间比那个(房间)大两倍。

The dictionary is four times thicker than that book.

这本词典比那本书厚四倍。

My age is two times older than his.

我的年龄比他大两倍。

高考中常见量词归类:

1.由“名词+of”构成的量词(这类量词为数很多,它们都加在所修饰词前面)

例如:表示大量的:a lot of; a number of ; plenty of; a amount of ; a great quantity of ; A mass of; numbers of; Lots of; quantities of;

表示少量的: a bit of ; a pinch of; a spot of ; a drop of;

2.表示一群人或一群动物的量词

A group of; a team of; a gang of; a collection of; a pack of ; a pride of; a herd of; a swarm of; a flight of; a cloud of; a school of ;a host of.

例如:a group of students ; a gang of workers; a strange collection of people; a flock of sheep; a swarm of locusts(蝗虫); a herd of deer; a pack of hounds( 猎犬);a school of fish; a cloud of mosquitoes ; a flight of ducks; a pride of lions;

3.与容器有关的量词

A bottle of beer

A can of soup

小学语文一二年级名词和量词填空

名词:指人或东西、事物的词,在数量词后面总是名词。 填写量词: 一()风车一()柳树一()水井一()大象一()雪花一()汽车一()地图一()文件一()城市一()红旗一()马路一()巨石一()电脑一()眼睛一()广场一()劳动委员一()牛两()马三()鲤鱼一()树叶一()神笔一()事情一()图书一()手一()小羊一()白云一()气球一()粉笔一()树叶一()椅子一()小脸一()课一()园子一()歌曲一()太阳一()游戏一()大鱼一()大树一()掌声一()衣服一()骆驼一()委员一()书一()纸四()鸭五()书六()笔一()围巾七()果树八()花九()飞机一()小河十()车一()山一()汽水一()床一()钢琴一()鸡一()毛驴一()话一()脚印一()汗一()歌一()礼物一()草莓一()商店一()心两()花一()高山一()国旗一()气五()柱子一()山峰一()石头一()镜子一()波纹一()仙人一()雄鹰一()秋风四()扇子一()月亮一()葡萄一()老师三()绳子一()椅子一()桌子一()被子一()井一()电脑一()二胡

填入合适的名词 一支()一只()一枝()一盘( ) 一块()一把()一本()一架()一个()一片()一头()一双()一座()一盒()一窝()一袋()一棵()一匹()一条()一阵()一串()一位()一道()一次()一台()一则()一枝() 一片片()一把把()一条条()一盆盆()一个个()一块块()一只只()一枝枝()一棵棵()一串串()一群群()一面面()一座座()一张张()一句句()一本本()一盏盏()一双双()一台台()一层层()一排排()一件件()一首首()一包包(

英语中的可数名词与不可数名词

英语中的可数名词与不可数名词 (2011-11-03 08:57:47) 转载▼ 分类:词汇 标签: 可数名词 不可数名词 英语 词汇 杂谈 最近在给同学们辅导英语的时候,发现很多同学分不清可数名词与不可数名词,它与中文的习惯不一样,不能直接推测,只能死记硬背,比如:fruit是不可数名词,vegetable就是可数名词,所以我搜集了下资料,发现网上还总结了不少,一起来看一下吧: vegetable经常以它的复数形式出现——vegetables fruit泛指水果不可数,强调水果种类可数,:I like fruit. (我喜欢吃水果)There are different kinds of fruits in this shop.(这家店里有许多不同种类的水果。)apple:可数名词an apple many apples paper:不可数名词 a piece of paper , two pieces of paper 物质名词或抽象名词一般都是不可数的。不可数名词没有单数和复数的区别,例如:news 新闻advice 建议 water 水ice 冰tea 茶meat 肉milk 牛奶 age 年龄time 时间help 帮助luck 运气work 工作 有少数物质名词也有复数形式,不过它们的含义则有所不同了,例如: glass 不可数名词玻璃glasses 可数名词眼镜 water 不可数名词水waters 可数名词某个河流、湖泊的水 顺便说一下,有些物质名词本身也是可数名词,但其含义也有所不同了。例如: 物质名词可数名词 glass 玻璃a glass 玻璃杯 paper 纸张a paper 报纸;论文 wood 木头a wood 树林 gold 金子a gold 金牌 1. 可数名词有单复数之分。在句中,名词的单数形式前边要有冠词或表示单数的限定词,否则就要用其复数形式。名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾s、es,或将y改为i 再加es。但如果名词前边有表示单数的冠词或表示单数的限定词,就不能用其复数形式 2. 有少数名词的复数形式是不规则的,child→children, man→men, woman→women, foot→feet, tooth→teeth, goose→geese, mouse→mice, ox→oxen 3. 英语里还有些名词的单复数变化较为特殊,需特别注意 analysis→analyses, bacterium→bacteria, basis→bases, crisis→crises, criterion→criteria, datum→data, formula→formulae(或formulas), fungus→fungi, phenomenon→phenomena,syllabus→syllabi, thesis→theses 4. 有些名词的单复数是一样的:aircraft, spacecraft, Chinese, deer, fish, Japanese, means, series, species等。 5. 如果前边有表示复数的限定词时名词用其复数形式 6. 在形容词最高级中,表示范围的of后要用名词复数形式 7. 有些集体名词在形式上是单数如people(人民,人们),police(警察),cattle(牲畜),staff(全体人员,全体职员),但它们表达复数的含意。如果这些词做主语,其谓语须用复数形式。

名词(可数名词和不可数名词)

专题一名词 主要考查三个方面: 1、联系上下文,考查同义词、近义词辨析; 2、可数名词的单复数、不可数名词、抽象名词、名词词 组的意义和用法; 3、名词的固定搭配和习惯用语。 ◆名词的数 规则名词的复数形式

可数名词复数形式的不规则变化

常见的不可数名词

不可数名词的量化 a block of一块; a bottle of一瓶 a group of一群; a pile of一堆 a pair of一组/双/对; a piece of一片/张/块既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词的词

【2016 广东】 The broken ______may cut into your hand if you touch it, you should be careful. A. glass B. glasses C. candle D. candles 【2016广西来宾】

—There are many ____ about this farm. —Yes, lots of ____ are planted on it. A. photo; potato B. photos; potatos C. photos; potatoes D. photoes; potatoes 1. Help yourself to some_______. There are lots of vitamins in them. A. tomato B. tomatoes C. tomatos D. potatos you take a plane, you cannot take ______ onto the plane with you. A. knife B. knifes C. knives D. a knives 3. The _______ have caught the two_______ already. A. policeman; thief B. policemen; thiefs C. policemen; thieves D. policeman; thieves 【2016重庆】It’s sports time. Most students in Class 1 are playing football on the playground. A. boy B. boys C. boy’s D. boys’ 【2015攀枝花】All the are from . A. men doctors; Germany B. men doctors; German C. man doctors; Germany D. man doctor; German 【2015广安】 —How many can you see in the picture —Two. A. dog B. child C. sheeps D. sheep 【2015天河】

修饰名词的数量词

修饰名词的数量词分类。 修饰可数的量词:a number of, the number of, many, too many few , a few 修饰不可数的量词: a large amount of , huge amounts of, a great deal of, much, too much little, a little 两个皆可修饰的量词:some, any, a lot of, lots of, plenty of , enough 固定搭配: only a few (=few)not a few (=many) quite a few (=many) many a (=many) Many books were sold. =Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。 【巩固练习】 用few/a few/little/a little 填空。 There was_a little _food in the fridge。It was nearly empty. ----When did Sarah go out ----__A few___ minutes ago. I can’t decide need _a little_ time to think about it. There was __little___traffic, so we arrived earlier than we expected. The bus service isn’t very good at night----there are ___few__buses after 9 o’clock. ----Would you like some juice ----Yes, __a little___please. ’d like to practice my English more but I have _a little_ time. 用too much/too many/enough 填空。 It’s very crowded here . There are _too many__people. I don’t like the weather ’s __too much____ rain. can’t wait for haven’t got _enough_time. was nowhere to sit on the bus. There were _too many_ people. don’t eat _enough__ vegetables. You should eat more.

英语中名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词

英语中名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词在应用时有单数和复数形式。表示一个用单数,表示两个或两个以上用复数。复数名词的构成分为规则变化和不规则变化。 1.规则变化: 1) 一般在名词词尾加s, ①map—maps地图,bird—birds鸟, orange—oranges 桔子, bike—bikes自行车; 2) 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词加es, ①box—boxes盒子,class—classes班级,watch—watches手表,dish-dishes 盘,碟子,餐具; 3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i+es ①baby—babies婴儿family—families家庭; 以元音字母加y结尾的名词直接加s ①boy—boys男孩toy—toys 玩具; 4) 以fe或f结尾的名词,把fe或f变为ves ①knife—knives小刀 wife—wives妻子 leaf—leaves树叶。 5) 以O结尾的名词后面加s或es ①photo—photos相片radio—radios收音机zoo—zoos动物园 tomato—tomatoes西红柿potato—potatoes土豆 二:名词复数的不规则变化

1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 注意:与man 和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men 和-women。 如:an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。 2)单复同形如: deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。 如:people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说 a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。 如:The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如: a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。

修饰名词的数量词

创作编号: GB8878185555334563BT9125XW 创作者:凤呜大王* 修饰名词的数量词分类。 修饰可数的量词: a number of, the number of, many, too many few , a few 修饰不可数的量词: a large amount of , huge amounts of, a great deal of, much, too much little, a little 两个皆可修饰的量词:some, any, a lot of, lots of, plenty of , enough 固定搭配: only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many) many a (=many) Many books were sold. =Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。 【巩固练习】 用few/a few/little/a little 填空。 1.There was_a little _food in the fridge。It was nearly empty. 2.----When did Sarah go out? ----__A few___ minutes ago. 3.I can’t decide now.I need _a little_ time to think about it. 4.There was __little___traffic, so we arrived earlier than we expected. 5.The bus service isn’t very good at night----there are ___few__buses after 9 o’clock.

小学英语不可数名词知识点汇总

小学英语不可数名词知识点汇总 小学英语不可数名词知识点 01 普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的,这类名词叫可数名词。 可数名词分为个体名词和集体名词。 个体名词表示某类人或事物中的个体:worker, farmer, desk, factory 集体名词表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物: people, family, army 02 如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的,这类名词就叫不可数名词。 不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词。 物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质:meat, rice, water, milk, orange 抽象名词表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念:work, homework, time, health, friendship 03 不可数名词可以与表示量的可数名词连用。 借以表示“可数”的概念,我们可以加a(n) 如:a piece of advice一条建议 a basket of fruit一篮水果 an item of information 一则信息 a kind of protection一种保护 a cube of ice一方块冰 three cups of tea三杯茶 04 不可数名词前一般可加定冠词,但永远不能加不定冠词! I like to skate on an ice.( × ) I like to skate on the ice. ( √ )我喜欢在冰上溜滑。 下列用法均属错误:

a water, a cloth, an information, a hair 05 不可数名词作主语,谓语要用单数形式。 The food isvery fresh.食品很新鲜。 06 some, any,no, a little, much, a lot of等词往往可以加在不可数名词的前面,修饰不可数名词。 1. I don’t want any help.我不需要任何帮助。 2. There’s some milk in the glass.玻璃杯里有一些牛奶。 07 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词,有复数形式,但他们的意义往往发生变化。 water (水) → waters (水域) orange (橘汁) → oranges (橘子) 08 小学阶段常见不可数名词 milk牛奶work工作 advice忠告/主意age年龄 baggage行李beauty美丽,漂亮 bread面包beer啤酒 camping露营cloth布 coffee咖啡courage勇气 cream奶油damage损害 death死亡dust尘土 experience经验fear担心 furniture家具gain获得、获利 glass玻璃gold黄金 help帮助hope希望 hair头发horror恐惧

初中英语——可数名词和不可数名词解析及练习

初中英语——可数名词和不可数名词 三、关于不可数名词 (1)不可数名词包括: 物质名称:食物:bread meat rice cheese fish beef 饮料:milk water cola coffee wine tea 自然物质:air soil sand wood 抽象名词:情感:love peace friendship joy happiness 概念:exercise knowledge energy population 学科:math geography physics chemistry 不可数名词一般没有复数形式,只有单数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an ,若要表示它的个体意义时,一般需要将其量化。 可以通过“基数词+计量词+of+不可数名词”来表示。若想表达量的复数概念,只需把计量词变为复数形式即可。如: a piece of paper 一张纸 ten pieces of paper 十张纸 a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡 two cups of coffee 两杯咖啡 a piece of news 一条消息 two pieces of news 两条消息 a drop of ink 一滴墨水 three drops of ink 三滴墨水3、可数名词和不可数名词前都可以用some, any, a lot of, lots of 等来修饰,表示"一些,许多" 1)可数名词单数可用冠词a/an修饰,复数可用基数词及few,a few,many,等来修饰。 不可数名词不能直接用数词修饰,需用“基数词+计量词+of”结构,也可用little,a little,much来修饰。可数名词和不可数名词前都可以用some, any, a lot of, lots of 等来修饰,表示"一些,许多"。 2)用how many询问可数名词数量的多少。用how much询问不可数名词数量的多少。 3)单个单数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数;多个单数名词或复数名词作主语,谓语动词要用复数。 不可数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。但当其前有“基数词+计量词+of”时,谓语动词依计量词而定。 可数与不可数名词的练习 II.找出不可数名词,在横线上打勾,并将可数名词变成复数形式: homework ______ half ______ advice______ money ______ knowledge ______ boot _____ blood ______ music ______ chicken ________ heat _____ mouth ______ bread _______ information ______ milk _____ cow _______ tear ________ III.选择填空: 1.The deer has four ______. A. foot B. feet C. feets D. foots 2.Her two brothers are both ______. A. policeman B. policemans C. policemen D. policemens 3.There are four _____ and two ______ in the group. A. Japanese, Germen B. Japaneses, Germen C. Japanese, Germans 4.Two ______ would come to the village .A. woman-doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctors 5.Can you see nine _____ in the picture A. sheep B. dog C. pig D. horse 6.The _____ has two ______. A. boys, watches B. boy, watch C. boy, watches D. boys, watch 7.The boy often brushes his _____ before he goes to bed. A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths 8.The Japanese ____ will not leave China until she finishes her study. A. woman B. women C. man D. men 9.There are lots of _____ in the basket on the table. A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes D. tomatoss 10.The cat caught two ______ last night. A. mouses B. mice C. mouse D. mices 三.用所给名词的适当形式填空。

英语中的量词

英语中的量词 英语中的量词 我们都知道汉语有大量的量词,其实英语也有不少量词,区别在于:(1)英语中的 量词不就是一个单独的词类而就是名词下的一个小类;(2)英语中的量词不能用 来表示单数可数名词的量;(3)英语中的量词通常被称为单位词或其她一些名称、 由于上述原因,英语中的量词没有受到足够多的重视,学生往往只知道很少几个 量词,而且还经常因为不能确定它们的搭配而烦恼、为了方便同学们学习与使用,我们把英语中的量词分为以下几个类别并列举了一些常见的量词及搭配: 1、一般性的表示个数的量词: 这一组中主要有piece, bit, item, article 等词,但piece具有独特的地位, 在使用其她词的地方一般都可使用piece 代替之、比如: piece a piece of meat/paper/bread/music/information/furniture/machinery, etc、一片肉/一张纸/一片面包/一首曲子/一条信息/一件家具/一台机器等 bit a bit of news/wood/advice/trouble, etc、一条消息/一块木头/一条建议/一件麻烦事等 item an item of news/crime/program/business, etc、一条新闻/一宗罪行/一个项目/一笔生意等 article an article of export/ furniture/ clothing/ luggage, etc、一宗出口/一件家具/一件衣服/一件行李等 2、以形状表示个数的量词: bar a bar of chocolate/candy 一块巧克力/一块糖 bunch a bunch of flowers/grapes/ keys 一束花/一串葡萄/一串钥匙 cake a cake of soap/ice一块肥皂/一块冰 cluster a cluster of stars/flowers/animals一群星/一束花/一群动物 comb a comb of bananas 一串香蕉 drop a drop of rain/ blood 一滴雨/一滴血 ear an ear of corn/wheat一棒玉米/一穗麦子

英语语法:不可数名词量的两种表示方法

英语语法:不可数名词量的两种表示方法 不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法: 1) some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多 0不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法: 1) some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。 注意既能够与可数名词复数,又能够与不可数名词连用的有:plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of ,most of 等。 如there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。 i'll tell you much good news.我要告诉你很多好消息。 we should collect some useful information我们应该收集一些有用的消息。 2)用单位词表示。 用a ... of 表示。 如 a cup of (一杯......),a bottle of (一瓶......) a piece of (一张......),a pair of shoes(一双鞋) 如two cups of tea(两杯茶),five pieces of paper(五张纸) 注意单位词后的动词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式;千、百等数词与名词加用,表示复数时,数词仍保持单数,名词变复数。 如 two hundred students(200名学生) ten thousand trees(10000棵树)

测试点he caught a lot of fish他抓到了很多鱼(此处为很多条鱼,fish的复数仍为fish或fishes) =he caught a lot of fishes. the paper is about some fresh-water fishes.这篇论文是相关几种淡水鱼的。(此处fish表示不同种类的鱼,加复数词尾-es)

不可数名词的量词

英语量词词组所表示的数或量,大致可归纳为四种类型,即定量、不定量、大量和少量。1.表示定量的量词词组,譬如: a couple of(两个、一对)—a couple of days,a couple of players,a couple of times

a cupful of(一满杯)—a cupful of jelly,a cupful of water a portion of(一份/客)—a portion of duck,a portion of roast beef 2.表示不定量的量词词组,譬如: a majority of(大多数/大半)—a majority of opinions,a majority of votes an atom of(一点)—an atom of food,an atom of truth a spell of(一阵/一段时间)—a spell of fine weather,a spell of coughing 3.表示大量的量词词组,譬如: a flood of—a flood of ink(洋洋大篇),a flood of tears(泪如泉涌) a heap of—a heap of earth(一堆泥土),a heap of customers(许多顾客) a mountain of—a mountain of debts(债台高筑),a mountain of difficulties(困难重重)4.表示少量的量词词组,譬如: a drop of—a drop of fever(有点热度),a drop of dew(一点露水) a particle of—a particle of feeling(一丝感情),a particle of dust(一点灰尘) a shadow of—a shadow of doubt(一点怀疑),a shadow of freedom(一点自由) 有些数量词组修饰可数名词,有些数量词组修饰不可数名词,还有些则两者均可修饰。 1.修饰不可数名词的量词词组,譬如: a bit of—a bit of English(一点英语),a bit of good advice(一些好意见),a bit of interest (一点兴趣) a shred of—a shred of evidence(一点证据),a shred of cloth(少量布),a shred of reputation (一点声誉) a sheet of—a sheet of glass(一块玻璃),a sheet of water(一片汪洋) 2.修饰可数名词的量词词组,譬如: a cluster of—a cluster of flowers(一簇花),a cluster of spectators(一群观众),a cluster of bright stars(闪烁群星) a string of—a string of pearls(一串珠子),a string of curses(连续不断的咒骂),a string of excuses(一连串借口) a scram of—a scram of mosquitoes(一群蚊子),a scram of geese(一群鹅),a scram of children (一群孩子) 3.修饰(不)可数名词的量词词组,譬如: a body of—a body of bees(一群蜜蜂),a body of cold air(一股冷空气),a body of facts(许多事实)

初中英语——可数名词和不可数名词

初中英语——可数名词和不可数名词 一、可数名词与不可数名词的区别 普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的,这类名词叫可数名词。可数名词分为个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体,如worker, farmer, desk, factory等)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物,如people, family 等)。如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的,这类名词就叫不可数名词。不可数名词分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质,如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念,如work, homework, time, health, friendship等)。 二、关于可数名词 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时,用单数形式;指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下: 1. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如: book → books room → rooms house → houses day → days 2. 以s,ss, ch,sh, x 结尾的名词,在词尾加-es 。如: bus → buses glass → glasses watch → watches dish → dishes box → boxes 3. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的名词,要先将y改为i再加-es。如: city → cities body → bodies factory → factories等等。 4. 以f 或fe 结尾的名词,要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如: half → halves leaf → leaves knife → knives wife → wives 5. 特例[悄悄话:特例常常考,要记住。] ①child → children ②man → men woman → women policeman → policemen (规律:man → men) ③tomato → tomatoes potato → potatoes [悄悄话:初中英语以o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es,其余的当然加-s喽!如:photo → photos ] ④foo t → feet tooth → teeth [悄悄话:oo变成ee。] ⑤sheep, Chinese, Japanese单、复数同形[悄悄话:变复数时词形不变。] ⑥people单数形式表示复数意义,要求谓语动词用复数;people的复数形式peoples通常指“多个民族”。 三、关于不可数名词 1. 不可数名词没有复数,当它作句子的主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。 如:The food is very fresh.食品很新鲜。 2. 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词,有复数形式,但他们的意义往往发生变化。 如:water (水)→ waters (水域)

量词、名词搭配表

说明 本表以量词为条目,共选收常见量词45条。可与表中所列多个量词搭配的名词,以互见形式出现。 1、把bǎ 菜刀、剪刀、宝剑(口)、铲子、铁锨、尺子、扫帚、椅子、锁、钥匙 伞(顶)、茶壶、扇子、提琴、手枪(支) 2、本běn 书(部、套)、著作(部)、字典(部)、杂志(份)、账 3、部bù 书(本、套)、著作(本)、字典(本) 电影(场)、电视剧、交响乐(场) 电话机、摄像机(架、台) 汽车(辆、台) 4、场chánɡ 雨、雪、冰雹、大风 病、大战、官司 5、场chǎnɡ 电影(部)、演出(台)、话剧(台)、杂技(台)、节目(台、套)、交响乐(部)、 比赛(节、项)、考试 6、道dào 河(条)、瀑布(条) 山(座)、山脉(条)、闪电、伤痕(条) 门(扇)、墙(面) 命令(项、条)、试题(份、套)、菜(份) 7、滴dī 水、血、油、汗水、眼泪 8、顶dǐnɡ 伞(把)、轿子、帽子、蚊帐、帐篷

9、对duì 夫妻、舞伴、耳朵(双、只)、眼睛(双、只)、翅膀(双、只)、球拍(副、 只)、沙发(套)、枕头、电池(节) 10、朵duǒ 花、云(片)、蘑菇 11、份fan 菜(道)、午餐、报纸(张)、杂志(本)、文件、礼物(件)、工作(项)、事 (件)、试题(道、套) 12、幅fú 布(块、匹)、被面、彩旗(面)、图画(张)、相片(张) 13、副fù 对联、手套(双、只)、眼镜、球拍(对、只) 脸(张)、扑克牌(张)、围棋、担架 14、个ɡa 人、孩子 盘子、瓶子 梨、桃儿、橘子、苹果、西瓜、土豆、西红柿 鸡蛋、饺子、馒头 玩具、皮球 太阳、月亮、白天、上午 国家、社会、故事 15、根ɡēn 草(棵)、葱(棵)、藕(节)、甘蔗(节) 胡须、头发、羽毛 冰棍儿、黄瓜(条)、香蕉、油条、竹竿 针、火柴、蜡烛(支)、香(支、盘)、筷子(双、支)、电线、绳子(条)、项链 (条)、辫子(条) 16、家jiā 人家、亲戚(门) 工厂(座)、公司、饭店、商店、医院(所)、银行(所)

不可数名词常用的量词

不可数名词常用的量词表达法 不可数名词没有复数形式,不能用不定冠词和基数词修饰,但是可以借助量词。其结构形式是“a + 量词+ of + 名词”,复数形式是“数词+ 复数量词+ of + 名词”。 常用的量词有: a glass of water 一杯水glass 【ɡlɑ:s】一杯 a cup of tea 一杯茶cup 【k?p】一杯 a sheet of paper 一张纸sheet 【?i:t】一团,一片,一层a cake of soap 一块肥皂cake 【keik】块状或者饼状 a loaf of bread 一条面包loaf 【l?uf】一条或一块 a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶bottle 【b?tl】一瓶 a piece of chalk 一支粉笔piece 【pi:s】片,块,段,件a slice of meat 一片肉slice 【slais】片,薄片 a tin of pork 一听猪肉罐头tin 【tin】罐头盒 a grain of sand 一粒沙子grain 【ɡrein】谷粒 a strip of cloth 一条布strip 【strip】条 a lump of sugar 一块方糖lump 【l?mp】块 a heap of earth 一堆土heap 【hi:p】堆 a blade of grass 一片草叶blade 【bleid】叶片 a cloud of dust 一片灰尘cloud 【klaud】团,群,堆a gust of wind 一阵风gust 【ɡ?st】阵 a ton of coal 一吨煤ton 【t?n】吨,大量的 a piece of news 一则新闻piece 【pi:s】片,块,段,件

小学英语可数名词和不可数名词详解与练习

可数名词和不可数名词 一、名词:名词是所有事物的名称,包括人、物及抽象概念。名词分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。名词在句子中作主语,宾语或表语等。 1) 可数名词(Countable Nouns): 一般来说个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。 例如: a book, two books, a student, three students, a family, many families。 名词单数变复数变化如下: ◆词尾直接加s如:cat——cats bag——bags day——days ◆以s, sh, ch, x 结尾的词加es如:class——classes, match——matches ,box----- boxes, dish ---- dishes, bus --- buses, peach --- peaches . ◆以辅音加y结尾的词变y为i加es. 元音加y 结尾的词直接加s, 如: party----parties city----cities story----stories family---families baby --- babies boy---- toys monkey----- monkeys key---- keys等. ◆以f或fe结尾的词, 变f或fe 为v, 加es, 如: wife ---- wives, half---- halves, shelf—shelves, knife --- knives, life---lives, leaf---leaves. 注意特殊情况直接加“s”,要逐个记chiefs, handkerchiefs , roofs. ◆以辅音加o 结尾的词常加es, 如: tomatoes, potatoes, heroes. 元音加o结尾直接加s. 如:radios, zoos, pianos, roof 特殊情况: photos ◆名词单数变复数特殊变化也要逐个记得如: man-men, woman-women, tooth---teeth, goose---geese, foot---feet, child--children, mouse-mice, ox—oxen. (注意:以下单复同形:deer, sheep, species, means, Chinese, Japanese) 2) 不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns) 不可数名词不能用数字计算包括物质名词( air, water等)及抽象名词(advice, hate)等。所以它通常只有单数形式。如:English, air, water, cotton, work… 不可数名词表示数量时,可以用量词来表达(量词有复数形式)其结构是数词+量词+OF+名词。如:a bottle of water, two cups of tea, three pieces of paper 不可数名词的类别: ●食物:food ,salt, bread, rice, beef, meat, pork, butter(黄油),cream. ●液体:water, juice, milk, coffee, tea, coke, oil, wine. ●表示自然现象:snow, ice ,rain, air. ●其他类:money, news ,homework, housework, advice(意见),information(信息,资料) time, work , room(空间), music, weather ,space, sand, furniture(家具),

名词与量词的搭配

名词与量词的搭配 在现代汉语中,量词是特有的一种类型,也是汉语词汇体系中最具有民族性的词类。汉语不依赖严格的形态变化,因此在表示数量关系时,量词起到了举足轻重的作用。随着量词在汉语研究中的地位日益突出,名词与量词的搭配关系也逐渐受到重视。名词可以和哪些量词搭配,名词与量词间的搭配制约关系如何,是量词研究中值得深入分析的问题。除名词与量词的常规搭配以外,使语言艺术化的名词与量词超常搭配也值得探究。本文在研究名词与量词常规搭配的基础上,加以分析名词与量词的超常搭配,从两大方面力图对这一语言现象进行更深入的探索,进而丰富名词与量词的搭配研究。 标签:常规搭配超常搭配制约类型价值 一、引言 虽然名词与量词搭配关系是现代汉语语法中最常见的现象,但也较容易让人忽略。名词有许多特点,在它和量词的搭配组合中更能体现出名词的特点,这也是区别名词与其他词类的重要标志。量词数量多,用法较为灵活,是区别汉语与印欧语的重要标志。它和名词搭配使得语言更有条理和形象性,所以名词与量词的搭配组合也逐渐受到人们的重视。在早期研究名词与量词的搭配制约关系时,有三种说法:一是陆志伟的“名词限制说”。陆志伟《北京话单音词词汇》:“北京方言的名词是材料性的,数量上没有限制。那限制必得另用一种类乎名词的词来表达它。”①二是高名凯的“辅名词说”。他在《汉语语法论》中写道:“辅名词作用在于辅助说明事物的单位或单位的特点。数位词也是给具有名词功能的词一个范围,表明其特性之所属——表示每一个事物的具体的形状而加以范围。”②三是廖庶谦认为的名词决定量词的选择学说。他的研究使量词更有逻辑性和形象性。 在前人研究的常规搭配基础上,本文将从名词与量词的相互制约关系上进行探究。在探究名词与量词的常规搭配时,我们不难发现,名词与量词的超常搭配使得语言更加富有色彩。前人从认知与语义方面进行了名词与量词的超常搭配研究,因此本文增加了对其在语法和语用层面的探究。在超常搭配中,我们可以根据语境变换量词,语言表达形式也更加多样化。在日常运用中,人们通常根据习惯选择量词和名词搭配,这恰恰反映了每个人不同的认知范畴应用与理解。在每个人的认知领域中,都有有意识或无意识记的名词、量词制约条件。由此看来,将名词与量词的搭配组合放在认知学的层面进行研究更能丰富其价值。在不同的语境中,不同的量词因为与不同的名词搭配,附有不同的意义。在与名词的正常搭配中,量词通常具有计量的功能,而在与名词的超常搭配中,量词通常更侧重语言艺术化功能。 二、名词与量词的定义 在了解某事物时,我们应对其定义做出一定解释。名词:①表示人或事物名

相关文档
最新文档