挖掘工作装置设计外文翻译
挖掘工作装置设计外文翻译
郑州科技学院
本科毕业设计（外文翻译）
题目挖掘工作装置设计
学生姓名王利军
专业班级机械设计制造及其自动化 08级本科（6）班
学号 200833467 院（系）机械工程学院
指导教师（职称）陈长庚工程师
完成时间2012年 5 月 16 日
译文
作者：杰克·考德威尔
概要
本文介绍了全球定位系统（GPS）的使用，在挖掘，包括矿体勘探，开发，生产，关闭，填海工程，并在不列颠哥伦比亚州的煤矿标题应用。审查还审查和评估的网站，专门在煤矿的GPS应用，GPS技术，GPS设备供应商，与采矿相关的GPS应用提供服务的顾问。
技术白皮书
通过GPS使用提高非公路卡车安全（Dagdelen和涅托- 维加，科罗拉多矿业学院）
如果GPS技术融入他们的机器中，可以减少在露天矿山中设备操作人员的死亡。目前，GPS已成为在卡车调度系统和实地测量的标准组件。特别是在大型露天矿山，坑和转储地图正在被使用时，可以直接传送到卡车上的单板计算机中。与差分GPS车载设备相比，可以迅速确定一个给定精度小于一米的卡车的精确坐标，并评估一个给定的卡车是否危险接近倾销边缘的一个废料堆和大量倾销的任务有关的致命交通意外发生。
GPS锹铲挖掘机铲斗的高精度制导系统的挖掘机（西摩，C）的应用，还列举了以下优点：
1。准确的选择性开采矿化视野
2。准确地找到煤剥离操作的矮墙面糊线，从而减少overdig，或失去煤
3。如加载爆炸地区或危险区域，准确地表述旧地下运作
4。创造更长椅，从而减少了卡车的周期时间和卡车上的磨损，减少长凳上推土机及平地机时间
一个典型的例子是科林斯维尔煤矿，在北昆士兰的Thiess承包商拥有和经营斯特拉塔煤炭。
引入一种导航系统、三坑里装有150万立方米的挖掘机翻土，表土显示0.99%的平均overdig和underdig 0.93%。安装GPS指导的挖掘机挖的搬到12坑钱的表土达320万立方米,显示平均3.86%的overdig和1.82%的underdig。减少overdig 足以支付系统在几个月。随后Thiess安装指导系统的其他三个挖掘机在网站中。
矿业（西摩和威廉姆斯，2003）GPS技术在高精度GPS机指导作用，现在可以定位在50毫米一桶一铲或一个推土机的刀片。其他积极成果，包括精确的选择性开采，甚至是视觉上区分废物的矿石时，跟踪级，每通过煤矿矿包裹的吨位;生产力的实时监控;详细的事故后的安全分析;和跟踪每件装备的变动。
基于GPS的饿啊挖掘机在采矿业的指引（西摩，2003年）
贾扬特·雷在一年处理30万立方米的矿井覆（采矿作业过程中产生的废旧产品），约10亿吨的煤炭色调。它有15个容量范围从8到14立方米，85吨容量的50辆卡车和30 辆卡车120吨的卡车挖掘机的车队。OITDS系统涵盖整个挖掘机和卡车车队。该系统的概念在1999年和2002年9月实施。最好是在这本书中扩展。
GPS推土机机指导（APS 2003年3月）的利益纳入矿山机械GPS导航系统的主
要好处有两个：
a）信息生成能够帮助操作者矿体定位与机器或卸泥区的位置的位置。
b）信息可以发回的实时控制中心，以评估机做什么，从而提高生产效率和质量，以及实时的基础上。
具体的GPS矿山设备的好处包括：
A）推土机。没有实地调查的需要完成土方工作可以做，可以实现复杂的剥离设计，提供高效的材料为最佳运动GPS操作指导到哪里移动的物质和推多远。B）播种机。挖掘设备，从钻井产生的信息，可以登录到GPS系统。
C）液压挖掘机可以用挖掘机铲斗的位置来确定的长椅上设计的档次。此外，该设备可以做选择性开采，特别是在有没有区别的视觉差异，特别是在氧化黄金业务，矿石和废石。
生产率的提高将来自除其他外，消除错误和返工，消除实地调查，回收率高和较低的宝贵矿产稀释，并增加操作者的信心。
Authors: Jack Caldwell
SUMMARY
This review describes the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) in Mining including Mine and Ore Body Exploration, Development, Production, Closure, Reclamation, and Mine Title Application in British Columbia. The review also examines and evaluates web sites that specialize in GPS Technology, Mine Application of GPS, GPS Equipment Suppliers, and Consultants providing services in mining-related GPS Applications.
PAPERS
Improving Safety of Off-Highway Trucks through GPS (Dagdelen and Nieto-Vega, Colorado School of Mines) Fatalities among equipment operators in open pit mines can be reduced if GPS technology is incorporated in their machines. Currently, GPS is becoming a standard component in truck dispatch systems and field surveying. Especially in large open pit mines, pit and dump maps are being made in real time and can be transferred directly to the on-board computers of the trucks. With differential GPS equipment on board, one can quickly determine exact coordinates of a given truck with accuracy of less than a meter and evaluate whether a given truck is dangerously close to the dumping edge of a waste dump. Fatal accidents related to dumping tasks are occurring in significant numbers.
Applications for GPS on Shovels and Excavators (Seymour, C.) With high precision guidance systems for shovel and excavator buckets, the following benefits are also enumerated:
1. Accurate selective mining of mineralized horizons
2. Accurately finding the low wall batter line in coal stripping operations, thus reducing overdig, or lost coal
3. Accurate representation of hazardous areas, such as loaded blast areas or areas underlain by old underground workings
4. Creating more even benches, thus reducing
truck cycle times and wear and tear on trucks
and reducing dozer and grader time on benches
A case in point is the Collinsville Coal Mine,
owned by Xstrata Coal and operated by Thiess
Contractors in northern Queensland.
Following the introduction of a guidance system, three pits containing 1.5 million cubic meters of excavator-dug overburden showed an average overdig of 0.99% and underdig of 0.93%. Overburden which was moved in 12 pits dug prior to the installation of GPS guidance amounted to 3.2 million cubic meters and showed an average 3.86% of overdig and 1.82% of underdig. The reduction in overdig was sufficient to pay for the systems within a few months. Thiess subsequently installed guidance systems on the three other excavators at the site.
The Role of High Precision GPS Machine Guidance in Mining (Seymour and Williams, 2003) GPS technology can now locate the bucket of a shovel or the blade of a dozer to within 50 mm. Other positive outcomes include precise selective mining, even when the ore is visually indistinguishable from waste; tracking grade and tonnage of every ore parcel through the mine;
real-time productivity monitoring; detailed post-accident safety analysis; and tracking the movements of every piece of equipment.
GPS-based Machine Guidance in the Mining Industry (Seymour, 2003)
The Jayant mine handles 30 million cubic meters of mine overburden (the waste product generated during mining operations) and around 10 million tones of coal in a year. It has a fleet of 15 excavators with a capacity ranging from eight to 14 cubic meters, 50 trucks of 85-tonne capacity and 30 trucks of 120-tonne capacity. The OITDS system covers the entire fleet of excavators and trucks. This system was conceptualized in 1999 and was implemented in September 2002. It is best expanded upon in this book .
Benefits of GPS Machine Guidance on Dozers (APS, March 2003) There are two major benefits for incorporating GPS guidance systems on mining machines:
a) Information generated can help the operator to locate the orebody vs. the position of the machine or the location of dumping sites.
b) Information can be sent back to the control centre in real time to assess what the machine has done, which increases productivity and quality on a real-time basis as well.
Specific GPS benefits for mine equipment include:
a) Dozers. Complete earth moving jobs can be done without the need for field survey pegging; sophisticated stripping design can be implemented that provides for the optimal efficient movement of material, with GPS guiding the operator as to where to move the material and how far to push it.
b) Drills. Information generated from drilling can be logged onto GPS systems on excavation equipment.
c) Hydraulic Excavators can be used to design grades on benches to determining the position of the excavator bucket. Also, the equipment can do selective mining especially where there is no distinguishing visual difference between ore and waste, especially in oxide gold operations.
Productivity gains will come from, among other things, elimination of mistakes and rework, elimination of field survey, high recovery and lower dilution of the valuable mineral, and added operators' confidence.
译文
电子一液压集成控制的调整控制单元是根据通用标准设计的，其功能及完成的具体任务由控制中心的微处理器决定并控制。通常微处理机中可存储多套功能控制方案，以适应不同结构功能的控制要求，变换机器的功能只需调换相应的执行机构，选择相应的控制形式即可。
挖掘机工作装置液压系统属于一种典型的工程机械复杂机电液系统，其机械结构参数的多变性，液压系统的高度非线性，以及整个系统存在大量不确定量(不确定参数及不确定的非线性模型)，都使得液压挖掘机工作装置的运动控制成为一比较困难的工作。液压挖掘机工作装置的动臂、斗杆和铲斗3个液压缸为对称的液压缸，而用来控制它的比例阀或伺服阀多为节流口面积梯度相等的对阀。因此，用对称阀来控制非对称的液压缸，导致液压缸活塞在两个运动方向特性的不一致性。这直接影响着轨迹控制的方法和精度；另外，液压缸本身的摩擦力在对铲斗的轨迹控制中也是不容忽视的，而精确地得到该摩擦力也有一定难度。外一些学者采用了非线性方法建模，并取得了不错的效果，但无论是控制系统本身还是其控制器设计过程，普遍比较复杂，很大一部分工作量都集中在控制算法本身的理论推导上，而且实现起来有较大的难度，成本很高，而且影响系统的可靠性，所以需要对系统进行合理的建模。
近十年来，液压挖掘机总的发展趋势是提高可靠性和效率、降低成本，继续向大型化发展的同时向微型化发展；着眼于动力、传动系统的改进以达到高效节能，应用范围不断扩大，实现标准化、组件化以提高零部件和整机的可靠性；由于微电子技术的应用，使其自动化、机电一体化和智能化的进程加快；为适应不同工作条件，不仅可以用柴油机提供动力也可以提供电力动力；延长维修周期、加快维修进度和降低维修费用；提高机械作业性能，降低振动和噪声，消除公害，更好地设计和装备驾驶室。
液压挖掘机控制系统是对发动机、液压泵、多路换向阀和执行元件(液压缸、液压马达等所构成的动力系统进行控制的系统。挖掘机液压控制系统主要有正流量控制、负流量控制和负载敏感系统．负载敏感系统因其节能、效率高和寿命长的显著优点在20世纪80年代的欧洲真正发展起来，在现代工程机械中获得了广泛的应用。负载敏感系统是一个具有压差反馈，在流量指令条件下实现泵对负载压力随动控制的闭环系统。负载敏感系统按控制类型可分为泵控负载敏
感系统和阀控负载敏感系统；按反馈控制信号类型可分为液压机械负载敏感系统和电液负载敏感系统；按系统的主控制阀中位的机能类型可分为开中心式负载敏感系统(opened center load sensing system，OLSS)和闭中心式负载敏感系统(closed center load sensing system，CLSS)，不同的中位机能(开式、闭式)导致相应的不同形式的负载敏感控制系统。多执行器负载敏感系统的分流控制方法16 J包括：
(1)基于优先式压力补偿的分流控制
优先式压力补偿的概念在1 969年由J．D．A11 ell提出，其具体方法是：对于一些即使在原动机转速很低或者负载很大的情况下，仍须达到最高速度的执行器(如液压动力转向等)，为了确保其流量，需要给它较高的优先级，并允许在泵排量不足时各执行器按优先级由低到高的顺序依次降低速度。这种具有优先式压力补偿作用的阀，称为优先阀。但是在对具有优先式压力补偿的系统进行复合操作时，有可能产生优先级低的执行器停止工作的情况。为了使优先级低的执行器即使在泵的输出流量严重足的情况下也不会停止运动，有时还需要弱化这种压力补偿的优先级。这就需要采用可变节流口两端压差的压力补偿。
(2)基于分流比调节式压力补偿的分流方法
在一些像液压挖掘机那样需要使各执行器速度保持一定的比例以保证各执行器协调动作的机械，不能在执行器中附加优先级。当液压泵的输出流量不足时必须使各操作阀的输出流量按比例地下降，即保持对各操作阀的操作量之间的比例(分流比)不变。这种节流口两端压差的给定值不要求为定值，而只需要相等的压力补偿，称为分流调节式压力补偿。
The adjustment control of the electronic integrated hydraulic control unit is designed according to common standards, their functions and specific tasks determined by the microprocessor control center and control. Usually microprocessor can store multiple sets of functions in the control scheme to adapt to the different structure and function of the control requirements, and transform the functions of the machine just swap the appropriate enforcement agency, select the appropriate form of control.
Excavator working hydraulic system is a complex electro-hydraulic system of a typical construction machinery, the variability of the mechanical structure parameters, the hydraulic system of highly nonlinear, and the whole system there are a large number of uncertain amount (uncertain parameters and uncertain non-linear model), makes the movement of the hydraulic excavator control has become a difficult task. Hydraulic excavator boom, arm and bucket symmetrical three hydraulic cylinders hydraulic cylinders used to control the proportional valve or servo valve more than equal to the orifice area gradient valve. Therefore, with symmetrical valve to control the asymmetric hydraulic cylinder, resulting in the inconsistency of the characteristics of the hydraulic cylinder piston in both directions. This directly affects the trajectory control method and accuracy; In addition, the hydraulic cylinder itself friction in the trajectory control of the bucket can not be ignored, and accurately the friction also has some difficulties. Some outside scholars using a nonlinear modeling method, and have achieved good results, but both the control system itself or its controller design process, in general more complex, a large part of the workload are concentrated in the control algorithm itself theoretical derivation and to implement the greater the difficulty, high cost, but also affect the reliability of the system, so they need a reasonable modeling of the
system.
Over the past decade, the general trend of development of the hydraulic excavator is to improve the reliability and efficiency, reduce costs, continue to the development of large-scale miniaturization; focus on the power transmission system improvements to achieve energy efficient and expanding range of applications to achieve standardization, component to improve the reliability of the parts and the whole machine; due to the application of microelectronic technology, making automation, mechatronics, and intelligent to speed up the process; to adapt to different working conditions, not only can provide diesel engine The power can also provide electrical power; to extend the maintenance cycle, accelerating the progress of repairs and reduce maintenance costs; improve the mechanical operating performance, reduced vibration and noise, eliminate public hazards, better design and equipment cab.
Hydraulic excavator control system is posed by the engine, hydraulic pumps, multi-valve and actuator (hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic motors and other power system control system. Excavator hydraulic control system is flow control, negative flow control and load sensing systems the load sensing system for its energy-saving, high efficiency and life-long significant advantages to really develop in Europe in the 1980s, widely used in modern construction machinery. load sensing system is a pressure poor feedback, closed-loop system in the flow of instruction under the conditions of pump load pressure servo control load sensing system according to the type of control can be divided into a pump controlled load sensing system and the valve-regulated load sensing system; feedback control signal types can be divided into hydraulic The mechanical load sensing systems and electro-hydraulic load sensing system; bit in the system's main control valve function type can be divided into open-center load sensing system (opened center load sensing system, OLSS) and closed center load sensing system (closed center the load sensing system, CLSS), the median function (open, closed) resulted in a different form of the load sensing control system. diversion control methods and more sensitive system to perform a Load 16 J include:
(1) based on the priority pressure compensated shunt control
The concept of priority pressure compensated in 1969 by J. D. The
A11, ell, the specific method is still to achieve a maximum speed of the actuator (such as hydraulic power steering, etc.): For the case even in the prime mover speed is very low or loads, in order to ensure that its flow to it than the high priority, and allows each actuator in the pump displacement is insufficient according to the priority from low to high order to reduce the speed. Such a priority pressure compensated the role of valve, called the priority valve. Composite operating system with priority pressure compensated, it is possible to produce a low priority
execution to stop working. In order to lower priority execution does not stop even in the case of a serious foot pump output flow movement, and sometimes need to weaken the priority of this pressure compensation. This pressure differential pressure across the variable orifice compensation.
(2) compensation based on the split ratio adjustable pressure shunt method
In some machinery like hydraulic excavators need to make each actuator speed to maintain a certain ratio to ensure that the coordinated action of all actuators, can not be in the actuator attach priority. The output flow of the operation of the valve when the pump output flow is insufficient must be decreased proportionally, that is, to maintain the ratio between the operation amount of the operating valve (split ratio) unchanged. The orifice at both ends of the differential pressure setpoint does not require a fixed value, while only need to be equal to the pressure compensation, known as to shunt adjustable pressure compensation.
撤消修改
【1 9】Lee S U，Chang P H．Control of a heavy—duty robotic excavator using
time delay Control with integral sliding surface[J】．Control Engineering Practice，2002，10：697·71 1．
【20】Sung—Keun Kim，Jeffery S．Russell．Framework for an intelligent 43．
模具毕业设计外文翻译(英文+译文)
Injection Molding The basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticized),forced out the other end of the cylinder, while it is still in the form of a melt, through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold is then opened, the piece ejected, and the sequence repeated. Thus, the significant elements of an injection molding machine become: 1) the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit); 2) the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3) the type of mold used;4) the machine controls. The part of an injection-molding machine, which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger, on each stroke; pushes unbelted plastic material into the chamber, which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzle The part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted, and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Moving
冲压模具技术外文翻译(含外文文献)
前言 在目前激烈的市场竞争中，产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。模具是高质量、高效率的产品生产工具，模具开发周期占整个产品开发周期的主要部分。因此客户对模具开发周期要求越来越短，不少客户把模具的交货期放在第一位置，然后才是质量和价格。因此，如何在保证质量、控制成本的前提下加工模具是值得认真考虑的问题。模具加工工艺是一项先进的制造工艺，已成为重要发展方向，在航空航天、汽车、机械等各行业得到越来越广泛的应用。模具加工技术，可以提高制造业的综合效益和竞争力。研究和建立模具工艺数据库，为生产企业提供迫切需要的高速切削加工数据，对推广高速切削加工技术具有非常重要的意义。本文的主要目标就是构建一个冲压模具工艺过程，将模具制造企业在实际生产中结合刀具、工件、机床与企业自身的实际情况积累得高速切削加工实例、工艺参数和经验等数据有选择地存储到高速切削数据库中，不但可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力，而且可以指导高速加工生产实践，达到提高加工效率，降低刀具费用，获得更高的经济效益。 1.冲压的概念、特点及应用 冲压是利用安装在冲压设备（主要是压力机）上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件（俗称冲压或冲压件）的一种压力加工方法。冲压通常是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工，且主要采用板料来加工成所需零件，所以也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。冲压是材料压力加工或塑性加工的主要方法之一，隶属于材料成型工程术。 冲压所使用的模具称为冲压模具，简称冲模。冲模是将材料（金属或非金属）批量加工成所需冲件的专用工具。冲模在冲压中至关重要，没有符合要求的冲模，批量冲压生产就难以进行；没有先进的冲模，先进的冲压工艺就无法实现。冲压工艺与模具、冲压设备和冲压材料构成冲压加工的三要素，只有它们相互结合才能得出冲压件。 与机械加工及塑性加工的其它方法相比，冲压加工无论在技术方面还是经济方面都具有许多独特的优点，主要表现如下； (1) 冲压加工的生产效率高，且操作方便，易于实现机械化与自动化。这是
机器人外文翻译
英文原文出自《Advanced Technology Libraries》2008年第5期 Robot Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on. With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being. The practicality use of robot products not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program. At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use. To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development. With the rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly: With the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal. Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal，The lacunaris plastic is an effective basement for active bacteria adhesion for sewage disposal. The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for the plastic producing with automation and high productivity. Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding. With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration,
外文翻译机械手
Hand Column Type Power Machine Follow with our country the rapid development of industrial production, rapidly enhance level of automation, implementation artifacts of handling, steering, transmission or toil for welding gun, spraing gun, spanner and other tools for processing, assembly operations for example automation, should cause the attention of people more and more. Industrial robot is an important branch of industrial robots. It features can be programmed to perform tasks in a variety of expectations, in both structure and performance advantages of their own people and machines, in particular, reflects the people's intelligence and adaptability. The accuracy of robot operations and a variety of environments the ability to complete the work in the field of national economy and there are broad prospects for development. With the development of industrial automation, there has been CNCmachining center, it is in reducing labor intensity, while greatly improved labor productivity. However, the upper and lower commonin CNCmachining processes material, usually still use manual or traditional relay-controlled semi-automatic device. The former time-consuming and labor intensive, inefficient; the latter due to design complexity, require more relays, wiring complexity, vulnerability to body vibration interference, while the existence of poor reliability, fault more maintenance problems and other issues. Programmable Logic Controller PLC-controlled robot control system for materials up and down movement is simple, circuit design is reasonable, with a strong anti-jamming capability, ensuring the system's reliability, reduced maintenance rate, and improve work efficiency. Robot technology related to mechanics, mechanics, electrical hydraulic technology, automatic control technology, sensor technology and computer technology and other fields of science, is a cross-disciplinary integrated technology. Current industrial approaches to robot arm control treat each joint of the robot arm as a simple joint servomechanism. The servomechanism approach models the varying dynamics of a manipulator inadequately because it neglects the motion and configuration of the whole arm mechanism. These changes in the parameters of the controlled system sometimes are significant enough to render conventional feedback control strategies ineffective. The result is reduced servo response speed and damping, limiting the precision and speed of the end-effecter and making it appropriate only for limited-precision tasks. Manipulators controlled in this manner move at slow speeds with unnecessary vibrations. Any significant performance gain in this and other areas of robot arm control require the consideration of more efficient dynamic models, sophisticated control approaches, and the use of dedicated computer architectures and parallel processing techniques. Manipulator institutional form is simple, strong professionalism, only as a loading device for a machine tools, special-purpose manipulator is attached to this machine.
模具毕业设计外文翻译7081204
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机械设计外文翻译(中英文)
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机械手外文翻译 修改版
密级 分类号 编号 成绩 本科生毕业设计 (论文) 外文翻译 原文标题Simple Manipulator And The Control Of It 译文标题简易机械手及控制 作者所在系别机械工程系 作者所在专业xxxxx 作者所在班级xxxxxxxx 作者姓名xxxx 作者学号xxxxxx 指导教师姓名xxxxxx 指导教师职称副教授 完成时间2012 年02 月 北华航天工业学院教务处制
译文标题简易机械手及控制 原文标题 Simple Manipulator And The Control Of It 作者机电之家译名JDZJ国籍中国 原文出处机电之家 中文译文： 简易机械手及控制 随着社会生产不断进步和人们生活节奏不断加快,人们对生产效率也不断提出新要求。由于微电子技术和计算软、硬件技术的迅猛发展和现代控制理论的不断完善,使机械手技术快速发展,其中气动机械手系统由于其介质来源简便以及不污染环境、组件价格低廉、维修方便和系统安全可靠等特点,已渗透到工业领域的各个部门,在工业发展中占有重要地位。本文讲述的气动机械手有气控机械手、XY轴丝杠组、转盘机构、旋转基座等机械部分组成。主要作用是完成机械部件的搬运工作,能放置在各种不同的生产线或物流流水线中,使零件搬运、货物运输更快捷、便利。 一.四轴联动简易机械手的结构及动作过程 机械手结构如下图1所示,有气控机械手(1)、XY轴丝杠组(2)、转盘机构(3)、旋转基座(4)等组成。 图1.机械手结构 其运动控制方式为：(1)由伺服电机驱动可旋转角度为360°的气控机械手(有光电传感器确定起始0点);(2)由步进电机驱动丝杠组件使机械手沿X、Y轴移动(有x、y轴限位开关);(3)可回旋360°的转盘机构能带动机械手及丝杠组自由旋转(其电气拖动部分由直流电动机、光电编码器、接近开关等组成);(4)旋转基座主要支撑以上3部分;(5)气控机械手的张合由气压控制(充气时机械手抓紧,放气时机械手松开)。 其工作过程为：当货物到达时,机械手系统开始动作;步进电机控制开始向下
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济南大学泉城学院 毕业设计外文资料翻译 题目现代快速经济制造模具技术 专业机械制造及其自动化 班级专升本1302班 学生刘计良 学号2013040156 指导教师刘彦 二〇一五年三月十六日
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机械类外文翻译
机械类外文翻译 塑料注塑模具浇口优化 摘要:用单注塑模具浇口位置的优化方法，本文论述。该闸门优化设计的目的是最大限度地减少注塑件翘曲变形，翘曲，是因为对大多数注塑成型质量问题的关键，而这是受了很大的部分浇口位置。特征翘曲定义为最大位移的功能表面到表面的特征描述零件翘曲预测长度比。结合的优化与数值模拟技术，以找出最佳浇口位置，其中模拟armealing算法用于搜索最优。最后，通过实例讨论的文件，它可以得出结论，该方法是有效的。 注塑模具、浇口位臵、优化、特征翘曲变形关键词: 简介 塑料注射成型是一种广泛使用的，但非常复杂的生产的塑料产品，尤其是具有高生产的要求，严密性，以及大量的各种复杂形状的有效方法。质量ofinjection 成型零件是塑料材料，零件几何形状，模具结构和工艺条件的函数。注塑模具的一个最重要的部分主要是以下三个组件集:蛀牙，盖茨和亚军，和冷却系统。拉米夫定、Seow(2000)、金和拉米夫定(2002) 通过改变部分的尼斯达到平衡的腔壁厚度。在平衡型腔充填过程提供了一种均匀分布压力和透射电镜,可以极大地减少高温的翘曲变形的部分～但仅仅是腔平衡的一个重要影响因素的一部分。cially Espe,部分有其功能上的要求,其厚度通常不应该变化。 pointview注塑模具设计的重点是一门的大小和位臵,以及流道系统的大小和布局。大门的大小和转轮布局通常被认定为常量。相对而言,浇口位臵与水口大小布局也更加灵活,可以根据不同的零件的质量。 李和吉姆(姚开屏,1996a)称利用优化流道和尺寸来平衡多流道系统为multiple 注射系统。转轮平衡被形容为入口压力的差异为一多型腔模具用相同的蛀牙,也存
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机械手设计英文参考文 献原文翻译 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】
翻译人：王墨墨山东科技大学 文献题目：Automated Calibration of Robot Coordinates for Reconfigurable Assembly Systems 翻译正文如下： 针对可重构装配系统的机器人协调性的自动校准 T.艾利，Y.米达，H.菊地，M.雪松 日本东京大学，机械研究院，精密工程部 摘要 为了实现流水工作线更高的可重构性，以必要设备如机器人的快速插入插出为研究目的。当一种新的设备被装配到流水工作线时，应使其具备校准系统。该研究使用两台电荷耦合摄像机，基于直接线性变换法，致力于研究一种相对位置/相对方位的自动化校准系统。摄像机被随机放置，然后对每一个机械手执行一组动作。通过摄像机检测机械手动作，就能捕捉到两台机器人的相对位置。最佳的结果精度为均方根值毫米。 关键词： 装配，校准，机器人 1 介绍 21世纪新的制造系统需要具备新的生产能力，如可重用性，可拓展性，敏捷性以及可重构性 [1]。系统配置的低成本转变，能够使系统应对可预见的以及不可预见的市场波动。关于组装系统，许多研究者提出了分散的方法来实现可重构性[2][3]。他们中的大多数都是基于主体的系统，主体逐一协同以建立一种新的
配置。然而，协同只是目的的一部分。在现实生产系统中，例如工作空间这类物理问题应当被有效解决。 为了实现更高的可重构性，一些研究人员不顾昂贵的造价，开发出了特殊的均匀单元[4][5][6]。作者为装配单元提出了一种自律分散型机器人系统，包含多样化的传统设备[7][8]。该系统可以从一个系统添加/删除装配设备，亦或是添加/删除装配设备到另一个系统；它通过协同作用，合理地解决了工作空间的冲突问题。我们可以把该功能称为“插入与生产”。 表1：合作所需的调节和量度 在重构过程中，校准的装配机器人是非常重要的。这是因为，需要用它们来测量相关主体的特征，以便在物理主体之间建立良好的协作关系。这一调整必须要达到表1中所列到的多种标准要求。受力单元和方向的调整是不可避免的，以便使良好的协同控制得以实现。从几何标准上看，位置校准是最基本的部分。一般来说，校准被理解为“绝对”，即，关于特定的领域框架；或者“相对”，即，关于另一个机器人的基本框架。后者被称为“机器人之间的校准”。 个体机器人的校准已被广泛研究过了。例如，运动参数的识别就非常受欢迎。然而，很少有对机器人之间校准的研究。玉木等人是用一种基于标记的方法，在一个可重构的装配单元内，校准机器人桌子和移动机械手之间的相互位置/方向联系。波尼兹和夏发表了一种校准方法。该方法通过两个机械手的机械接触来实现，实验非常耗时，并要求特别小心地操作。
ABS塑件的注射成型工艺分析及模具设计外文翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译 学生姓名: 学号: 专业: 指导教师: 学院: 日期:
外文资料翻译要求 一、译文内容须与课题研究或调研内容高度一致。 二、译文翻译得当、语句通顺，不少于4000字。 三、译文格式要求：译文题目（即一级标题）采用小三黑体、二级 标题采用四号黑体、三级标题采用13磅黑体；图题和表题采用五号宋体，外文和符号采用五号Times New Roman；正文采用小四宋体，外文和符号采用小四Times New Roman，行间距为20磅；A4纸双面打印。 四、原文及译文一起装订，顺序依次为封面（背面为外文资料翻译 要求）、译文评阅（单面打印）、译文、外文原文。
译文评阅 评分：___________________（百分制）指导教师（签名）：___________________ 年月日
原文 Treating and the modern mould make high speed One, summarizes 1 the present situation that the mould makes at present and trend The mould is important handicraft equipment , occupies decisive position in industrid departments such as consumer goods , electrical equipment electron , automobile , aircraft fabrication. The mould is important handicraft equipment , occupies decisive position in industrid departments such as consumer goods , electrical equipment electron , automobile , aircraft fabrication. Industrial product part rough process 75%, the finish machining 50% and plastic part 90% will be completed from the mould. The Chinese mould market demand already reaches scale of 500 hundred million yuan at present. The automobile mould , the annual growth rate covering piece of mould especially will exceed 20 %; Also prompt building material mould development , various heterotype material the mould , wall surface and floor mould become new mould growth point , plastic doors and windows and plastic drain-pipe increase to exceeding 30 by in the upcoming several years %; The home appliance mould annual growth rate will exceed 10 %; The IT industry year increases % speed equally exceeding 20 , the need to the mould accounts for 20 of mould marketplace %.2004 annual Chinese machine tools implements industry output value will continue to increase. Our country mould fabrication market potential is enormous. The basis data counts , in recent years, our country mould year gross output value reaches 3 billion U. S. dollar , entrance exceeds 1 billion U. S. dollar, exceed 100 million U. S. dollar outlet. Increase by from 25% to increase to 2005 50% of 1995. The expert foretells that abroad: Asia portion being occupied by in mould fabrication in the whole world, will from 25% to increase to 2005 50% of 1995.
机械图纸中英文翻译汇总
近几年，我厂和英国、西班牙的几个公司有业务往来，外商传真发来的图纸都是英文标注，平时阅看有一定的困难。下面把我们积累的几点看英文图纸的经验与同行们交流。 1标题栏 英文工程图纸的右下边是标题栏（相当于我们的标题栏和部分技术要求），其中有图纸名称（TILE）、设计者（DRAWN）、审查者（CHECKED）、材料（MATERIAL）、日期（DATE）、比例（SCALE）、热处理（HEAT TREATMENT）和其它一些要求，如： 1)TOLERANCES UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIAL 未注公差。 2)DIMS IN mm UNLESS STATED 如不做特殊要求以毫米为单位。 3)ANGULAR TOLERANCE±1°角度公差±1°。 4)DIMS TOLERANCE±0.1未注尺寸公差±0.1。 5)SURFACE FINISH 3.2 UNLESS STATED未注粗糙度3.2。 2常见尺寸的标注及要求 2.1孔（HOLE）如： （1）毛坯孔：3"DIAO+1CORE 芯子3"0+1; （2）加工孔：1"DIA1"; （3）锪孔：锪孔(注C＇BORE=COUNTER BORE锪底面孔); （4）铰孔：1"/4 DIA REAM铰孔1"/4; （5）螺纹孔的标注一般要表示出螺纹的直径，每英寸牙数（螺矩）、螺纹种类、精度等级、钻深、攻深，方向等。如： 例1.6 HOLES EQUI-SPACED ON 5"DIA (6孔均布在5圆周上（EQUI-SPACED=EQUALLY SPACED均布） DRILL 1"DIATHRO＇ 钻1"通孔（THRO＇=THROUGH通） C/SINK22×6DEEP 沉孔22×6 例2.TAP7"/8-14UNF-3BTHRO＇ 攻统一标准细牙螺纹，每英寸14牙，精度等级3B级 （注UNF=UNIFIED FINE THREAD美国标准细牙螺纹） 1"DRILL 1"/4-20 UNC-3 THD7"/8 DEEP 4HOLES NOT BREAK THRO钻 1"孔，攻1"/4美国粗牙螺纹，每英寸20牙，攻深7"/8,4孔不准钻通（UNC=UCIFIED COARSE THREAD 美国标准粗牙螺纹）
机械手臂外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
外文出处：《Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining》 附件1：外文原文 Manipulator Robot developed in recent decades as high-tech automated production equipment. I ndustrial robot is an important branch of industrial robots. It features can be program med to perform tasks in a variety of expectations, in both structure and performance a dvantages of their own people and machines, in particular, reflects the people's intellig ence and adaptability. The accuracy of robot operations and a variety of environments the ability to complete the work in the field of national economy and there are broad p rospects for development. With the development of industrial automation, there has be en CNC machining center, it is in reducing labor intensity, while greatly improved lab or productivity. However, the upper and lower common in CNC machining processes material, usually still use manual or traditional relay-controlled semi-automatic device . The former time-consuming and labor intensive, inefficient; the latter due to design c omplexity, require more relays, wiring complexity, vulnerability to body vibration inte rference, while the existence of poor reliability, fault more maintenance problems and other issues. Programmable Logic Controller PLC-controlled robot control system for materials up and down movement is simple, circuit design is reasonable, with a stron g anti-jamming capability, ensuring the system's reliability, reduced maintenance rate, and improve work efficiency. Robot technology related to mechanics, mechanics, elec trical hydraulic technology, automatic control technology, sensor technology and com puter technology and other fields of science, is a cross-disciplinary integrated technol ogy. First, an overview of industrial manipulator Robot is a kind of positioning control can be automated and can be re-programmed to change in multi-functional machine, which has multiple degrees of freedom can be used to carry an object in order to complete the work in different environments. Low wages in China, plastic products industry, although still a labor-intensive, mechanical hand use has become increasingly popular. Electronics and automotive industries that